The monolithic hydrophobic mesoporous alumina aerogels were successfully synthesized by acid–base sol–gel polymerization of aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) in deionized water/alcohol solution (v/v = 3:7). To minimize shrinkage during drying, alumina hydrogels were aged in tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)/acetonitrile solution, and modified using trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS)/acetonitrile solution. Properties of the final product were examined by contact angle measurement, FTIR, FESEM, TEM and BET analyses. Surface modification was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that hydrophobic property of the alumina aerogels was affected by the contents of TMCS. When the molar ratio of TMCS to AlCl3·6H2O is 0.35, hydrophobic alumina aerogels shows lower bulk density (0.453 g/cm3) and higher surface area (495 m2/g) than those of unmodified alumina aerogels (0.933 g/cm3, 413 m2/g). 相似文献
In this article, the composite polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes supported by cellulose-acetate (CA) microfiltration membrane were successfully prepared by adding nano-fumed silica particles modified with a silane coupling reagent, NH2-C3H6-Si(OC2H5)3. The effects of silica content, feed concentration, and feed temperature on the pervaporation performances of the nano-composite PDMS membranes were investigated for recovering ethanol from aqueous solution by pervaporation. It was found that adding the modified silica particles significantly improved the pervaporation performances of the composite membranes. When the silica content in the membrane was 5 wt%, for a 5 wt% ethanol/water mixture at 40°C, the permeation flux of the membrane maintained about 200 g · m?2 · h?1 and separation factor reached the maximum value of 19. 相似文献
Various kinds of nano-SiO2 using different catalysts were obtained and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The results showed that the nano-SiO2 using NH3·H2O as catalyst presented the best morphology. Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) based composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) membranes doped with different contents of nano-SiO2 were prepared by phase inversion method. The as-prepared CPE membranes were immersed into 1.0 M LiPF6-EC/DMC/EMC electrolytes for 0.5 h to be activated. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the CPEs were characterized by SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) techniques. The results indicate that the CPEs doped with 10 % nano-SiO2 exhibit the best performance. SEM micrographs showed that the CPE membranes have uniform surface with abundant interconnected micro-pores, and the uptake ratio was up to 104.4 wt%. EIS and LSV analysis also showed that the ionic conductivity at room temperature and electrochemical stability window of the modified membrane can reach 3.372 mS cm?1 and 4.7 V, respectively. The interfacial resistance Ri was 670 Ω cm?2 in the first day, then increased to a stable value of about 850 Ω cm?2 in 10 days storage at room temperature. The Li/As-fabricated CPEs/LiCoO2 cell also showed good charge–discharge performance, which suggested that the prepared CPE membranes can be used as potential electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. 相似文献
In this article, response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation conditions of fumed silica filled polydimethylsiloxane/cellulose acetate composite membranes. The silica loading, polydimethylsiloxane concentration, and NH2-C3H6-Si(OC2H5)3/silica weight ratio were considered as factors. Two regression equations, which described the effects of the three factors on the permeation flux and selectivity of the membranes, were derived from the results of 20 experiments by using a statistical software Design-Expert 7.1.4. The results revealed that the three factors had important effects on the permeation flux and the selectivity. The obtained regression equations were confirmed with another four groups of experiments. According to the regression equations, for the separation of an ethanol aqueous solution with the concentration of 10 wt%, the maximum selectivity of the membrane, 11.5 could be obtained at the feed temperature of 40°C, and the corresponding permeation flux was 197.3 g · m?2 · h?1. The preparation conditions for making the composite membrane with the above separation performances were: the silica loading was 5.21 wt%, the polydimethylsiloxane concentration was 13.36 wt%, and the NH2-C3H6-Si(OC2H5)3/silica weight ratio was 0.59. 相似文献
