Internal curing of high-performance concrete with pre-soaked fine lightweight aggregate for prevention of autogenous shrinkage cracking

The effectiveness of internal curing (IC) to reduce autogenous shrinkage cracking in high-performance concrete (HPC) was investigated using different levels of internal curing on four pairs of large-size prismatic HPC specimens tested simultaneously under free and restrained shrinkage. Internal curing was supplied by pre-soaked fine lightweight aggregate (LWA) as a partial replacement to regular sand. It was found that the use of 178 kg/m³ of saturated LWA in HPC, providing 27 kg/m³ of IC water, eliminated the tensile stress due to restrained autogenous shrinkage without compromising the early-age strength and elastic modulus of HPC. It was shown that the risk of concrete cracking could be conservatively estimated from the extent of free shrinkage strain occurring after the peak expansion strain that may develop at very early ages. Autogenous expansion, observed during the first day for high levels of internal curing, can significantly reduce the risk of cracking in concrete structures, as both the elastic and creep strains develop initially in compression, enabling the tensile strength to increase further before tensile stresses start to initiate later.     

预湿水泥浆颗粒内养护材料对混凝土早期自收缩及抗压强度的影响

制备不同粒径和水灰比的水泥浆颗粒作为低水灰比混凝土内养护材料.以最佳内养护水灰比原则,设计了使用三种水灰比分别为0.6、0.7和0.8的同粒径水泥浆颗粒等体积取代砂子的混凝土.研究了不同水灰比水泥浆颗粒对混凝土早期自收缩、抗压强度和内部微结构的影响.结果表明:颗粒吸水率与其水灰比正相关、与其粒径负相关;预湿水泥浆颗粒可显著降低混凝土早期的自收缩,颗粒水灰比越大,自收缩降低效果越明显;但是掺入水泥浆颗粒也会降低混凝土的抗压强度,颗粒水灰比越高抗压强度降低越多,应用中应优化选择预湿颗粒的水灰比;水泥浆颗粒作为高性能混凝土内养护材料,可改善微观界面的孔隙结构,提高界面的密实性,减少混凝土早期的收缩和开裂.     

沸石对海水拌合超高性能混凝土性能的影响

利用沸石部分或完全(体积分数为0%、50%、100%)取代海水拌合超高性能混凝土(UHPC)中的河砂,对比研究了沸石对海水拌合UHPC宏观和微观性能的影响。结果表明,海水拌合促进UHPC的水化,从而缩短UHPC的凝结时间,提高UHPC的抗压强度和自收缩,而沸石吸收氯离子会抑制氯离子的加速水化作用,使海水拌合UHPC的凝结时间延长,抗压强度降低。此外,沸石的内养护作用可以有效改善海水拌合UHPC的自收缩,且效果比在淡水拌合UHPC中更好,这主要是因为沸石在海水拌合UHPC中释水的时间更早且更长。由于多孔沸石的强度低于河砂,所以UHPC的早期抗压强度随着沸石含量的增多而逐渐降低,养护至28 d后,沸石的内养护作用优化了界面过渡区,从而促使后期硬化浆体进一步密实。     

SAP内养生路面混凝土收缩性能及力学性能研究

超吸水性树脂(SAP)作为一种内养生材料,对混凝土力学性能、收缩性能等均具有显著改善作用,在公路混凝土路面中具有十分重要的应用价值.本文通过对混凝土力学性能、收缩变形及内部相对湿度进行研究,并通过SEM对SAP内养生混凝土内部微观形貌、裂缝特征进行分析.结果表明:SAP的加入能显著降低混凝土毛细孔隙间的范德华力,抑制混...     

SAP内养护对碱激发矿渣胶凝材料性能的影响

碱激发矿渣(AAS)胶凝材料存在早期收缩大、开裂风险高的问题,限制了其工程应用。本文采用TAM、TGA、MIP等方法研究了高吸水性树脂(SAP)内养护对AAS胶凝材料水化热、水化产物及孔结构的影响,同时研究了SAP对AAS胶凝材料抗压强度及自收缩的影响规律。结果表明,SAP的加入会增加基体的孔隙率,降低AAS浆体的抗压强度,但是随着水化时间的延长,SAP的内养护作用可以促进矿渣水化,抗压强度的降低幅度逐渐减小。SAP的加入对AAS胶凝材料的水化放热过程有一定的延迟作用,表现为诱导期延长,第二放热峰滞后。SAP的加入使AAS胶凝材料水化产物总量增加,增加程度随着模数的增加而提高。此外,SAP抑制AAS浆体自收缩效果明显,添加SAP之后自收缩降低率最高可达81%。     

