小断面硬岩巷道大空孔角柱式直眼掏槽爆破试验

针对目前普遍存在小断面硬岩巷道爆破效果差的问题,介绍了大空孔角柱式直眼掏槽爆破方式.理论分析表明,空孔可提供自由面和为破碎岩石提供补偿空间的作用,空孔直径越大爆破效果越好.结合岩石性质和断面大小给出了掏槽装药孔与空孔之间的合理间距、掏槽药量.现场试验表明,大空孔角柱式直眼掏槽方式,炮眼利用率高达94%,炸药消耗量低,证明此掏槽方式适用于小断面硬岩巷道掘进爆破.     

坚硬岩石中井巷掘进的斜眼与直线掏槽

分析了目前井巷掘进中普遍采用的斜眼与直线掏槽的机理及其实践,得出坚硬岩石中井巷掘进单斜眼楔形掏槽不便获得深循环进尺,任何抗爆性大的坚石岩石都有一种乃至几种保持高爆破效率且获得较深循环进尺的直线掏槽方法的结论,并提出了检验直线掏槽效果的标准。     

工作面炮眼布置与岩巷掘进光面爆破技术

影响炮眼布置的主要因素是岩石性质、巷道断面的大小、钻眼设备、炮眼深度和炸药性能等。文章主要介绍了掏槽方式的选择与布置,辅助眼及底眼布置,岩巷掘进的光面爆破技术等问题。     

Features of forming a charge column using packaged explosives in flooded holes in open mining

The results are presented for stand testing of processes that take place in charging holes by cartridges of hydrolabile explosives with permeating and insulating covers. Parameters of hole capacity, water level rise at charging, contact ratio for water and charge column, no-break term for hole charging are determined, and costs of blasting are estimated. Based on commercial test data, a conclusion is drawn on expediency of turbo-blasting of charges with smaller diameter in flooded sections of a rock massif. __________ Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 3, pp. 56–62, May–June, 2006.     

联合拉槽法在大冶铁矿铁门坎南采区分段空场采矿中的应用

在大冶铁矿铁门坎南采区用分段空场法开采缓倾斜挂帮矿时,采用切割天井与矿进路进行联合拉槽,即以切割天井为自由面,在出矿进路中,打与切割天井平行的扇形炮孔,按矿岩实际边界,逐排爆破崩落矿石,形成切割槽。根据矿山的实际开采条件,选择切割槽的合适位置,合理布置炮眼,应用一炮成井技术,与“V”型切割拉槽相比,其切割工程量减少60％,切割成本降低50％。     

Evaluating the relative blasting efficiency of different rock explosives

Conclusions 1. The theoretical relative blasting efficiency of different explosives should be determined from the ratio of the unit energies transmitted to the rock mass being blasted by the explosion of the explosives being compared. 2. The explosive energy transmitted to the mass can be determined through the index of energy refraction (3), which accounts for the acoustic impedance of the explosive charge and the mass. The validity of this approach was demonstrated experimentally. 3. It is recommended that the conversion factor for comparison of the unit consumption of a given explosive and a standard explosive be found from Eq. (4), which gives more reliable and more accurate results than theoretical indices proposed previously. Gidrospetsproekt (Moscow). Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 2, pp. 47–51, March–April, 1997.     

Features of forming an explosive fracture zone in a hard rock mass

The effect of extended discontinuities in a hard rock mass on regularities of forming explosive fracture zones is considered. The comparison of the numerical and in situ experimental results permits to conclude that, in common with the known effect of seismic blast wave screenage, transformation of the wavefront configuration is of drastic importance. In a number of cases, that results in the generation of complex-structured fracture zones: new fractured zones can form beyond unbroken areas. It is demonstrated that the similar effects may cause redistribution of the blast energy and, as a consequence, the higher seismic efficiency produced by flat charge blasting as compared with concentrated charge blasting. __________ Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 3, pp. 65–76, May–June, 2007.     

