亲水胶体对胡柚饮料稳定性的影响

以胡柚饮料为研究对象,以离心沉淀率和混浊稳定性为考察指标,探讨了添加黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素（CMC）、瓜尔豆胶和果胶4种亲水胶体对胡柚饮料稳定性的影响。结果表明：随着亲水胶体添加量的增加,胡柚饮料的稳定性呈上升趋势,其适宜的添加量为0.15%～0.2%,亲水胶体的稳定性顺序为：果胶〉CMC〉瓜尔豆胶〉黄原胶;黄原胶与果胶复配比为1∶2～3,添加量为0.15%～0.2%时,胡柚饮料稳定性最好,口感最佳。     

亲水胶体对糯玉米汁稳定性影响

为进一步提高糯玉米汁稳定性,比较研究不同亲水胶体(黄原胶、海藻酸钠、瓜尔豆胶和刺槐豆胶)对糯玉米汁体系稳定系数、离心沉淀率、相对黏度和感官的影响,并探讨糯玉米汁体系的静电稳定性。结果表明：黄原胶具有一定的乳化效果,可以在一定程度上缓解糯玉米汁脂肪圈的形成;海藻酸钠、瓜尔豆胶和刺槐豆胶对糯玉米汁的稳定效果较好,并且随着添加量的增加,体系稳定系数和相对黏度逐渐提高;而黄原胶与海藻酸钠、瓜尔豆胶、刺槐豆胶分别以不同质量比复配时,在黄原胶、刺槐豆胶质量比1:4时,糯玉米汁体系稳定性最佳。     

增强蛋清起泡力及泡沫稳定性配比优化

探究不同亲水性胶体对蛋清起泡能力及泡沫稳定性的研究,为开发低糖戚风蛋糕提供技术支撑。研究羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)、果胶、魔芋胶、瓜尔胶对蛋清起泡能力和泡沫稳定性的影响,在此基础上选取CMS、果胶、瓜尔胶作为单因素,采用正交试验优化筛选最佳配比。结果表明:CMS、果胶对蛋清发泡能力阻碍较小,一定添加量的瓜尔胶能促进蛋清发泡, CMC、魔芋胶会阻碍蛋清发泡,且二者对于泡沫稳定性的不如CMS、果胶、瓜尔胶;通过正交试验确定, CMS、果胶、瓜尔胶最佳配比分别为0.18%, 0.14%和0.14%时,蛋清搅打后相对密度为0.20,消泡率为1.7%。     

黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶对小麦淀粉冻融稳定性的影响

将小麦淀粉分别与黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶以一定的比例复配,利用析水率实验、DSC方法和SEM微观结构观察等方法,研究亲水胶体黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶在5次冻融循环过程中对小麦淀粉稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:小麦淀粉的析水率随着循环次数的增加而增加,黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶能够明显降低冻融过程中小麦淀粉的析水率,从而抑制小麦淀粉冻融过程中的老化,且随着亲水胶体浓度的增加,对冻融稳定性的改善作用越强;小麦淀粉经过5次冻融循环后,淀粉胶基形成了大量的孔洞,并产生不连续丝状的,类似纤维的结构,且基质较薄,添加亲水胶体后显著改变了小麦淀粉的表观形态,孔洞明显减少,且淀粉基质增厚,形成了类似片状的网络结构。因此,黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶均能在一定程度上改善小麦淀粉的冻融稳定性,且与添加浓度有关。     

四种添加剂的流变性能研究

论文主要对四种添加剂进行了流变性能的研究,四种添加剂中,黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶其胶体溶液流变性有更多的相似性,它们浓度在0.3%以上时,均为非牛顿型流体,CMC浓度在0.5%以上时为非牛顿型流体,且为非触变性流体.海藻酸钠胶体溶液为牛顿型流体.四种添加剂胶体溶液的粘度,瓜尔豆胶＞黄原胶＞CMC＞海藻酸钠.但在搅动环境下,当剪切力大于一定的屈服应力时,剪切稀化效应将导致粘度的下降,下降幅度为瓜尔豆胶＞黄原胶＞CMC.黄原胶更具有独特的流变性、优良的热稳定性、酸稳定性,其次为瓜尔豆胶.CMC、海藻酸钠的热稳定性并不是很好,在高酸性的环境条件下,海藻酸钠的粘度反而增加.     

