真空、脉冲真空和常压下蓝莓渗透脱水的研究

研究了真空渗透脱水、脉冲真空渗透脱水和常压渗透脱水下蓝莓水分含量和水分活度的变化规律，结果表明：真空渗透脱水时，蓝莓的水分含量和水分活度降低得最快。真空渗透脱水、脉冲真空渗透脱水、常压下渗透脱水蓝莓的有效水分扩散率分别为1.6777×10^-9、1.3629×10^-9、0.5679×10^-9m^2/s。真空渗透脱水、脉冲真空渗透脱水、常压下渗透脱水的有效固性物扩散率分别为9.1705×10^-10、6.3919×10^-10、5.1007×10^-10m^2/s。     

常压、真空和脉冲真空渗透脱水加工芒果脯

在24℃下,以60%蔗糖水溶液作为渗透溶液,在常压、真空和脉冲真空(压力为510 mmHg)条件下对芒果进行渗透脱水,然后置于热风干燥箱中70℃干燥制成芒果脯,测定芒果脯的硬度、颜色、含水量、复水率.通过感官评定及统计分析得出,真空和脉冲真空渗透脱水制成的芒果脯品质明显优于常压渗透脱水制成的芒果脯.     

芒果片真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水的传质动力学及品质分析

为解决芒果果脯生产过程中传质效率低、加工时间长的问题,该文研究了脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水对芒果传质动力学、质量特性和微观结构的影响。结果表明：脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组的芒果失水率（54.43%）最高,较常规渗透脱水、脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水、超声辅助渗透脱水组分别高45.85%、14.06%、29.38%,增固率（12.81%）较常规渗透脱水、超声辅助渗透脱水、脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水组分别高90.03%、53.43%、32.06%。用Azuara模型拟合渗透脱水过程中失水率和增固率的变化,高回归系数（R2>0.97）和低RMSE表明Azuara模型可以较好拟合芒果渗透脱水过程,预测脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组的平衡脱水率、增固率最高,分别为65.06%和23.35%。测定色泽和质构,发现超声辅助渗透脱水组、脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组芒果硬度值显著低于常规渗透脱水组和脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水组（p<0.05）,而芒果色泽得到了较好保护。通过扫描电镜的观察,发现超声处理使芒果细胞壁塌陷与变形、细胞横截面积变小、微孔增多。此外,真空对芒果硬度和微观结构的影响均较小。综上,脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水通过改变芒果细胞结构、增加传质微通道,提高了渗透脱水的效率,缩短加工时间,可以较好保护芒果色泽,但会导致硬度的下降。     

经典固形物吸收模型在超声波和脉冲真空渗透脱水中的应用性研究

评价了经典固形物吸收模型在超声波或脉冲真空渗透过程中固形物吸收预测的应用性,调查了超声波或脉冲真空对固形物吸收动力学的影响。浸没于60%(W/W)糖浆中的圆柱状苹果在振荡(55r/min)、脉冲真空(5min13MPa+5min 大气压+5min 13MPa+165min 大气压)或超声波(50/60 Hz)脱水3h。比较七个经典模型的R2、χ2、RMSE和E 值,Two-term 模型的预测值与超声波或脉冲真空过程中固形物吸收值间拟合度最高。根据有限圆柱的Fick 定理,溶质扩散系数在5.72 × 10-11 到 9.25 × 10-11 m2/s 间变化。脉冲真空处理引起了最大量的固形物吸收量(3.02%)和最高的扩散速率(9.25 × 10-11 m2/s)。     

辣椒渗透脱水特性及渗透工艺优化

以脱水率、固形物获取率、脱水率与固形物获取率比值、有效水分扩散系数等为考察指标,通过渗透脱水试验和正交试验,考察了辣椒的渗透脱水特性,并优化了渗透脱水工艺方案。结果表明:随着渗透温度的增加或渗透液中食盐含量的增加,辣椒的脱水率和固形物获取率增大,经温度为45℃渗透液(45%蔗糖+10%食盐)渗透脱水2,4,6h,辣椒的脱水率与固形物获取率比值分别为4.21±0.12,5.11±0.10,5.56±0.13;在渗透脱水初期,脱水率和固形物获取率增加较快;在渗透脱水后期,脱水率和固形物获取率增加趋缓;经温度为45℃渗透液(45%蔗糖+10%食盐)渗透脱水6h,辣椒的有效水分扩散系数为1.57×10~(-10) m~2/s。     