钢板混凝土组合剪力墙早期裂缝试验研究

针对钢板混凝土组合剪力墙结构早期开裂问题,设计了混凝土中掺加膨胀剂、内养护剂、钢纤维、膨胀剂与内养护剂复掺4种情况下的早期收缩及早期平板约束开裂试验,以此来研究钢板混凝土组合剪力墙中高强高性能混凝土的抗裂减缩效果.结果表明:膨胀剂、内养护剂、钢纤维、膨胀剂与内养护剂复掺都可以降低混凝土的早期收缩;膨胀剂与内养护剂复掺明显改善了膨胀剂的膨胀效果,使混凝土的膨胀应变及膨胀时间得到显著提升,降低28 d收缩达87.6%,且混凝土早期开裂时间推迟,裂缝宽度和数量都明显降低.本文的研究结果为钢板混凝土组合剪力墙早期裂缝的控制提供了参考.     

Influence of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on the reduction of plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete

Fresh concrete exposed to high evaporation rates is prone to plastic shrinkage cracking, especially in structures with large surface area/volume ratios. The present work shows that the reduction of the surface tension of the mixing water is an effective way for decreasing such cracking. In this study, conventional and high strength concretes with superplasticizers and shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRAs) were exposed to drying in the plastic state. Continuous monitoring of the surface displacement facilitated the identification of the different stages of plastic shrinkage cracking. Measurements of capillary pressure, settlement, internal temperature and evaporation rate were also made. The results show the effectiveness of SRAs in reducing plastic shrinkage cracking, even in high strength concrete. This is attributed to the reduction in the evaporation rate, delay of the peak capillary pressure due to the development of menisci in the pores and lower settlement.     

玄武岩纤维混凝土早期裂缝试验研究

为了研究玄武岩纤维混凝土早期开裂性能,对不同长度纤维和不同体积掺量的玄武岩纤维混凝土进行试验,结果显示:玄武岩纤维混凝土相对于普通混凝土裂缝降低明显,玄武岩纤维混凝土早期收缩裂缝随纤维长度增加先减小后缓慢增加,最佳阻裂纤维长度为18 mm,早期收缩可见裂缝随纤维体积掺量的增加而减小,当体积掺量到0.2%时可见裂缝基本消失.随着混凝土强度提高纤维混凝土的抗裂指标逐渐降低,裂缝更加短小.     

硫酸钠掺量对混凝土早期收缩开裂的影响

研究了分别掺加占胶结料质量分数1％,2％的硫酸钠对混凝土早期收缩开裂的影响。用非接触式混凝土收缩测量仪及板式混凝土开裂架进行实验。用电子显微镜对硫酸钠混凝土试件早期亚微观结构进行较为直观的研究分析。结果表明：硫酸钠对混凝土早期收缩开裂在不同孔径中的作用不尽相同。硫酸钠对混凝土早期收缩的影响与水胶比及硫酸钠的掺量有一定的关系。硫酸钠掺量相同情况下,水胶比较小混凝土早期收缩值较大;在相同水胶比情况下,硫酸钠掺量较大混凝土早期收缩值较小。硫酸钠对混凝土早期开裂的影响与养护方式相关,空气中养护与密封条件下养护这2种养护制度相比,在空气中养护混凝土表面出现裂纹的时间较早,裂纹较宽且较多。在这2种养护制度下,水分蒸发速度的不同决定了硫酸钠结晶初始深度的不同,是硫酸钠对混凝土早期开裂的主要影响机理。     

The influence of curing on restrained shrinkage cracking of bonded concrete overlays

The influence of seven practical curing regimes on restrained shrinkage cracking of bonded concrete overlays was investigated. The influence of the curing regimes on the individual material properties governing restrained shrinkage cracking and on the age at cracking and crack area of ring tests and composite overlay–substrate specimens was investigated for three laboratory-made mixes of differing strengths and one commercial repair mortar. The results of the experimental testing showed that curing influences all of the material properties governing restrained shrinkage cracking. Prolonged or more effective curing was shown to either delay or reduce the rate of shrinkage respectively (dependent on the curing method), increase the tensile strength and elastic modulus, and decrease the tensile relaxation. In general, prolonged or more effective curing was shown to have a positive influence on restrained shrinkage cracking by increasing the age and net age at cracking.     

