双酚A在食品模拟物中的迁移规律研究

采用高效液相色谱法,对食品接触材料中双酚A在蒸馏水、质量浓度3%乙酸、体积分数为10%乙醇和异辛烷等4种食品模拟物中的迁移规律进行了研究,研究双酚A迁移量与试验的温度、时间、pH和模拟物属性等参数的关系。结果表明:模拟物的属性对双酚A的溶出迁移行为有显著影响,双酚A的溶出迁移量随温度的升高和时间的增加而变大。     

微波加热对多环芳烃在食品模拟物中迁移行为的影响

采用气相色谱-质联法,研究了微波加热对食品接触材料中多环芳烃在水、乙酸(体积分数为3%)、乙醇(体积分数为10%)等3种食品模拟物中迁移行为的影响。结果表明:微波加热对迁移行为有显著的影响,迁移量随加热时间的增加而增加。     

酸性食品模拟物对金属罐甲醛迁移的适用性研究

建立食品模拟物中甲醛的迁移量和真实食品中甲醛含量的HPLC测定方法，调查了60℃、10 d迁移条件下4%(体积分数)乙酸对涂层金属罐的腐蚀情况。以环氧涂层中典型的挥发性物质甲醛为研究对象，研究了6种食品模拟物模拟21种金属罐装酸性食品的适用性。结果表明，在模拟食品长期贮存条件(60℃,10 d)下，19%的金属罐灌装乙酸溶液后发生了腐蚀；对于发生乙酸腐蚀的空罐样品，建议采用5 g/L柠檬酸作为此类产品用空罐中甲醛迁移量的食品模拟物。对于未发生乙酸溶液腐蚀的空罐样品，采用3 g/L与5 g/L柠檬酸及10%(体积分数)乙醇作为食品模拟物会导致超过80%的酸性罐装食品中甲醛含量的低估，此时推荐4%(体积分数)乙酸作为此类产品用空罐的甲醛迁移量测试的食品模拟物。     

塑料餐饮具中酞酸酯向不同食品模拟物迁移效果研究

为了解塑料餐饮具中邻苯二甲酸种类化合物向食品中的迁移规律,以一次性塑料水杯、碗为主要研究对象,以异辛烷、10%(体积分数)的乙醇、3%(体积分数)的乙酸和水为食品物模拟物,对塑料制品中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类的浸出量随时间和温度的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:16种邻苯二甲酸酯在4种食品模拟物中浸出量由高到低依次为异辛烷、10%的乙醇、3%的乙酸和水,且16种邻苯二甲酸酯在4中不同模拟物中迁移量随时间的增加和温度的升高而变大。     

纳米银-聚乙烯复合包装中银对2 种抗氧化剂向食品模拟物迁移的影响

探究纳米银-聚乙烯复合包装中纳米银成分的存在对2 种抗氧化剂（Irganox1076和Irgafos168）向食品模拟物迁移规律的影响。将含有抗氧化剂的聚乙烯包装膜和同时含有抗氧化剂与纳米银的复合包装膜裁成正方形若干,分别浸泡于正己烷和体积分数95%乙醇溶液2 种食品模拟物中,密封后在20、40 ℃以及70 ℃条件下进行迁移实验。食品模拟物中2 种抗氧化剂的加标回收率在79.3%～108.0%之间,相对标准偏差在0.7%～5.3%之间。2 种抗氧化剂的迁移会随着迁移温度的升高以及迁移时间的延长而增加直至达到迁移平衡,且其在正己烷模拟物中的迁移量大于在体积分数95%乙醇模拟物中的迁移量;含纳米银聚乙烯塑料比不含纳米银聚乙烯塑料中的抗氧化剂向食品模拟物中的迁移量小,表明纳米银成分的存在可以抑制包装中的抗氧化剂向食品模拟物中的迁移。     

