Rebuilding of the reactor in a G-43-107M/1 cat cracker

The rebuilding of the reactor for a cat cracker with incorporation of a set of new process components and equipment subassemblies, which are directed toward a reduction in the portion of nonselective secondary reactions taking place in the separation and stripping sections of the reactor, is described; this has made it possible to improve the productivity and effectiveness of the cat cracker. Publicly owned joint-stock company VNII NP. OOO Avtotekhproekt. Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 10–11, March–April, 2009.     

Ensuring Uniform Distribution of the Gas Flow in the Active Section of EGAV1-22-15-7-4 Electrostatic Precipitator

Chemical and Petroleum Engineering - The analysis of industrial operation of EGAV1-22-15-7-4 precipitators, designed for cleaning non-aggressive non-explosive process gases and aspiration air from...     

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水力压裂是低渗透致密气藏开发的一种十分有效的方法。压裂井的评井选层是实施水力压裂的基本工作，常规方法是利用经验进行定性分析，给定选层标准。 文章尝试利用灰色系统理论进行灰色建模，采用灰关联分析和GM（1，N）灰色模型对拟压裂井的拟压裂层段进行定量分析，确定该层段压裂后可能 具有的开采潜力以及潜在的压裂效益，为压裂井评井选层提供一种新 的思路。     

Modernization of Cat Cracking Section Fittings in the G-43-107M/1 Unit

Modernization of the fittings in the catalytic cracking reactor unit in the combined G-43-107M/1 plant are described, with introduction of improved feedstock injectors, air- and steam-distributing equipment, and erosion-resistant critical-speed nozzles which allowed increasing the time of operation of the plant between overhauls to two years and the yield of naphtha cut.     

Analysis of aflatoxin M1 and M2 in commercial dairy products using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector

Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) and M₂ (AFM₂) in commercial dairy products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FLD). To ensure an accurate analysis, two derivatization methods, bromination and aflatoxin–trifluoroacetic acid derivatization (ATD), were compared. The limits of detection (LODs) of the bromination method were 124.42–151.73 ng/kg, and the recovery rates were between 64 and 102%. The detection rates and concentration levels of AFM₁ were 6–74% and 14.48–270.94 ng/kg, respectively. AFM₁ was detected in 74% of milk powder samples and 36% of ice cream samples. The mean values of AFM₁ in milk powder and ice cream samples were 270.94 and 33.16 ng/kg, respectively. In the case of AFM₂, the detection rates were 2–10%, and the concentration levels were 20.62–55.67 ng/kg in milk and milk powder. Among milk and milk powder samples, ultra heat-treated (UHT) milk had lower AFM₁ contamination levels than pasteurized milk.     

乐东气田表层井段的套管钻井技术

莺歌海盆地乐东22-1气田表层为未固结的灰色黏土层,经常出现表层井段钻完后,又被未固结的黏土层垮塌下来埋掉的现象,现场往往需要多次通井才能将套管下至设计位置,严重影响作业效率。为了解决这一难题,乐东22-1气田开发井采用威德福公司的套管钻井技术,进行了应用实践。为此,对套管钻井工艺与常规钻井工艺进行了比较,总结了该气田采用套管钻井的工艺技术措施及钻进注意事项。同时还介绍了LD22-1-A2井Φ339.7 mm表层套管钻井使用的工具、主要设备、固井技术、工艺流程及使用套管钻井的应用效果,所形成的海洋表层套管钻井技术解决了海底地层疏松而导致表层套管不易下到位的问题,提高了井口的稳定性。乐东22 1气田表层采用套管钻井技术提高了现场作业安全,缩短了钻井周期,降低了钻井成本,对同类油气田具有一定的借鉴作用。     

乐东221气田A14H井表层定向及扩眼钻井技术

为解决南海莺歌海盆地乐东 22-1 气田表层松软地层定向造斜扩眼钻进困难、邻井相碰及易产生新井眼等钻井工程技术难题,提出了一种先钻小尺寸领眼,再用新型三级固定翼扩眼器定向扩眼,然后下入套管的海洋表层钻井技术.结合随钻测量仪和电子陀螺测斜仪钻进乐东 22-1 气田A14H井表层时,先用φ250.8 mm钻具定向造斜、钻小领眼,再用φ254.1 mm×φ349.3 mm×φ444.5 mm新型扩眼器将领眼定向扩眼至φ444.5 mm,下入φ339.7 mm表层套管并固井.现场应用表明,该技术解决了丛式井表层防碰难题,保障了疏松地层的造斜钻进效果,防止了钻井中扩眼钻具对领眼井造斜效果的不利影响,对后续类似井的钻井具有一定的借鉴价值.