亲水胶体对面粉糊化特性和面条品质的影响

采用RVA快速黏度法、质构测定等方法研究瓜尔豆胶、魔芋胶、CMC和黄原胶4种亲水胶体对面粉糊化特性和面条品质的影响.结果表明,4种亲水胶体对面粉的糊化温度影响不显著;添加瓜尔豆胶、CMC和黄原胶面粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度呈递增的趋势,添加魔芋胶的面粉的糊化性质变化不明显;添加魔芋胶和瓜尔豆胶面条的拉伸性能、切割性能呈递增的趋势;添加CMC和黄原胶面条的拉伸性能和切割性能先升高后降低;综合考虑各方面因素,4种亲水胶体均可用于面条的加工,适宜添加量为0.5%～1.0%.     

卡拉胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠、瓜尔豆胶及转谷氨酰胺酶对鸡肉肠出品率和硬度的影响

本实验采用两因素析因试验设计,研究了转谷氨酰胺酶和四种亲水胶体(卡拉胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠、瓜尔豆胶)对鸡肉肠硬度和出品率的影响。结果表明,随着浓度的增加,四种亲水胶体均可显著增加鸡肉肠的出品率(p<0.01);转谷氨酰胺酶对鸡肉肠的出品率没有显著的影响,且与各亲水胶体之间均无显著交互作用(p>0.05)。转谷氨酰胺酶可显著增加鸡肉肠的硬度(p<0.05),卡拉胶对转谷氨酰胺酶处理的鸡肉肠硬度无显著影响,而黄原胶、海藻酸钠、瓜尔豆胶则均极显著降低了鸡肉肠的硬度(p<0.01)。     

不同亲水胶体对再制奶油奶酪品质的影响

通过研究刺槐豆胶、卡拉胶、海藻酸钠、瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶5种不同亲水胶体对以切达奶酪为原料,直接酸化法得到的再制奶油奶酪品质的影响,来选择较佳的亲水胶体方案。实验结果表明,亲水胶体对样品各方面的性质影响显著,对持水性和持油性的影响尤为明显。本体系适用不凝胶的亲水胶体。黄原胶和刺槐豆胶是最佳的选择,并建议2种胶体单独使用。     

瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶对淀粉理化性质的影响

为改善淀粉的加工品质特性,以玉米淀粉和甘薯淀粉为研究对象,将瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶分别以不同比例(0.1%~0.5%)与淀粉进行复配,系统研究亲水胶体对淀粉理化特性等的影响。结果表明,添加亲水胶体后,随着胶体浓度的增加,复配体系的透光率逐渐下降,凝沉稳定性增大,膨胀度增大,淀粉胶体的硬度下降。RVA分析表明,加入亲水胶体使复配体系的糊化温度升高,峰值黏度、崩解值和终值黏度增加,而甘薯淀粉-黄原胶混合体系的峰值黏度显著降低。     

亲水性胶体对鸭蛋清凝胶特性的影响

以鸭蛋清为材料,探讨了亲水性胶体的种类和添加量对蛋清凝胶硬度、黏性、回复性以及持水性的影响.结果表明:添加卡拉胶、魔芋胶、瓜尔胶、明胶对蛋清凝胶的硬度影响较小,硬度均在700g以上,持水性无显著影响;而海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、黄原胶和果胶的添加对蛋清凝胶硬度和持水性的影响依次降低.大多数亲水性胶体的添加会使得蛋清凝胶的黏性上升,回复性降低.当黄原胶质量分数为0.16％时,黏性达到最大值170g·s,与对照相比提高了123.68％;而当黄原胶质量分数为0.20％时,蛋清凝胶的回复性达到最小值0.21,与对照相比降低了38.24％.不同浓度海藻酸钠的添加基本使得蛋清凝胶的黏性减小,这与它对蛋清凝胶硬度的降低最为明显是一致的.     