聚乳酸抗菌包装中麝香草酚在食品模拟物中迁移规律

研究麝香草酚/聚乳酸包装材料中的抗菌剂麝香草酚在食品模拟物中的迁移行为。在4、10、20、30 ℃条件 下分别将麝香草酚/聚乳酸包装材料浸入蒸馏水溶液、体积分数4%乙酸溶液、正己烷溶液、体积分数10%乙醇溶液 中,通过紫外分光光度法测定食品模拟液中麝香草酚迁移量,分析温度和食品模拟物对麝香草酚迁移量的影响,在 实验数据基础上,采用Piringer方程建立麝香草酚迁移模型,分析验证迁移模型的合理性。结果表明：麝香草酚迁 移量随着迁移温度升高和迁移时间延长而逐渐上升直至平衡,且在4 种食品模拟物中麝香草酚的迁移量大小顺序为： 正己烷＞10%乙醇＞4%乙酸＞蒸馏水;根据幂律方程发现麝香草酚的迁移机制符合Fick扩散定律,且迁移方程扩散系 数随迁移温度升高而增大,分配系数与之相反;Piringer方程能够较好地描述麝香草酚迁移行为。在迁移实验的基础 上构建数学模型,进一步完善基于聚乳酸食品包装材料的迁移理论,以期更好地预测食品包装中麝香草酚的迁移。     

食品接触材料塑料中16种多环芳烃的迁移规律

以食品级接触材料塑料(polyethylene,PE)为研究对象,采用气相色谱-串联质谱法研究PE材料中多环芳烃类16种高致癌物质在纯水基、异辛烷、乙醇、乙酸4种不同模拟物中的迁移规律,研究16种多环芳烃类化合物的溶出量与食品接触介质、乙醇体积分数、乙酸质量浓度、处理时间以及接触温度等因素的关系。结果表明,纯水基食品模拟物对多环芳烃的溶解性不大,4种食酸性食品模拟物相比于水基食品模拟物有更强的溶解性,且多环芳烃的溶出量随着乙酸和乙醇含量的增加而增加; 4种食品模拟物对多环芳烃的溶解性顺序为纯水基质<乙醇<乙酸<异辛烷,较高的温度对PE包装材料中16种多环芳烃的溶出迁移具有明显影响,并且随着乙醇体积分数的增加,接触时间的延长,多环芳烃向食品中的迁移浓度也不断增大。     

食品接触用不锈钢材料中铬元素迁移规律

为探究不同食品加工条件对食品接触用304、316不锈钢中铬(Cr)元素迁移规律的影响,通过全浸泡迁移实验结合电感耦合等离子体质谱检测法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测得在不同温度、高温煮沸、高压蒸汽灭菌等生产条件下,不锈钢中Cr向体积分数为4%的乙酸食品模拟液中的迁移量随时间的变化情况,分析Cr迁移与生产条件关系。结果表明,不同生产条件下,不锈钢主要组成元素Cr迁移量随接触时间延长及加工温度的升高而增大。20、70℃温度条件下长时间迁移Cr元素平均迁移速率为40℃时的1/3与4倍;煮沸、高压蒸汽灭菌短时迁移时Cr平均迁移速率较40℃分别提高约为4和9倍。温度越高,不锈钢中Cr迁移量越大,尤其是煮沸、高压蒸汽灭菌等特殊工况对重金属向食品模拟物中的迁移具有明显的促进作用。对迁移数据进行拟合发现,Cr迁移行为符合Fick定律,其扩散系数与温度相依性可采用阿伦尼乌斯定律来表示。     

