光电窥膛光学系统参数优化选择

通过分析炮管内膛影响CCD成像质量的光强，光的均匀性，视场大小和空间分辨力等因素，提出了增大CCD成像镜头的景深对光电窥膛光学系统的光路结构及其参数优化设计的方法，并建立数学模型，提高了CCD摄像机在炮管内膛的成像质量，使图像在亮度，均匀性，色彩和清晰度方面达到很好效果。     

Incorporating lens distortion into the design of undistorted catadioptric omnidirectional cameras

An improved approach for design of the catadioptric omnidirectional camera with horizontal scene undistorted imaging is described. In the proposed approach, the influence of the lens distortion on the imaging quality of the omnidirectional camera is taken into account. We establish a radial distortion model for an image pickup lens and retain some opposite distortion in the mirror to correct the distortion existing in the image pickup lens. A horizontal scene undistorted catadioptric omnidirectional camera is designed with an off-the-shelf TV short focus lens using our approach; the numerical simulation shows that the distortion introduced by the imaging lens is eliminated effectively.     

光点位置测量系统摄像镜头设计

针对使用线阵列电荷耦合器件(CCD)的二维位置定位系统中的光学系统的特殊要求,本文提出一种以球面镜作为前组柱面镜作为后组,前组像面作为后组物面的二级成像结构作为线阵CCD的摄像镜头.该镜头使具有相同一维坐标值的点成像为同一条直线,并且具有广角视场,畸变小,成像质量优良等性能特点.对其设计思想、像差特点进行了分析,并给出了f'=.20 mm,2ω=74,畸变小于1.6%的柱面镜摄像镜头实例及其像差和传递函数计算曲线.     

面阵CCD航空相机的自动对焦技术研究

航空相机在成像过程中，摄影距离随飞行平台高度发生改变，为满足摄影分辨力的要求，镜头位置要相应调整，利用面阵CCD图像经小波变换后获取的图像边缘特征和CCD交汇测距原理，实现目标距离自动测量和相机自动对焦。     

利用视场光阑实现多镜头成像拼接

提出了一种在成像系统前增加视场光阑实现多镜头二维成像拼接的方法,可同时满足大视场成像范围和高分辨力的实际要求。运用光学成像原理把大范围视场分成多个部分,再用多个CCD摄像系统分别对各个小范围视场成像。导出了光阑尺寸的计算公式,从而精确地限制了每个摄像系统的成像范围。对参与成像的各要素如光阑,图像采集镜头,CCD等元件的参数以及它们的相对位置和相互所成角度都进行了数学推导和运算。考虑了物距变化给成像带来的影响,建立了一个相对完整的实物模型。利用此方法进行了成像拼接实验,当景物置于成像系统前2m以外时,拼接成像效果完全达到了实用要求。     

基于电子快门实现CCD曝光量无级调节技术

为了在景物照度变化条件下保持图像特定目标的亮度基本恒定,提升摄像测控系统的性能,提出了CCD电子快门配合分档光圈实现曝光量无级调节的自适应控制方法。该方法针对光圈换档和电子快门动作在延时性能上的显著差异,将光圈换档对光通量的粗调和电子快门时间的精调两者实时配合,来控制曝光量,算法的实际运用需要通过实验建立光圈换档动力学模型。     

Directional reflectance of vegetation measured by a calibrated digital camera

Obtaining directional reflectance information for vegetation canopies is often an expensive and time-consuming process. We present here a simple approach based on the use of an inexpensive digital camera equipped with a wide-angle lens. By the imaging of a large homogeneous area, a single image captures multiple views of a vegetation canopy. This gives a directional reflectance distribution fully sampled for view direction and free of variations in Sun elevation and azimuth. We determined the radiometric response of the camera sensor CCD's at the focal point and then extended this calibration to the full CCD array by using averaged images of clear blue sky. We evaluated the utility of the system by obtaining directional reflectance distributions of two vegetation targets, grass (Lolium spp) and pine forest (Pinus radiata), for red visible light. The precision of the derived biangular pattern of reflectance was +/-7%.     

Wide-angle catadioptric lens with a rectilinear projection scheme

A catadioptric wide-angle lens having a rectilinear projection scheme has been developed with a view to possible applications in the security-surveillance area. The lens has been designed for a miniature camera with a video graphics array-grade 1/3 in. color CCD sensor. The field of view of the lens is over 151 degrees , and still distortion is under 1%. Furthermore, the modulation transfer function is better than 0.3 at 70 line pairs/mm over the whole active area of the image sensor.     