真空处理对酥梨渗透脱水率和固形物增加率的影响

渗透处理在脱水的同时也有固形物的渗入。为了探明真空处理与水果渗透脱水和固形物渗入的关系,以梨子为原料,分别在不同温度(10~55℃)、糖液浓度(30~60°Bx)条件下,进行真空(20kPa)与常压渗透处理。以原料干基重为基础计算脱水率(WL)和固形物增加率(SG)。结果在任何糖液浓度和温度条件下,真空处理(VI)的WL都显著低于常压处理(AI)(P0.01),固形物增加率显著高于AI(P0.01)。该研究表明,从脱水效率的角度真空渗透不适合梨果肉的渗透脱水。     

黑莓渗糖过程中水分和溶质扩散的数学模型

以黑莓-白糖固液体系为研究对象,研究了黑莓在不同条件糖溶液中的渗透脱水规律,得出了渗糖过程中水分和溶质扩散的数学模型。渗透液的质量分数选取40%、50%、60%,溶液的温度选取30、40、50℃,糖溶液和黑莓的质量比为10∶1,渗透脱水时间为0~5 h。利用AZUARA等提出的双组分系统数学模型得到了每种实验条件下黑莓样品最终渗透平衡状态时的失水率和固形物增加率,结果表明,在一定实验条件范围内,黑莓脱水率和固形物增加率均随渗透液浓度、渗透时间和溶液温度的增大而增大;同时使用菲克第二定律估算了每种试验条件下水分和糖的有效扩散系数,上述渗透条件下水分和糖的有效扩散系数分别在1.77×10~(-9)~2.10×10~(-9)m~2/s和1.36×10~(-9)~1.60×10~(-9)m~2/s范围内。     

樱桃番茄真空渗透预脱水工艺优化

以苏龙一号樱桃番茄作为试材,通过比较烫漂划线、针刺、划线、超声波预处理方法,确定了烫漂划线作为真空渗透预脱水的预处理方法。在该基础上,运用单因素试验研究了真空度、糖液浓度、渗透温度、渗透时间对樱桃番茄渗透预脱水效果的影响,进而确定真空度为0.080MPa,并应用响应曲面法优化其它参数,得出樱桃番茄真空渗透预脱水的最佳工艺条件为:糖度50°Brix、温度53.37℃、时间4.88h,该条件下樱桃番茄失水率与固形物增加率比值最大,为7.24。     

莴苣真空渗透脱水的二次回归正交旋转组合试验

为获得莴苣真空渗透脱水的较优工艺参数,以莴苣为原料,通过试验研究了渗透温度、切片厚度、真空度和蔗糖浓度4个因素对莴苣真空渗透脱水过程的影响;其失水率和固形物增加率随着切片厚度和真空绝对压力的增大而减少,随着渗透温度和蔗糖浓度的增大而增大。运用二次回归正交旋转组合设计方法建立了莴苣真空渗透脱水的失水率和固形物增加率回归数学模型,模型相关系数值分别为0.912和0.904。最后利用多目标非线性优化分析法对莴苣真空渗透脱水工艺进行了综合优化;优化结果表明,在试验范围内,莴苣真空渗透脱水的较优工艺参数为:切片厚度2 mm、渗透温度28℃、蔗糖浓度47%和真空度22 kPa,此时,失水率为72.16%,固形物增加率为11.82%。     

胡萝卜片渗透脱水与真空油炸联合干燥动力学研究

为降低真空油炸果蔬脆片的脂肪含量,提高产品品质,本文研究了胡萝卜片渗透脱水与真空油炸联合干燥动力学,结果表明:随着渗透时间的延长,胡萝卜片的初始水分含量和平衡水分含量逐渐降低,脂肪含量、平衡脂肪含量以及脂肪的吸收速率也逐渐减少,皮尔逊积差相关分析显示:脂肪含量与其初始水分含量具有极显著的相关性(P<0.001);将渗透脱水Fick水分扩散规律和真空油炸一级反应动力学规律相结合,获得了胡萝卜片联合干燥过程中水分与脂肪含量变化的动力学方程,采用非线性回归法确定了方程系数,结果表明方程具有较高的决定系数,能够较好地预测渗透脱水与真空油炸联合干燥胡萝卜片水分和脂肪含量的变化。     