Integrated shrinkage,relative humidity,strength development,and cracking potential of internally cured concrete exposed to different drying conditions

Internal curing (IC) technology using prewetted lightweight fine aggregates (LWFAs) as additives has been proved an effective means for mitigating both autogenous shrinkage and early-age cracking under sealed curing conditions. However, for practical structures in the field, concrete experiences more complex environmental conditions compared to under sealed curing. To better utilize internal curing technology for durable concretes, this study conducts comprehensive investigations on both control and internally cured concretes at water/cement (w/c) ratio of 0.3 and 0.4 in terms of the influence of age when concrete is exposed to drying and the drying duration on the developments of integrated shrinkage, internal relative humidity, compressive and flexural strengths, mass loss, and cracking potential. The results are beneficial for producing internally cured concrete with increased resistance to early-age cracking and enhanced durability for infrastructure applications.     

养护措施和湿养护时间对掺与未掺矿渣混凝土性能的影响

研究了采用湿棉絮覆盖、喷养护剂、塑料薄膜密封3种养护措施对混凝土强度、收缩、中心温升、氯离子渗透性的影响,并通过不同龄期强度、氯离子渗透深度(5%NaCl溶液介质,质量分数)、钢筋腐蚀电位、加速腐蚀保护层开裂时间研究湿养护时间(1,7,14d和28d)对未掺和掺矿渣(等量取代水泥40%,质量分数)混凝土强度、抗渗性、护筋性的影响.结果表明:合适的养护措施能有效提高混凝土强度和抗渗性,降低水化温升和早期收缩.对未掺与掺矿渣的混凝土,更长的湿养护有助发展更高强度、耐久性和护筋性;而不充分养护导致混凝土较差的抗渗性和护筋性,该影响对掺矿渣混凝土尤为明显.7d湿养护对掺矿渣混凝土发展更高的潜在抗渗性是不够的.     

Internal curing by superabsorbent polymers in ultra-high performance concrete

To limit self-desiccation and autogenous shrinkage that may lead to early-age cracking of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), internal curing by means of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) may be employed. Cement pastes and UHPC with water-to-cement ratio below 0.25, with or without SAP, were studied. The absorption capacity of a solution-polymerized SAP was first determined on hardened cement pastes by SEM image analysis. It was observed that the SAP cavities become partially filled with portlandite during cement hydration. Isothermal calorimetry showed that water entrainment with SAP delays the main hydration peak, while after a couple of days it increases the degree of hydration in a manner similar to increasing the water-to-cement ratio. Internal curing by SAP is effective in reducing the internal relative humidity decrease and the autogenous shrinkage. Although the mechanical properties are affected by SAP addition, it is possible to reach compressive strengths of almost 150 MPa at 28 days.     

基于纳米二氧化硅改性下SAP内养护混凝土的基本性能研究*

研究纳米二氧化硅(NS)改性SAP内养护混凝土的物理力学性能以及抗氯离子渗透性能，提出该混凝土的配合比设计。复掺0.08%SAP和1.5%NS能提高混凝土抗折强度；复掺0.08%SAP和1.0%NS能提高其抗压强度；复掺0.24%SAP和1.5%NS氯离子抗渗透性能最佳；复掺0.24%SAP和0.5%NS能显著减小干燥收缩率。     

Use of porous ceramic waste aggregates for internal curing of high-performance concrete

Internal curing has become extensively used to reduce autogenous shrinkage and consequently mitigate the high risk of early age cracking of high-performance concrete (HPC). This paper investigates the efficiency of internal wet curing provided by a new type of aggregate, "recycled waste porous ceramic coarse aggregates" (PCCA). Six different silica fume HPCs with and without the PCCA are examined with respect to measured physical and mechanical property development. Four different replacement proportions of normal weight coarse aggregate (NCA) by the PCCA have been evaluated. The results have shown a high effectiveness of the PCCA for internal curing purposes, to drastically reduce and even to completely eliminate autogenous shrinkage of HPC prepared with a very low water/binder ratio (w/b) of 0.15. It has been found that the incorporation of 40% of the PCCA leads to a non-shrinking HPC that results in an insignificant internal stress accompanied by a significant increase of the compressive strength. It should be noted that for the different proportions of the PCCA incorporated no decrease of the compressive strength has been observed at either early or later ages, as is the case with some conventional lightweight aggregates.     