空孔直眼掏槽微差起爆时间的力学模型及分析

工程实践表明, 微差起爆时间是影响掏槽效果的一个重要因素。掏槽孔装药爆破以后, 槽区内的破碎岩石与爆生气体混合并通过槽区口部向槽外抛掷, 工程上要求爆破结束时剩在槽腔内的岩石碎块越少越好。通过分析槽腔内岩石碎块的运动过程, 建立了掏槽爆破微差起爆延期时间计算的力学模型。应用模型对掏槽微差起爆时间进行的优化研究表明, 掏槽微差起爆时间与孔深成正比。     

中深孔的孔底起爆研究

为了论证孔底起爆的合理性和优越性,作者在查阅国内外大量文献资料的基础上,对孔口起爆与孔底起爆在同等条件下的力学指标和爆破参数作了对比性的理论计算、模型测试与实验及现场爆破试验,其结果表明:(1)孔口起爆的高应力指向孔底,低应力指向孔口,而孔底起爆时高、低应力指向正好与此相反,这种相反的应力指向有利于岩体破碎;(2)破碎效应是由入射和反射应力波及爆生气体的联合作用引起的;(3)孔底起爆具有大块率低、能消除悬顶和隔墙、提高眉线完好率及减少盲炮等优点,因而值得推广应用。     

岩体中的节理裂隙对爆破影响的试验研究

利用超声波探测法对节理裂隙岩体进行了声波测试, 对不同的节理裂隙岩体进行了质量评估, 通过对节理裂隙岩体进行爆破漏斗试验, 分析了节理裂隙对岩体中爆炸应力波传播、岩石破碎及爆破漏斗形成的影响。结果表明, 节理裂隙等结构弱面的存在严重阻碍了爆炸能量均匀分布, 因此在爆破设计和施工中, 应尽量使炮孔与结构弱面垂直布置, 如果遇到含有夹层情况宜加大装药量;炮孔与结构弱面平行时, 应尽量减小炮眼孔距和最小抵抗线, 尽量采用单孔螺旋掏槽。     

露天矿台阶爆破水炮孔深度测量流量尺技术

在露天矿台阶爆破和边帮预裂爆破中,炮孔深度测量工作对装药和控制爆破效果尤为重要。大多数深凹露天矿炮孔都存在孔内渗水情况,不同岩种不同水环境下炮孔孔底存在不同深度的矿泥或岩碴。矿山孔深测量一般采用加配重的测绳,到达孔底与否以绳是否变松通过测量员感观判别,误差较大。在连续快速多孔深测量时,测量含水含泥或含碴炮孔非常麻烦并且耗时,测绳易沾泥浸水不便清洗,甚至无法准确使用(比如冬季测绳沾水易冻硬)。描述了流量尺的结构组成,阐述了测量原理,建立了流量尺操作规范。露天台阶爆破中炮孔含泥碴含水时,将炮孔深度、炮孔含水高度、孔底泥碴深度和炸药陷入泥碴深度一次性在炮孔外流量尺上可读出。流量尺可反复使用,较测绳操作简单、数据准确、效率高,流量尺制作材料来源广泛、造价低廉,为爆破前装药作业提供准确的炮孔状态数据。     

岩石巷道爆破效果预测及应用效果实践研究

为更准确地预测岩石巷道的爆破效果,以提高爆破效率和降低生产成本,基于随机森林方法确定了影响爆破效果的6个关键因素：总装药量、断面面积、炮眼深度、掏槽眼装药量、辅助眼装药量、周边眼装药量,构建基于网格搜索法-支持向量机回归预测模型,以平均绝对误差和相关系数为评价指标,预测炸药单耗。建立了径向基核函数、多项式核函数和线性核函数三种核函数的支持向量机模型,并采用随机森林回归算法作为对照组。结果表明,SVR-Rbf组表现最好,在数据库和顾北煤矿实际案例的预测中相关系数均达到0.95左右,平均绝对误差也至少比其他组小一倍左右,并将最优模型应用于顾北矿岩石巷道爆破炸药单耗预测,效果良好,表明建立的Grid Search CV-SVM预测模型是预测岩石巷道爆破效果有效方法。     