Mass transfer kinetics of pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration of guavas

The effects of vacuum pulse and solution concentration on mass transfer of osmotically dehydrated guava slices were studied. Kinetics of weight reduction (WR), water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and water activity (a_w) were obtained using sucrose solutions at 40, 50 and 60 °Brix and vacuum pulse of 100 mbar for 0, 10 and 15 min at the process beginning. Higher solution concentrations and the vacuum pulse application caused an increase on WL of osmotically dehydrated guavas and reduced the samples water activity. The SG was reduced by the increase on osmotic solution concentration and favored by vacuum application. Two different models of kinetics diffusion were tested to obtain diffusivity and to compare the accuracy of these models. The effective diffusivity estimated by the hydrodynamic model well reproduced the effects of process variables on mass transfer kinetics and showed a better agreement to the experimental data than the diffusional model.     

Effect of pulsed vacuum and ultrasound osmopretreatments on glass transition temperature, texture, microstructure and calcium penetration of dried apples (Fuji)

The effect of pulsed vacuum and ultrasound pretreatments on glass transition, texture, rehydration, microstructure and other selected properties of air- and freeze-dried apples (Fuji) were investigated. Apple cylinders (15 mm height × 15 mm diameter) were first osmoconcentrated in a 60 g/100 g high-fructose corn syrup solution containing 7.5 g/100 g Gluconal Cal^® combined with agitation, pulsed vacuum (PV), or ultrasound for 3 h, then hot-air or freeze dried. Changes in glass transition temperature, hardness, crispness, and rehydration rate were measured, microstructure was observed using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and calcium ions distributions were analyzed by a laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Under the same drying method, ultrasound led to a higher glass transition temperature, lower water activity, moisture content and rehydration rate, severer structure collapse, less cavities and calcium uptake than PV did. Different osmoconcentration pretreatment had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on the hardness, crispness, shrinkage and rehydration rate. Compared to hot-air drying, freeze-dried apples showed the porous structure, minimal shrinkage, softer texture, better rehydration capacity, lighter color, and slightly lower glass transition temperature.     

山药切片真空干燥特性及模型研究

为了探究山药切片的真空干燥特性,建立干燥模型.在不同干燥温度(40、50、60、70、80 ℃)、真空度(0.03、0.04、0.05、0.06、0.07 MPa)和切片厚度(2、4、6、8、10 mm)条件下进行真空干燥试验,分别利用BP神经网络模型和Weibull分布函数拟合试验数据;并计算有效水分扩散系数、干燥活...     

超声强化真空干燥全蛋液的干燥特性与动力学模型

为研究超声对真空干燥黏稠食品物料的强化效应,搭建了一套真空超声干燥设备。以全蛋液为研究对象, 进行超声强化真空干燥实验,探讨超声声能密度、超声作用时间、干燥温度对全蛋液干燥特性及微观结构的影响, 并建立动力学模型。结果表明：超声波作用可强化物料内部传质过程,提高干燥速率,且超声强化效应随着声能 密度的增大而增强。此外,超声处理时间不宜过长,当干燥温度为50 ℃,超声声能密度为2.0 W/g持续作用2.5 h之 后,进一步延长超声作用时间对全蛋液干燥过程的强化效果不明显。扫描电子显微镜结果发现,超声处理会使物料 组织间隙增大、连通性增强,同时形成更多的微细孔道,降低水分扩散阻力。对9 种薄层干燥数学模型进行实验数 据的非线性拟合分析,结果显示：Page模型的决定系数R2均大于0.99,均方根误差和残差平方和均小于0.01,拟合 效果最好。因此,Page模型可用来描述全蛋液超声真空干燥过程中水分比的变化规律。以Fick扩散定律为依据,确 定全蛋液干燥传热传质有效水分扩散系数（Deff）的变化范围为：1.645 6×10－9～6.549 7×10－9 m2/s,且随着温度及 超声声能密度的增大而增大。由Arrhenius方程建立有效水分扩散系数与温度的关系,得到全蛋液水分活化能（Ea） 为16.151 2 kJ/mol。实验结果可为全蛋液真空超声干燥工艺参数优化及生产控制提供理论依据。     

