哈尔滨住宅建筑室内气体污染物测试分析

为深入了解严寒地区冬季居住建筑主要空气污染物情况,指导居民改善居住环境,对哈尔滨市5处住宅展开室内PM2. 5,PM10,甲醛,TVOC,二氧化碳主要空气污染物的逐时检测,采用综合指数评价法对住宅的空气品质进行评价,分析短时通风对室内空气品质的改善作用。发现TVOC和甲醛浓度超标最为严重,围护结构对室外PM2. 5和PM10具有良好的过滤效果,通过短暂的通风可以显著改善室内空气品质,关闭门窗后污染物浓度逐渐增高,2 h之后增幅不明显。该研究可作为居住建筑室内污染物源辨识基础研究前期基础背景调研和室内空气品质优化的依据。     

抗菌技术及其在建筑领域的应用

人类社会发展到今天,建筑已经从最初避风雨、御寒暑的庇护场所,发展成为一种对高品质生活的追求。建筑室内环境中的甲醛和苯等挥发性有机污染物、氡等放射性物质以及PM2.5等微小尘埃等污染已经引发社会公众的高度关注,国家也先后颁布了一系列法规和标准,来控制建筑室内环境污染。遗憾的是,作为建筑室内环境污染物的重要类型——病原微生物,虽然时刻在威胁着居住其间的社会公众的健康,但到目前为止,尚未引发社会公众的高关注度,对其认识依然不足。     

天津生态城建筑室内空气质量检测及改善措施研究

室内空气品质与人体的健康密切相关,通过分析室内空气质量检测结果,进而提出污染物治理措施,有助于营造良好的室内工作生活环境。通过对天津生态城3栋住宅建筑和2栋办公建筑进行实地检测。检测结果表明,生态城建筑室内主要污染物为甲醛、PM2.5。室内空气治理实验表明,具有高效过滤功能的便携式空气净化器去除PM2.5效果明显,而自然通风由于受建筑形式及外界条件影响较大,宜与其他治理措施相结合来降低室内甲醛浓度。     

服装市场室内可吸入颗粒物PM10的污染特征

本文采用TSI AM-510型智能防爆粉尘检测仪和TSI Aero Trak TM 8220型激光粒子计数器对北京市西城区三个服装市场的室内、室外PM10的质量浓度和数量浓度进行了现场测试,并评价可吸入颗粒物的浓度水平和污染特征,分析室内外颗粒物之间的相关性及其影响因素。结果表明:1PM10是服装市场室外大气及室内环境的主要污染物。服装市场在室外颗粒物PM10质量浓度超标的情况下(0.15 mg/m~3),室内颗粒物PM10与标准相比的合格率为30%,在室外PM10质量浓度0.15 mg/m~3的情况下,室内PM10的合格率为92.2%。2服装市场室内外颗粒物浓度水平之间存在密切的相关性。室外颗粒物是室内颗粒污染的主要来源,室内颗粒物浓度随室外浓度变化而变化,且吸烟和人员活动是服装市场可吸入颗粒物的重要室内污染源。3对于颗粒物数量浓度比,室内室外PM1/PM10、PM2.5/PM10、PM1/PM2.5的比值都在0.99以上,表明可吸入颗粒物中的绝大部分都是粒径小于2.5μm的可吸入肺颗粒物,对人体健康具有更大危害。     

建筑物室内环境的污染与防护

近年来,室内环境的污染远高于室外,为人们提供安全的生存环境就显得尤其重要,本文主要论述构成建筑室内的环境污染的各种污染物的来源和对人体的危害,主要包括室内装修所带来的甲醛、挥发性有机物等化学物质带来的室内空气污染,以及电磁辐射和放射性辐射对人的健康的影响,并针对产生污染物的途径提出了预防措施。     

西安市某办公建筑室内外颗粒物浓度变化特征分析

本文通过建立质量平衡方程对西安市某办公建筑室内颗粒物浓度进行了理论分析,并对该建筑室内外PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度进行了实时监测。结合线性回归方程、室内外监测浓度线性拟合曲线及室内浓度随时间的指数拟合曲线,对该普通办公房间室内颗粒排放源及室内颗粒浓度变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,该建筑室内PM10的平均发尘为7.93～12.48 mg/h,室内PM2.5的平均发尘为2.89～4.08 mg/h;室内PM10和PM2.5呈现指数变化且随时间呈下降趋势。     

公共建筑集中空调系统过滤器选型方法优化

为了满足集中空调建筑室内PM10平均质量浓度以及送风气流中PM10的质量浓度要求,利用质量守恒定律建立了一次回风空调系统过滤器选型数学模型.为了便于暖通设计人员进行选型计算,对所建立的数学模型进行了合理的简化,并给出了室外PM10质量浓度的确定方法以及室内发尘量的计算方法.     