预裂爆破中节理走向角度对预裂缝贯通性的影响

自然岩体往往是含有节理、裂隙、断层等地质结构面的不连续介质,岩体的这种不连续性对预裂爆破时应力波的传播和预裂缝的形成都具有重要影响。为了研究节理走向角度对预裂缝贯通程度的影响,对一次预裂爆破所生成的预裂缝进行分段爆破振动测试试验,通过不同段的节理走向角度与降振率的结果发现：炮孔间节理走向角度对预裂成缝的影响显著,预裂爆破所在位置的节理走向角度越大,该位置上所产生预裂缝的降振率越高,表明预裂缝的贯通程度随节理走向角度的增大而提高。观察现场预裂爆破效果也发现：当节理面走向角度接近90°时,预裂缝的贯通性与平整度最好,与理论分析基本一致。     

中深孔全断面切缝管定向断裂爆破技术应用研

分析了切缝管定向断裂爆破裂纹的形成与扩展机理,在切缝处应力集中和压力差共同作用下形成初始裂纹,而后的裂纹扩展经历了切向拉伸应力作用下的扩展阶段、爆生气体驱动压力作用下裂纹稳态扩展和爆生气体驱动下的宏观裂纹扩展3个阶段。在理论分析的基础上结合工程实际,提出了切缝管药包定向断裂复合楔形掏槽爆破和周边孔切缝管药包定向断裂爆破技术。现场应用效果表明：切缝管爆破可提高炮孔利用率和眼痕率,降低爆破对围岩的扰动损伤,改善掏槽爆破和周边爆破效果,有利于提高巷道掘进速度。     

Determination of dimensions of the zone of crushing of rock in place by blasting

Conclusions In prediction of the dimensions of the zones of interblock crushing within a large-block massif, the velocity field calculated on a model is close to the velocity field in the medium due to explosion of a loosening charge. This fact was noted in [1, 7, 8]. In rock with small blocks and in rock with marked anisotropy of properties, it is necessary to introduce a parameter characterizing the propagation of the blast disturbance in the rock-the seismic characteristic-into the scheme of calculations. Neglect of this characteristic leads in these cases to overestimation of the predicted dimensions of the zone of interblock crushing. When using the above scheme of calculation to predict the dimensions of the zone of crushing in the practice of planning important structures it is necessary to perform an experimental blast in the rock in order to make an experimental determination of the seismic characteristics and critical velocity of interblock crushing (necessary intensity) of the solid rock. Gidrospetsproekt, Moscow. Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 5, pp. 62–67, September–October, 1979.     

Change in properties of geophysical medium during underground explosions

Mechanisms of strength loss of rocks in a slightly fractured mass during confined explosions are considered. It is shown that, at small depth (H ≤ 400m) beyond the boundary of radial crack zone, local rock failure is possible under the action of hoop tensile stresses during a single explosion and under the action of shear stresses in wave superposition zones during a group explosion. At great depths, local failure and strength loss of rocks in the indicated area are possible by shear failure in zones of blast wave interaction. Scientific-Research Institute of Labor Protection, Kiev. Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 3, pp. 45–50, May–June, 1999     

Estimate of stress state in rock masses adjacent to open pit walls

It is proposed to study the action exerted by the tectonic stresses on stability of open pit walls by using the method of core disking in exploratory holes and the tectono-physical method based on the analysis of tectonic structure of a rock mass. __________ Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 3, pp. 36–44, May–June, 2007.     

中深孔反向光面爆破工艺在岩石巷道中的应用

岩石巷道浅孔正向爆破效果不理想,炮眼利用率低。采用中深孔反向光面爆破工艺,可以提高炮眼利用率,提高单进和工效,同时减少对围岩的破坏,既提高了施工安全系数,又有利于巷道的支护,并降低了材料消耗,实现了矿井高产高效。     

Effect of geological disturbances on the danger of rock bursts in a rock mass

Results are given for investigation of the effect of geological disturbances on the danger of rock burst in a rock mass during preparation and mining of operating blocks. Nature of the distribution of dynamic phenomena and the specific electrical resistance in the rock mass in regions of tectonic dislocations with a specific order of carrying out mining work are established which makes it possible to evaluate the efficiency of ore extraction technology. Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk. Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 1, pp. 14–20, January–February, 1999.     

Calculation model for breaking a lump off a rock mass by an impact of a blunt wedge-like tool

A mathematical model has been developed for the layer-by-layer fracture of a rock by a blunt wedge. The reduced efficiency of breaking by the blunt tool is estimated. It has been shown that there exists a limiting impact angle that confines the lump breaking off the rock mass. __________ Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 5, pp. 28–40, September–October, 2007.