淀粉基餐勺表征及总迁移检测分析

为了解淀粉基材料在食品中的迁移情况,以市售一次性淀粉基餐勺为研究对象,测定了一次性淀粉基餐勺在不同食品模拟物中的总迁移量,并分析不同温度对淀粉基餐勺在4%(体积分数)乙酸和10%(体积分数)乙醇2种食品模拟物中总迁移的影响以及利用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱和体积排阻色谱对淀粉基餐勺和蒸发残渣进行表征分析。结果表明,淀粉基餐勺在水性和酸性食品模拟物的总迁移量显著大于油性食品模拟物;温度的提高会引起淀粉破裂和脱落从而导致总迁移增大;餐勺中淀粉分子大小和直链支链淀粉比例的不同是引起总迁移量显著性差异的重要原因。淀粉基餐勺不适合在高温条件下与水性食品和酸性食品接触,淀粉的破裂和脱落可能导致更多有意和非有意添加物进入食品模拟物(或食品)从而造成的安全隐患仍需关注。     

微波条件对食品接触材料化学迁移的影响

模拟微波炉使用条件,考察了多种不同材质的食品接触材料在4种食品模拟物(水、4%乙酸、65%乙醇、正己烷)中总迁移量大小和迁移规律。结果表明,样品在一种或多种食品模拟物中都有一定程度的迁移,且在4%乙酸中迁移相对较大。通过研究微波条件对食品接触材料迁移的影响,发现随着微波加热功率的增大和加热时间的延长,样品向食品模拟物中的迁移量增大。随着样品循环使用次数的增加,迁移量逐渐减少。     

陶瓷食品接触材料中铅向酸性食品模拟物迁移的规律

目的：探究贮藏时间、贮藏温度、酸性食品模拟物pH值、食品特性对陶瓷类食品接触材料中重金属铅向酸性食品模拟物迁移的影响规律。方法：通过全浸泡迁移实验并结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测得在不同温度、时间条件下,重金属铅向不同pH值的乙酸、柠檬酸和乳酸溶液中的溶出量,分析重金属铅溶出量与贮藏时间、贮藏温度、食品模拟物pH值、食品特性的关系。结果：重金属铅的溶出量随时间的延长、温度的升高而增加,平均溶出速率随温度的升高而加快,在240 h、20 ℃下4%（体积分数,下同）乙酸溶液中铅的质量浓度为3.276 mg/L,在70 ℃下为52.413 mg/L,平均溶出速率则由0.087 mg/（m2·h）增加到1.229 mg/（m2·h）;铅的溶出量与食品模拟物的pH值呈负相关关系,在24 h、20 ℃下铅向pH 2.43的4%乙酸溶液和pH 1.93的20%乙酸溶液的溶出量分别为1.876 mg/L和2.412 mg/L;此外,铅的溶出量还与食品的特性有关,同样pH值条件下,含有羟基的酸性食品模拟物中铅溶出量更多。结论：贮藏时间、贮藏温度、食品模拟物pH值、食品特性都会对铅的溶出造成影响,铅的溶出量在迁移过程初期与时间的平方根呈线性关系,中后期与时间呈线性关系;铅的溶出量与温度的关系符合阿伦尼乌斯定律;与食品模拟物pH值符合对数函数关系。     

AS和ABS塑料类食品接触材料中丙烯腈的 迁移研究

采用顶空气相色谱法,研究AS、ABS塑料食品接触中丙烯腈单体残留量与迁移量的关系和在不同迁移条件下丙烯腈在6种食品模拟物中的迁移量,并得出其迁移结论：AS塑料食品接触材料中丙烯腈迁移量要高于ABS塑料;在相同的使用时间和温度下,50%乙醇模拟物中丙烯腈的迁移量最大;在同种食品模拟物中,丙烯腈迁移量随着接触时间的延长、接触温度的升高而增加.     