基于建筑装修施工过程中环境污染特征的分析

为探讨建筑装修施工过程中的环境污染特征,缓解当前城市建设与环境保护日益凸显的矛盾,本文对某市典型装修项目噪声污染及室内典型空气污染物浓度水平进行分析,观察该装修项目在建筑装修施工过程中的环境污染特征。结果显示：(1)拆除、木工和金属切削加工对周围居民的日常生产和工作人员的身体和身体的健康造成了很大的影响,尤其是切削加工时的噪音,比环保要求高1.6个百分点;(2)建筑工地扬尘（PM23）、涂饰作业中的甲醛、涂料作业中挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）含量较高,为环境保护性规定的2.1、2.6和2.5倍;(3)装修垃圾中不同浓度重金属元素的污染水平表现为Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>As>Hg,Pb是产生健康风险的主要污染物。得出线管中的Pb是产生健康风险的主要污染物,应加强环境管理的结论。     

空气净化器运行优化的模拟研究

采用模拟手段,开展了居住建筑通风净化运行策略优化的分析研究,并探讨了室内PM2.5初始质量浓度、室外PM2.5污染等级、房间通风换气量、房间容积、空气净化器连续和间歇运行方式等的影响特性及这些影响因素之间的相互作用.结果 表明,在室外PM2.5污染等级为严重、重度和中度时,应尽可能关窗以减少通风换气量,而在轻度和良时,...     

开窗行为规律及其对室内PM2.5浓度的影响研究

本文以上海市一典型住户为例,长期监测居住建筑室内的PM2.5浓度,温湿度以及住户开关窗行为。调查居住建筑在自然通风状态下室内的PM2.5质量浓度水平,分析开关窗对室内PM2.5质量浓度的影响。研究发现:住户在冬季及春季前期开窗时间集中在8:00左右,且开窗时长低于1 h,当室外温度持续高于11℃左右时,住户一天内开窗次数增多,开窗时间集中在8:00和16:00左右,而开窗时长也相应增加为1~4 h。做饭的影响导致住户室内PM2.5日变化规律呈现双/三峰特性,室外逐时变化规律则在冬季呈现单峰(峰值出现在9:00左右),春季峰值不明显。开窗之前,室内PM2.5浓度若远远低于室外浓度时,开窗将使室内PM2.5浓度升高,并逐渐接近室外浓度。开窗之前,室内PM2.5浓度保持升高/下降的趋势或是室内外浓度相差不大的情况下,开关窗户对室内PM2.5浓度几乎无影响。     

居室内空气污染状况及控制

对居室内空气污染的来源进行了分析,并通过对6栋有代表性的住宅楼室内部分污染物指标浓度的实验检测,指出可采取有效的方法控制室内空气污染,并提出了室内环境污染的防治措施,以营造舒适、健康的室内环境。     

Indoor air quality at nine shopping malls in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong is one of the most attractive shopping paradises in the world. Many local people and international tourists favor to spend their time in shopping malls in Hong Kong. Good indoor air quality is, therefore, very essential to shoppers. In order to characterize the indoor air quality in shopping malls, nine shopping malls in Hong Kong were selected for this study. The indoor air pollutants included carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), formaldehyde (HCHO), respirable particulate matter (PM10) and total bacteria count (TBC). More than 40% of the shopping malls had 1-h average CO2 levels above the 1000 ppm of the ASHRAE standard on both weekdays and weekends. Also, they had average weekday PM10 concentrations that exceeded the Hong Kong Indoor Air Quality Objective (HKIAQO). The highest indoor PM10 level at a mall was 380 microg/m3. Of the malls surveyed, 30% had indoor airborne bacteria levels above 1000 cfu/m3 set by the HKIAQO. The elevated indoor CO2 and bacteria levels could result from high occupancy combined with insufficient ventilation. The increased PM10 levels could be probably attributed to illegal smoking inside these establishments. In comparison, the shopping malls that contained internal public transport drop-off areas, where vehicles were parked with idling engines and had major entry doors close to heavy traffic roads had higher CO and PM10 indoor levels. In addition, the extensive use of cooking stoves without adequate ventilation inside food courts could increase indoor CO2, CO and PM10 levels.     