海水对高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥水化过程和力学性能的影响

研究了海水拌和与海水养护条件下高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥(HB-CSA)和普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)胶砂的抗压强度和抗折强度,采用等温量热法、X射线衍射分析法和热重分析法表征了两种水泥的水化过程和水化产物,分析了海水对HB-CSA水化过程和力学性能的影响。结果表明:海水拌和未明显影响HB-CSA的早期水化过程,海水拌和与海水养护未改变其主要水化产物类型;海水拌和显著加快了OPC的早期水化,海水中的氯盐与OPC的水化产物反应,导致水化氯铝酸钙(Friedel盐)的生成。海水拌和与海水养护对HB-CSA的抗压强度影响较小,但降低了OPC的后期抗压强度。海水养护对HB-CSA和OPC抗折强度的提高较为明显,钙矾石(AFt)含量的增加是抗折强度提高的主要原因。HB-CSA的水化产物中未见Ca(OH)₂和单硫型水化硫铝酸钙(AFm),避免了海水侵入后过量CaSO₄·2H₂O和AFt生成造成的混凝土膨胀开裂和强度下降的危害。     

Relation between the molecular structure and the efficiency of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) as concrete admixture to mitigate autogenous shrinkage

Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) were studied as admixtures for mitigating the autogenous shrinkage of a high-strength concrete. The presence of Ca²⁺ ions in the alkaline solution modified the kinetics of the liquid uptake and release when compared to that in other saline solutions and distilled water. SAP with high density of anionic functional groups took up the cement pore solution quickly, but greatly released it subsequently. The cross-linking density had no pronounced influence on the behaviour of such SAP. SAP with lower density of anionic groups did not release the liquid over the time of experiment. All SAP counteracted autogenous shrinkage during the acceleration period of cement hydration. For the materials which released the absorbed pore solution no effect on autogenous shrinkage was found beyond the initial period. SAP materials which did not release the absorbed solution in the experiments with liquids continued the mitigation of autogenous shrinkage during the deceleration period. The internal curing had no negative effect on the compressive strength of the mortar.     

振动搅拌对混凝土性能的影响

试验研究了振动搅拌对混凝土强度、含气量和工作性能的影响,结果表明:振动搅拌可以显著提高混凝土强度,但是随着养护时间增长,普通搅拌与振动搅拌混凝土试样强度差异减小;振动搅拌可以显著提高混凝土的含气量;振动搅拌对混凝土粘聚性和保水性影响不大,但是会降低混凝土的流动性。     

粉煤灰掺量对海水海砂高性能混凝土性能的影响

通过宏观力学性能、化学收缩、pH值、氯离子浓度等测试和SEM、XRD等微观表征研究粉煤灰掺量对海水海砂高性能混凝土性能的影响。结果表明:为维系钢筋钝化膜稳定,高温蒸养时粉煤灰掺量不宜大于30%(质量分数,下同),标养时粉煤灰掺量不宜大于50%;海水海砂高性能混凝土中游离Cl^-浓度随养护时间波动,前期先升高后骤降,后期缓慢增加,标养条件下Cl^-浓度明显低于高温蒸养条件下;海水海砂高性能混凝土具有早强性,其强度随粉煤灰掺量增加大致呈下降趋势,高温蒸养可明显提高混凝土抗折、抗压强度;粉煤灰掺量越多,残留的未水化颗粒越多,高温蒸养可有效改善混凝土微观结构,提高致密性;粉煤灰掺量过多或过少均会增加硅酸盐水泥体系的化学收缩,粉煤灰掺量为30%和40%时混凝土化学收缩值较小。     

Temperature dependence of autogenous shrinkage of silica fume cement pastes with a very low water–binder ratio

Ultra-high-strength concrete with a large unit cement content undergoes considerable temperature increase inside members due to hydration heat, leading to a higher risk of internal cracking. Hence, the temperature dependence of autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes made with silica fume premixed cement with a water–binder ratio of 0.15 was studied extensively. Development of autogenous shrinkage showed different behaviors before and after the inflection point, and dependence on the temperature after mixing and subsequent temperature histories. The difference in autogenous shrinkage behavior poses problems for winter construction because autogenous shrinkage may increase with decrease in temperature after mixing before the inflection point and with increase in temperature inside concrete members with large cross sections.