一种立体视觉测量高精度标定新方法

提出一种实现通用摄像机标定和现场高精度立体视觉传感器标定的新方法。该方法无需预先给定初始参数,而是根据投影矩阵计算摄像机参数的初始值,结合镜头畸变的标定数学模型,实现通用摄像机标定;在立体视觉传感器三维测量模型基础上,引入目标距离约束建立结构参数标定优化目标函数,从而得到使空间距离偏差最小的最优结构参数,实现传感器现场高精度标定。实验结果表明,上述方法标定精度较高,已标定传感器空间距离测量相对误差小于0.45%。     

Full-field optical coherence tomography with thermal light

A simple optical coherence tomography system has been developed based on a white-light Linnik interferometric microscope with its reference mirror mounted on a piezoelectric translator. The geometrical extension of the optics allows efficient illumination of this device with a low-power (3-W) light bulb, yielding full-field interferometric images at 50 Hz with a fast CCD camera. Owing to the very broad spectral width of the light source and of the camera response, we achieved axial resolutions equal to 1.1 microm in free space and 0.7 microm through a standard microscope cover plate. Tomographic images of an epithelial cell smear and of an hematological sample are shown.     

Centroid error analysis of Shack–Hartmann wave-front sensor induced by the sensitivity non-uniformity

Centroid error is the crucial limit to the performance of the Shack–Hartmann wave-front sensor. The previous studies showed that the centroid error was affected by the discrete sample, the photon noise and the readout noise of the CCD. For many special characters, a CMOS camera is also used in the Shack–Hartmann wave-front sensor. Compared to a CCD, the sensitivity of a CMOS camera is obviously non-uniform. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the centroid error induced by the sensitivity non-uniformity of pixels is presented. The theoretical results are represented and demonstrated through an experiment. The results show that the error induced by the sensitivity non-uniformity is only dependent upon the detector, and has no relationship with the other factors. For the CMOS camera mentioned in this paper, the centroid error is less than 0.015 pixels.     

Research on the application of single camera stereo vision sensor in three-dimensional point measurement

A single camera stereo vision sensor model based on planar mirror imaging is proposed for measuring a three-dimensional point. The model consists of a CCD camera and a planar mirror. Using planar mirror reflections of a scene, a picture with parallax is obtained by shooting the target object and its virtual image. This is equivalent to shooting the target object from different angles with the camera and the virtual camera in the planar mirror, so it has the function of binocular stereo vision. In addition, the measurement theory of the three-dimensional point is discussed. The mathematical model of a single camera stereo vision sensor is established, the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are calibrated, and the corresponding experiment has been done. The experimental results show that the measuring method is convenient and effective; it also has the advantages of simple structure, convenient adjustment, and is especially suitable for short-distance measurement with high precision.     

Wavelet power spectrum-based autofocusing algorithm for time delayed and integration charge coupled device space camera

A novel autofocusing algorithm using the directional wavelet power spectrum is proposed for time delayed and integration charge coupled device (TDI CCD) space cameras, which overcomes the difficulty of focus measure for the real-time change of imaging scenes. Using the multiresolution and band-pass characteristics of wavelet transform to improve the power spectrum based on fast Fourier transform (FFT), the wavelet power spectrum is less sensitive to the variance of scenes. Moreover, the new focus measure can effectively eliminate the impact of image motion mismatching by the directional selection. We test the proposed method's performance on synthetic images as well as a real ground experiment for one TDI CCD prototype camera, and compare it with the focus measure based on the existing FFT spectrum. The simulation results show that the new focus measure can effectively express the defocused states for the real remote sensing images. The error ratio is only 0.112, while the prevalent algorithm based on the FFT spectrum is as high as 0.4. Compared with the FFT-based method, the proposed algorithm performs at a high reliability in the real imaging experiments, where it reduces the instability from 0.600 to 0.161. Two experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has the characteristics of good monotonicity, high sensitivity, and accuracy. The new algorithm can satisfy the autofocusing requirements for TDI CCD space cameras.     