Silver-doped methyl-modified silica membranes (Ag/M-SiO2) have been prepared using the sol-gel method by adding AgNO3 solution to a methyl-modified silica sol. The influence of silver-doping on the physical and chemical structures, thermal stability of –CH3 groups, and gas permeation performance for the silica membranes were investigated. The metallic silver results from the reduction of AgNO3 which can be completely transformed after calcined above 200°C. The Si–CH3 vibrational bands disappear completely when the calcination temperature is increased to 600°C, which mineralized when the calcination temperature is further increased to 750°C. The doping of silver nanoparticles has nearly no influence on the chemical structure of the methyl-modified silica materials and the thermal stability of –CH3 groups, but can make the mean pore size, total pore volume, H2 permeability, and H2/CO2 selectivities of the silica membranes increase. When operated at 200°C and a pressure difference of 0.35 MPa, the H2 permeance and H2/CO2 selectivity of Ag/M-SiO2 membrane with the AgNO3/tetraethylorthosilicate molar ratio of 0.08 is 8.99 × 10?6 mol · m?2 · Pa?1 · s?1 and 10.22, respectively. After hydrothermal treatment and regeneration, the Ag/M-SiO2 membranes show a smaller change in gas permeances and H2/CO2 permselectivities than the methyl-modified silica membranes without silver-doping. 相似文献
A series of phthalonitrile end-capped sulfonated polyarylene ether nitriles are synthesized via K2CO3 mediated nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction at various molar ratios. The as-prepared polymer structures are confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The properties of membranes cast from the corresponding polymers are investigated with respect to their structures. The membranes exhibit good thermal and mechanical properties, low methanol permeability (0.01?×?10?6–0.58?×?10?6 cm2·s?1 at 20 °C), and high proton conductivity (0.021–0.088 S·cm?1 at 20 °C). The introduction of phthalonitrile is proved to increase intermolecular interaction, mainly contributing to the reduction in water uptake, swelling ratio, and methanol permeability. More importantly, its introduction does not decrease the proton conductivity, but there is a slight increase. Furthermore, the selectivity of SPEN-CN-50 can reach 4.11?×?105 S·s·cm?3, which is about nine times higher than that of Nafion 117. All the data show that the as-prepared membranes may be potential proton exchange membrane for DMFCs applications. 相似文献
A series of novel hybrid proton conducting membranes based on sulfonated naphthalimides and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) were prepared from N-Methyl Pyrrolidone (NMP) solutions. These hybrid organic-inorganic materials, composed of two proton-conducting components, have high ionic conductivities (9.3 × 10?2 S cm?1 at 60 °C, 15% PTA), and show good performance in H2|O2 polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), previously reported by us. Moreover, they have low methanol permeability compared to Nafion®112. In this paper we describe, for the first time, the behaviour of these hybrid membranes as electrolyte in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The maximum power densities achieved with PTA doped sulfonated naphthalimide membrane, operating with oxygen and air, were 34.0 and 12.2 mW cm?2, respectively; about the double and triple higher than those showed by the non-doped membrane at 60 °C. 相似文献
In this paper, the effects of in-line coagulation on permeation flux (PF), fouling resistance (FR), and total organic compound (TOC) rejection (R) of synthesized mullite ceramic membranes during treatment of oily wastewater in coagulation – MF hybrid process were investigated. Four coagulant ((ferrous chloride (FeCl2.4H2O), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O), aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) and aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O)) plus equal concentration of lime in the form of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) were evaluated in the coagulation – MF hybrid process at different concentrations (0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm). The results showed that coagulation can affect the membrane filtration by changing characteristics of the oil droplets. Coagulant agents improve the membrane performance at low dosage (25 ppm) for aluminum chloride and mean dosage (50 ppm) for ferrous chloride, ferrous sulphate, and aluminum sulphate. At the best conditions (50 ppm ferrous sulphate), PF increased from 2.22 × 10?5 to 2.76 × 10?5 (m3/m2 s), FR decreased from 4.2 × 1012 to 5.55 × 1011 (m?1), and R increased from 93.8% to 97.1%. 相似文献
Abstract Experimental results are presented on membranes of novel composition which selectively permeate ammonia and carbon dioxide from mixtures containing hydrogen. The CO2-selective membrane, which consists of a thin liquid film of the salt hydrate tetramethylammonium fluoride tetrahydrate, exhibits a CO2 permeance of 4-1 × 10?5 cm3/cm2·s·cmHg with selectivity, α(CO2/H2), ranging from 360-30. The NH3-selective membrane, poly(vinylammonium thiocyanate), displays a high NH3 permeance, 5?20 × 10?5 cm3/cm2·s·cmHg, with α(NH3/N2) as high as 3600 and α(NH3/H2) as high as 6000. Such membranes, which retain H2 at pressure in the feed stream, may offer new opportunities in the design of separation processes. 相似文献