Potential silver nanoparticles migration from commercially available polymeric baby products into food simulants

In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively employed in food packaging systems as a potential antibacterial agent. Although proven to be highly effective, the increased number of AgNP-containing products raises concerns among consumers regarding the migration of AgNPs from the packaging material into foods, which may exert toxic effects. To address this, five baby products were chosen (baby bottle A, baby bottle B, pacifier A, pacifier B and breastmilk storage bag) to investigate AgNPs migration into three food simulants (deionised water, 4% acetic acid (w/v) and 50% ethanol (v/v)) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As a result, the highest level of migrated Ag was observed for 4% acetic acid in the case of baby bottle B, pacifier A, pacifier B and the breastmilk storage bag, with the detection amount ranging from 1.05–2.25 ng/mL. On the other hand, baby bottle A showed the maximum migration for 50% ethanol due to the polymer nature. Finally, a centrifugal ultrafiltration experiment was conducted to determine the fraction of dissolved Ag in acidic simulant and it was found that migrated Ag was predominantly in Ag⁺ form, with a small fraction of non-ionic AgNPs. Thus, it has been found that the amount of migrated Ag in baby products was low; however, the migration was dependent on the type of food simulant and polymer nature.     

Comparison of the migration of melamine from melamine–formaldehyde plastics (‘melaware’) into various food simulants and foods themselves

A variety of melaware articles were tested for the migration of melamine into the food simulant 3% w/v acetic acid as a benchmark, and into other food simulants, beverages and foods for comparison. The results indicate that the acidity of the food simulant plays a role in promoting migration, but not by as much as might have been anticipated, since 3% acetic acid gave migration values about double those obtained using water under the same time and temperature test conditions. In contrast, migration into the fatty food simulant olive oil was not detectable and at least 20-fold lower than with the aqueous food simulants. This was expected given the solubility properties of melamine and the characteristics of the melaware plastic. Migration levels into hot acidic beverages (apple juice, tomato juice, red-fruit tea and black coffee) were rather similar to the acetic acid simulant when the same time and temperature test conditions are used, e.g. 2?h at 70°C. However, migration levels into foods that were placed hot into melaware articles and then allowed to cool on standing were much lower (6–14 times lower) than if pre-heated food was placed into the articles and then maintained (artificially) at that high temperature in the same way that a controlled time–temperature test using simulants would be conducted. This very strong influence of time and especially temperature was manifest in the effects seen of microwave heating of food or beverage in the melaware articles. Here, despite the short duration of hot contact, migration levels were similar to simulants used for longer periods, e.g. 70°C for 2?h. This is rationalized in terms of the peak temperature achieved on microwave heating, which may exceed 70°C, counterbalancing the shorter time period held hot. There was also evidence that when using melaware utensils in boiling liquids, as for stovetop use of spatulas, the boiling action of circulating food/simulant can have an additional effect in promoting surface erosion, increasing the plastic decomposition and so elevating the melamine release.     

食品包装污染物双酚类物质在食品模拟体系中的迁移规律研究

采用4 种食品模拟物包括超纯水、30 g/L乙酸水溶液、10%乙醇水溶液和异辛烷对食品金属罐中4 种双酚物（包括双酚A、双酚F、双酚A二缩水甘油醚和双酚F二缩水甘油醚）迁移情况进行研究,并建立半经验的双酚物迁移规律数学模型。结果表明：4 种双酚物同时在10%乙醇溶液中出现最大迁移,且贮存温度和时间对迁移量变化有显著影响。根据模拟实验得到的迁移数据和Fick第二定律建立数学模型,初步确定扩散系数DP,再根据DP估计得到包材的特征参数AP的范围为35.38～48.48。     

Assessment of the migration potential of nanosilver from nanoparticle-coated low-density polyethylene food packaging into food simulants

An experimental nanosilver-coated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging was incubated with food simulants using a conventional oven and tested for migration according to European Commission Regulation No. 10/2011. The commercial LDPE films were coated using a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique and three levels of silver (Ag) precursor concentration (0.5%, 2% and 5% silver nitrate (AgNO₃), respectively) were used to attach antimicrobial Ag. The experimental migration study conditions (time, temperature and food simulant) under conventional oven heating (10 days at 60°C, 2 h at 70°C, 2 h at 60°C or 10 days at 70°C) were chosen to simulate the worst-case storage period of over 6 months. In addition, migration was quantified under microwave heating. The total Ag migrant levels in the food simulants were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Mean migration levels obtained by ICP-AES for oven heating were in the range 0.01–1.75 mg l^?1. Migration observed for microwave heating was found to be significantly higher when compared with oven heating for similar temperatures (100°C) and identical exposure times (2 min). In each of the packaging materials and food simulants tested, the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On inspection of the migration observed under conventional oven heating, an important finding was the significant reduction in migration resulting from the increased Ag precursor concentration used to attach Ag on the LDPE LbL-coated films. This observation merits further investigation into the LbL coating process used, as it suggests potential for process modifications to reduce migration. In turn, any reduction in NP migration below regulatory limits could greatly support the antimicrobial silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-LDPE LbL-coated films being used as a food packaging material.     