湿热-胶体改性对小麦面筋蛋白功能性质的影响

研究了在湿热条件下将羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、明胶、海藻酸钠、果胶、瓜尔胶这几种不同胶体作为添加剂添加到小麦面筋蛋白中,测定了其对小麦面筋蛋白功能性质的影响,主要以小麦面筋蛋白的粘稠性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、溶解性、起泡性这几个指标作为参考。实验结果表明,与简单混合相比,羧甲基纤维素钠、明胶、海藻酸钠、果胶在湿热条件下使小麦面筋蛋白的溶解性,乳化性和粘稠性都有一定幅度的提高,但是对小麦起泡性和乳化稳定性的影响不大;瓜尔胶在湿热条件下对小麦蛋白性质的影响与简单混合相比基本持平。     

Factors Affecting Adhesion of Coating to Poultry Skin: Effects of Various Protein and Gum Sources in the Coating Composition

Breading losses from poor adhesion of coating to food products is a major concern in the battered and breaded foods industry. The primary aim of this study was to determine effects of protein and gum sources and amounts on the adhesion of a commercial breading mix to poultry skin. Protein sources used were whey, soy, nonfat dry milk, egg albumen, and gelatin. Gum sources were sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), guar, tragacanth, and xanthan. Among the proteins, gelatin and egg albumen most effectively improved adhesion. For all gums studied, only CMC was significantly better at improving adhesion. Increased levels of gums and proteins in breading did not affect adhesion significantly.     

食品胶对豆浆中活性成分异黄酮苷元热稳定性的影响

研究了羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、海藻酸钠、黄原胶等食品添加剂对豆浆热处理过程中活性成分异黄酮苷元热稳定性的影响.高效液相色谱分析表明,CMC、黄原胶、海藻酸钠都能减少黄豆苷元、大豆黄素、染料木黄酮三种异黄酮苷元的热损失,其中CMC效果最理想,海藻酸钠次之,黄原胶最差.食品胶的复配能够减少豆浆中异黄酮苷元热损失.CMC/海藻酸钠组合明显好于CMC/黄原胶和黄原胶/海藻酸钠两种组合,当CMC/海藻酸钠=3:2时,在热处理条件为95℃,lOmin条件下,各异黄酮苷元热损失最少,黄豆苷元含量提高9.83%,大豆黄素12.67%,染料木黄酮18.63%.在三种食品胶共同复配组合中,CMC/黄原胶/海藻酸钠(4:3:3)组合的效果最好,黄豆苷元含量提高9.3%,大豆黄素10.13%,染料木黄酮18.26%.     

亲水胶体对小麦玉米混合粉及馒头品质的影响

以玉米粉和小麦粉为原料,研究了黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、魔芋胶4种亲水胶体不同的添加量(0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%)对混合粉粉质特性(吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度)和小麦玉米混合粉馒头品质(比容、硬度、弹性、感官评分)的影响。用粉质仪测定混合粉的粉质特性,用体积测定仪测定小麦玉米混合粉馒头的比容,用质构仪测定小麦玉米混合粉馒头的硬度和弹性。结果表明:四种胶体均能增大混合粉的吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间,降低弱化度,但有一定的差异。黄原胶对粉质特性的影响最显著,然而添加了黄原胶的小麦玉米混合粉馒头品质较差。添加适量的瓜尔豆胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、魔芋胶可改善小麦玉米混合粉馒头的品质。其中,2%魔芋胶的比容最大,0.5%魔芋胶的硬度最小,2%羧甲基纤维素钠的弹性最大,感官评分最高。     

不同食品胶对面包烘焙特性的影响研究

研究了不同食品胶(海藻酸钠、黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、刺槐豆胶和羟丙基甲基纤维素)对面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,添加适量的食品胶可以有效提高面包的焙烤品质,增大面包的比容,提高面包的整体接受度,改善面包的质构特性,增加面包的弹性和内聚性,显著降低面包的硬度和咀嚼性,有较好的抗老化效果,延长产品的货架期。海藻酸钠和羟丙基甲基纤维素改善效果最好,黄原胶改良效果最差。     

Effect of some hydrocolloids on the rheological properties of different formulated ketchups