Reduce electrolyte thickness can improve solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance. However, thinner electrolyte often contains prominent defects and flaws, which may decrease the yield and increase operation risk. This work proposes a method to modify the thin film YSZ electrolyte, to improve cell reliability and durability. The as-sintered anode supported half-cell with screen printed YSZ electrolyte was immersed in precursor solution of Y(NO3)3·6H2O and Zr(NO3)4·5H2O, and being treated under hydrothermal condition of 150°C for 12 h. As a result, the modified cells show slight increase in the OCV values. Furthermore, the hydrothermal modification effectively promotes interface sintering between YSZ electrolyte and GDC barrier layer, yielding a smaller ohmic resistance of .142 Ω·cm2 (a decrease of ∼11%) and a higher peak power density of .964 W/cm2 (an increase of ∼18%) at 750°C, than pristine cell. Moreover, the modified cell operates stably over 300 h, while the pristine cell presents large and irregular voltage fluctuations. This work suggests that the hydrothermal modification is an effective and promisingly industrial applicable method for thin film electrolyte recovery in SOFCs. 相似文献
A novel chitosan (CS)-piperazine (PIP) composite nanofiltration (NF) membrane with satisfied characteristics for brackish water and seawater desalination was successfully developed. PIP was mixed with CS during the interfacial polymerization (IP) process to enhance the NF membrane permeate flux. The resultant NF membranes were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), contact angle. Effects of CS concentration, trimesoyl chloride (TMC) concentration, reaction time and the mixing ratio of CS/PIP on NF membrane performance were investigated thoroughly. When PIP in the aqueous phase monomers reached to 25% (w/w), the PWF (60.6 L·m?2·h?1) was synergistically improved by nearly 2 times without a significant reduction of Na2SO4 rejection (89.1%). Moreover, the NF membranes possessed excellent performance for the desalination of brackish water and seawater, which showed high potential to be applied in the desalination process for water treatment. 相似文献
Summary: Two distinct types of polymer electrolyte membranes for conducting protons and lithium ions have been prepared by a radiation‐induced grafting method. The polymer electrolyte precursor (PVDF‐g‐PS) is obtained by the simultaneous grafting of styrene onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) followed by one of two specific treatments. This includes sulfonation with a chlorosulfonic acid/dichloromethane mixture to obtain proton (H+)‐conducting membranes, or activation with LiPF6/EC/DC liquid electrolyte to obtain lithium ion (Li+)‐conducting membranes. The chemical structure of the obtained electrolyte membranes is verified by FT‐IR spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to examine the changes in the crystallinity and the thermal properties of both electrolyte membranes during the preparation process. The thermal stability of both electrolyte membranes is also evaluated using thermal gravimetrical analysis. The obtained polymer electrolyte membranes achieve superior conductivity values: 1.61 × 10?3 S · cm?1 for Li+ and 5.95 × 10?2 S · cm?1 for H+ at room temperature at a polystyrene content of 50%. The results of this work suggest that high quality H+‐ and Li+‐conducting membranes can be obtained using a single radiation‐induced grafting method.
Schematic representation of the single root for preparation of Li+‐ and H+‐conducting membranes started by radiation‐induced grafting of styrene onto a PVDF film followed by chemical treatment. 相似文献
Anion conducting polymer electrolyte membrane (PVA/KOH/CHDMG) was prepared by cross-linking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl ether (CHDMG) in the presence of KOH. FTIR, FESEM, and DSC-TGA techniques were used for the structural, morphological and thermal characterization of the membrane. The effect of cross-linking on the water uptake, thermomechanical characteristics, ionic conductivity, and chemical stability of the membranes was studied with respect to CHDMG contents. The membrane ionic conductivity at room temperature was 2.2–4.7 × 10?3 S.cm?1. Further, the membrane exhibited good mechanical attributes and chemical stability. Thus, these low cost membranes exhibited good prospect for application in alkaline fuel cell. 相似文献
Composite anion exchange membranes (AEM) based on quaternized poly (phenylene) oxide and polysulfone blend (QPPO/PSF) were successfully fabricated and characterized for methanol alkaline fuel cell application. To make a composite AEM, increasing graphene oxide (GO) wt.% ratios was introduced in the polymer blend. The membrane properties were enhanced by the addition of GO in comparison to the bare QPPO/PSF blend. The addition of GO resulted to a higher ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 3.21 mmol.g?1 and an ion conductivity increase of up to 63.67 mS.cm?1 at 80 °C. The QPPO/PSF/2%GO composite membrane reached a peak power density of 112 mW.cm?2, which is about five (5) times more than the parent QPPO membrane at room temperature. The above results indicate that QPPO/PSF/GO is a good candidate as an anion exchange membrane for alkaline fuel cell application. 相似文献