Comparison of the migration of melamine from melamine-formaldehyde plastics ('melaware') into various food simulants and foods themselves

A variety of melaware articles were tested for the migration of melamine into the food simulant 3% w/v acetic acid as a benchmark, and into other food simulants, beverages and foods for comparison. The results indicate that the acidity of the food simulant plays a role in promoting migration, but not by as much as might have been anticipated, since 3% acetic acid gave migration values about double those obtained using water under the same time and temperature test conditions. In contrast, migration into the fatty food simulant olive oil was not detectable and at least 20-fold lower than with the aqueous food simulants. This was expected given the solubility properties of melamine and the characteristics of the melaware plastic. Migration levels into hot acidic beverages (apple juice, tomato juice, red-fruit tea and black coffee) were rather similar to the acetic acid simulant when the same time and temperature test conditions are used, e.g. 2 h at 70°C. However, migration levels into foods that were placed hot into melaware articles and then allowed to cool on standing were much lower (6-14 times lower) than if pre-heated food was placed into the articles and then maintained (artificially) at that high temperature in the same way that a controlled time-temperature test using simulants would be conducted. This very strong influence of time and especially temperature was manifest in the effects seen of microwave heating of food or beverage in the melaware articles. Here, despite the short duration of hot contact, migration levels were similar to simulants used for longer periods, e.g. 70°C for 2 h. This is rationalized in terms of the peak temperature achieved on microwave heating, which may exceed 70°C, counterbalancing the shorter time period held hot. There was also evidence that when using melaware utensils in boiling liquids, as for stovetop use of spatulas, the boiling action of circulating food/simulant can have an additional effect in promoting surface erosion, increasing the plastic decomposition and so elevating the melamine release.     

Migration of a UV stabilizer from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into food simulants

The migration characteristics of the UV stabilizer Tinuvin 234 (2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol) into food simulants has been measured from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using HPLC with UV detection. Ethanol/water, isooctane and a fractionated coconut oil simulant (Miglyol®) were used as food simulating solvents. The migration characteristics were measured at temperatures in the range of 40-70°C. Diffusion coefficients were determined to be in the range of 1 × 10^-14 cm² s^-1 to 1 × 10^-18 cm² s^-1. At 40°C, the amount of migration into 95% ethanol after 10 days was 2 μg dm^-2. Isooctane is determined to be a good fatty food simulant that provides similar results for PET to those of fatty foods.     

Migration of Ti from nano-TiO2-polyethylene composite packaging into food simulants

An analytical method based on ICP-MS was developed for the determination of Ti in food simulants (3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid and 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol). The method was used to determine the migration of Ti from nano-TiO₂-PE films used for food packaging into food simulants under different temperature and migration time conditions. The maximum migration amounts into 3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid were 1.4 ± 0.02, 6.3 ± 0.5 and 12.1 ± 0.2 μg kg^?1 at 25, 70 and 100°C, respectively, while into 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, the maximum migration amounts were 0.5 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.03 and 2.1 ± 0.1 μg kg^?1 at 25, 70 and 100°C, respectively. Increasing the additive content in the film promoted migration of nanoparticles. The results indicated that the migration of nanoparticles might occur via dissolution from the surface and cut edges of the solid phase (film) into the liquid phase (food simulant).