某光测设备上消像旋的设计

地平式光电成像跟踪测量设备进行目标观测时,由于物像空间旋转而产生像旋,使目标提取和测量出错。为消除像旋,先建立了以球面三角和坐标变换为基础的像旋模型,对像旋模型中各个变量的关系进行了分析,并简介了目前几种常用的消像旋的方法,提出一种采用 CCD相机旋转消像旋的设计思路,详细地描述了消像旋指标、单元结构和控制流程的设计过程,并在某光测设备上实现应用。厂内检测数据和在外场运行试验结果证明,采用 CCD相机旋转消像旋的设计达到设计指标,满足设计要求,保证了光电跟踪测量设备对目标的准确提取和稳定跟踪。     

Comparing the lens displacement profile data by using the sequential approach for selecting alternative suppliers

The lens module is a critical part of the camera module. The quality of the lens module significantly influences the auto-focus and image stability functions of the camera module. A new approach that uses sequential tests is proposed to select the alternative suppliers that provide the qualified parts as the current supplier under the linear profile data. Having several qualified alternative suppliers can reduce the dependency on one supplier, improve bargaining power, and reduce capacity risk. The lens displacement that has a linear relationship with current is the quality characteristic for evaluating the lens module suppliers. To select the qualified alternative suppliers, the proposed sequential approach tests the profile difference between the current supplier and the investigated suppliers. The simulation results show that the power of the sequential approach is higher than the simultaneous confidence bands method in differentiating profiles. Last, the proposed approach is effectively applied to select the qualified alternative lens module suppliers for the camera module manufacturer. Procuring the lens module from the selected suppliers can maintain production quality and flexibility for the camera module manufacturer in practice.     

Diffractive optics applied to free-space optical interconnects

The optimum design of free-space optical interconnection systems utilizing diffractive optics is determined from a practical engineering standpoint for systems ranging from space invariant to fully space variant. System volume is calculated in terms of parameters such as the f-number of the diffractive lens, the wavelength of light, and also the total number, size, and separation of the optical sources and detectors. Performance issues such as interconnection complexity, diffraction efficiency, and signal-tonoise ratio are discussed. Diffractive optics fabricated by electron-beam direct-write techniques are used to provide experimental results for both shuffle-exchange and twin-butterfly free-space optical interconnects.     

Guided-wave and free-space optical interconnects for parallel-processing systems: a comparison

Guided-wave and free-space optical interconnects are compared based on insertion loss, link efficiency, connection density, time delay, and power dissipation for three types of connection networks. Three types of free-space interconnect systems are analyzed that are representative of a wide variety of free-space systems: space-variant basis-set and space-invarient systems. Results indicate that the connection density of a space-variant free space system has a connection density roughly equivalent to a two level guided-wave system with a pitch of ~10 μm (for a 1-μm wavelength) and a core refractive index of 2.0. It is also shown that the connection density of basis-set and space-invariant free-space systems can be several orders of magnitude higher than fundamental limits on the connection density of dual-level guided-wave interconnect systems when large-scale highly connected networks are employed.     

Distortionless interferogram recording by use of holographic field lenses for fluid velocimetry

Two optical systems based on holographic field lenses are presented. They have been specifically designed for the CCD camera acquisition of the interferograms obtained from a fluid plane, when one uses holographic interferometry to measure fluid velocities. The use of these systems allows for easy recording of interferograms, all having the same size and position on the CCD, independent of the fluid-plane observation direction. The holographic lenses act as directional field lenses; they change the divergent beam that reaches the lens into a convergent beam that focuses on the camera aperture. These distortionless interferogram recording systems have been demonstrated in a Rayleigh-Bénard convective flow.     

Three-dimensional measurement of distant objects based on laser-projected CCD images

A novel measuring system based on a single CCD camera and two laser projectors to record images and perform three-dimensional measurement of a distant object is proposed here. Because of the alignment of the laser beams which form in parallel with the optical axis of the CCD camera, projected spots will appear on the same scan line in a CCD image. As a result processing of a single scan line rather than the whole image is only required to identify the projected spots in the CCD image. Complex computation of video signals of the whole image via either pattern recognition or image analysis methods is therefore circumvented. On the basic of an established relationship between the distance and pixel counts between the projected spots in the CCD image, the proposed system not only measures the distance from a distant object but also the length of two arbitrarily designated points on the object. To provide better accuracy, intrinsic parameters of the CCD camera are taken into consideration in the measurement. Furthermore, the effect of laser diffusion is also proved to be irrelevant to the measuring accuracy here. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed measuring method is capable of yielding accurate results of three-dimensional measurement for a distant object in a very responsive way.     

三维重构视觉系统的标定

文章基于改进两步法的标定思想,在三维重构中提出了一种新的视觉系统参数标定与镜头畸变修正方法.该方法根据图像中心附近点畸变量较小的性质,利用中心附近点和全场视点对CCD相机和DLP投影仪的内外部参数标定和镜头畸变修正进行分离.在标定过程中,所设计的带标准圆阵列的靶标和伪随机连续方形编码可以实现特征点的自动识别和匹配.实验表明,该方法能快速、方便地对视觉系统参数进行标定和镜头畸变修正.