Five different hydrocolloids (tragacanth gum, guar gum, carboxy methyl cellulose, xanthan gum and locust bean gum) were added, at levels of 0, 0.5, and 1 g/100 g (w/w), respectively, to three different formulated ketchups which were processed from cold-break tomato paste dilutions, having total soluble solid (TSS) contents of 7.5, 10, and 12.5 g/100 g (w/w), in sequence, and the effect of these hydrocolloids on the rheological properties of tomato ketchups was investigated using a viscometer with smooth surface wide-gap coaxial cylinders. All hydrocolloids increased the consistency of the tested samples; however, guar gum and locust bean gum caused the maximum increase, followed by xanthan gum, tragacanth gum and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). Both the ketchup formulation and the hydrocolloid concentration were found to affect the consistency of ketchups. The highest consistency index was obtained by processing dilutions with a TSS content of 12.5%, and the addition of hydrocolloids at the level of 1%. The fluidity of the ketchups decreased with both the addition of all hydrocolloids and the increase in hydrocolloids concentration. Furthermore, the fluidity of the ketchups was also affected by ketchup formulation, and it was found to be the lowest for the samples prepared from the tomato paste dilutions having a TSS content of 12.5%.     

不同多糖对发酵空心挂面品质的影响

酵母发酵空心挂面是一种新型的工业化挂面产品,具有营养丰富、风味独特等特点,但尚存在干挂面韧性差和易断条、熟面条弹性不足等问题亟待解决。该文研究了瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、魔芋粉5种常用多糖对发酵空心挂面微观结构、力学性质、蒸煮特性、质构品质和感官品质的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,单独添加0.1%瓜尔胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠和魔芋粉时,挂面的蒸煮损失率从6.5%分别降低到5.8%、5.7%、5.3%和5.9%;添加0.5%黄原胶时,干挂面的面体更加致密,面条的最佳蒸煮时间增长了1.25 min,蒸煮损失减少了0.41%,干挂面的抗断裂强度和柔韧性、熟挂面的弹性、咀嚼性和拉断力分别提高了31.06%、49.79%、24.87%、61.62%和77.73%,此添加量下的面条的食用品质最佳,感官评价得分89分。5种多糖均显著改善了发酵空心挂面的柔韧性,及煮后挂面的弹性、咀嚼性和拉伸特性,其中黄原胶对发酵空心挂面的微观结构、力学性质、蒸煮特性、质构品质和感官品质改良效果较好。     

Optimization of Gluten-Free Formulations for French-Style Breads

ABSTRACT:  The formulation of gluten-free bread, which will be suitable for patients with coeliac disease, was optimized to provide bread similar to French bread. The effects of the presence of hydrocolloids and the substitution of the flour basis by flour or proteins from different sources were studied. The added ingredients were (1) hydrocolloids (carboxymethylcellulose [CMC], guar gum, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose [HPMC], and xanthan gum), and (2) substitutes (buckwheat flour, whole egg powder, and whey proteins). The bread quality parameters measured were specific volume, dry matter of bread, crust color, crumb hardness, and gas cell size distribution. Specific volume was increased by guar gum and HPMC. Breads with guar gum had color characteristics similar to French bread. Hardness decreased with the addition of hydrocolloids, especially HPMC and guar. Breads with guar gum had the most heterogeneous cell size distribution, and guar gum was therefore selected for further formulations. Bread prepared with buckwheat flour had improved quality: an increased specific volume, a softer texture, color characteristics, and gas-cell size distribution similar to French bread. Bread with 1.9% guar gum (w/w, total flour basis) and 5% buckwheat flour (of all flours and substitutes) mimicked French bread quality attributes.     

不同胶体对黑莓果汁花色苷稳定性的影响研究

本文探讨了黄原胶、果胶、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）、海藻酸钠、壳聚糖等5种常用胶体对黑莓果汁在储藏期内稳定性的影响,分别测定了各体系的pH、色泽、花色苷含量和流变性质的变化。结果表明,5种胶体对黑莓果汁花色苷储藏期间pH影响较小,能够维持体系呈酸性环境。加入一定浓度（低于0.075%）的胶体可以减缓黑莓果汁花色苷的降解,其中加入0.05% CMC或0.10%黄原胶,储藏2周内花色苷降解速率低于未加胶体组,色差ΔE值最小。流变学测定显示CMC或黄原胶通过提高黑莓果汁花色苷体系的黏度和储能模量使体系稳定;同时,扫描电子显微镜结果显示,黄原胶、CMC等胶体能与黑莓果汁花色苷体系相互作用,形成片状或多孔状结构。CMC或黄原胶是黑莓果汁花色苷理想的辅色素之一。