Modeling water loss and oil uptake during vacuum frying of pre-treated potato slices

The objective of this research was to determine the kinetics of water loss and oil uptake during frying of pre-treated potato slices under vacuum and atmospheric pressure. Potato slices (diameter: 30 mm; width: 3 mm) were pre-treated in the following ways: (i) raw potato slices “control”; (ii) control slices were blanched in hot water at 85 °C for 3.5 min; (iii) blanched slices were dried in hot air until reaching a moisture content of ∼0.6 g water/g dry basis. The slices were fried under vacuum (5.37 kPa, absolute pressure, at 120, 130 and 140 °C) and atmospheric conditions (at 180 °C). Two models based on the Fick's law were used to describe water loss: (i) with a constant effective diffusive coefficient; and (ii) with a variable effective diffusive coefficient. Oil uptake data were fitted to an empirical model, with a linear behavior for short times whereas the model was time independent for long times. The variable diffusivity model better fitted experimental water loss, giving values of effective diffusivity between 4.73 × 10⁻⁹ and 1.80 × 10⁻⁸ m²/s. The proposed model for the study of the kinetics of oil uptake fitted the experimental data properly. Control and blanched vacuum fried potato chips increased their final oil contents to 57.1% and 75.4% respectively, when compared with those fried at atmospheric pressure. However, the oil absorption of dried vacuum fried potato chips diminished by ∼30%.     

香菇脆片真空油炸过程中传质规律

真空油炸过程中传质现象对真空油炸果蔬脆片的品质和安全控制极为重要。研究了油炸温度（80、90、100℃）、真空度（0.075、0.085、0.095 MPa）、预处理方式（漂烫,漂烫+浸渍+涂膜）对香菇脆片真空油炸过程中水分扩散和油脂吸收的影响,结果表明:香菇脆片的含水率随油炸时间的增加而逐渐降低,采用Pabis经验模型能较好模拟香菇脆片真空油炸过程中的水分变化;利用菲克定律建立模型,得到香菇真空油炸的水分有效扩散系数为2.47×10-9~7.70×10-9 m2/s,并且随着油炸温度和真空度的升高而增大;采用浸渍和涂膜处理降低了水分有效扩散系数。香菇片的油脂含量随着油炸时间的增加而逐渐升高,一段时间后达到稳定值;浸渍和涂膜处理降低了真空油炸香菇脆片的含油率。Pabis经验模型能够较好的模拟真空油炸香菇脆片的油脂含量变化,油炸温度和真空度对香菇脆片的平衡含油率（Y_max）影响不大,油脂吸收系数（K_Y）随着油炸温度和真空度的升高而增加。     

Optimisation of the pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration of cladodes of fodder palm

Fodder palm, a great source of nutrients for human and animals, grows even in arid climates. Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration is an efficient process for obtaining semidehydrated food. It was used to slice cladodes of fodder palm. The independent variables used were temperature (30–50 °C), pulsed vacuum pressure (50–150 mbar) and NaCl concentration (5–15 g per 100 g solution). The response variables were water activity (a_w), moisture content (X), colour parameters, water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR). The pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration process was optimised for minimum values of a_w, X and SG, and maximum values of chroma. The experimental data obtained with the optimum condition (100 mbar; 10 gNaCl per 100 g solution, 44 °C) were near the estimated ones. For example, WL, a_w and ?E, and their error were 8.15 g per 100 g, 11%; 0.985, 0.3% and 6.15, 15.2%, respectively.     

真空干燥过程中甘蓝叶绿素降解动力学的研究

研究甘蓝叶绿素在真空干燥过程中的降解规律,并建立其降解动力学模型。研究发现甘蓝在真空干燥过程中,叶绿素含量降低,颜色发生显著变化。其叶绿素降解符合一级反应动力学模型,降解活化能为15.9kJ/mol,降解模型为C=C0/exp[5.1×t×exp(-1917/T)],并对甘蓝叶绿素降解的模型进行验证,结果显示模型与实测值相对偏差仅为6.21%,该模型合理可信。