Blowing in the wind: the impact of China's Pearl River Delta on Hong Kong's air quality

The local versus regional nature of Hong Kong's air pollution remains an unresolved issue with important policy implications. Specifically, the potential benefits of different air quality improvement efforts will vary dramatically, depending upon the nature of the pollution. This multi-disciplinary paper attempts to resolve the issue, using a time series, cross-sectional panel of pollution data from Hong Kong and southern China, along with weather variables from Hong Kong. An econometrically-based structural model of Hong Kong pollution levels is constructed, and Granger causality tests are conducted. Then, using results from the structural model, the health impacts on Hong Kong residents of reductions in mainland China's pollution are estimated and valued in economic terms. Results indicate that for the pollutants PM(10) and NO(2) causality runs in both directions, highlighting the regional nature of the air pollution problem. However, the potential health benefits resulting from reductions in southern China's pollution are relatively small. In US dollar terms, the averted mortality benefits of a large China-focused clean up are approximately $40 million, but the benefits of a more modest Hong Kong-focused effort are nearly $200 million. The resulting policy implication is that Hong Kong's primary pollution control efforts should lie at the local level.     

Indoor air quality investigation at air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned markets in Hong Kong

To characterize indoor air quality at the markets in Hong Kong, three non-air-conditioned and two air-conditioned markets were selected for this study. The indoor air pollutants measured included PM(10) (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microm), total bacteria count (TBC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). The indoor and outdoor concentrations of these target air pollutants at these markets were measured and compared. The effects of air conditioning, temperature/relative humidity variation and different stalls on the indoor air quality were also investigated. The results indicated that all of the average indoor concentrations of PM(10), TBC, CO and NO(2) at the markets were below the Hong Kong Indoor Air Quality Objectives (HKIAQO) standards with a few exceptions for PM(10) and TBC. The elevated PM(10) concentrations at Hung Hom, Ngau Tau Kok and Wan Chai markets were probably due to the air filtration of outdoor airborne particulates emitted from vehicular exhaust, whereas high concentrations of airborne bacteria at Sai Ying Pun and Tin Shing markets were linked to the use of air conditioning. Correlation analysis demonstrated that indoor bacteria concentrations were correlated with temperature and relative humidity. The operation of air conditioning did not significantly reduce the levels of air pollutants at the markets. However, the higher indoor/outdoor ratios demonstrated that the operation of air conditioning had influence on the levels of bacteria at the markets. It was found that average PM(10) concentration at poultry stalls was higher than the HKIAQO standard of 180 microg/m(3), and was over two times that measured at vegetable, fish and meat stalls. Furthermore, the concentration of airborne bacteria at the poultry stalls was as high as 1031 CFU/m(3), which was above the HKIAQO standard of 1000 CFU/m(3). The bacteria levels at other three stalls were all below the HKIAQO standard. Statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant differences among the four stalls for CO, NO(x) and SO(2).     

Interaction patterns of major air pollutants in Hong Kong territory

Air pollution in a metropolitan city like Hong Kong is a major obstacle to improve air quality and living environment due to the high population density and the vehicle emission increases. The high air pollutant levels impose harm to the human health and impair the city image. The characteristic analysis of air pollutants is very important and necessary to pollutant monitoring, forecasting and controlling. In this study, the interaction patterns of principle air pollutants, e.g. nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxides (NO(x)) and ozone (O(3)), a secondary pollutant, are investigated based on the measured database in four selected areas, which covers two urban types (i.e. residential area, mixed residential/commercial/industrial area) in Hong Kong, during the period of 1999-2001. The study involves analyzing the chemical and physical properties, the characteristics of air pollutants and the factors affecting such interactions using statistical method. The results reveal several routines in urban air pollutants' variations, interaction and trends from macro aspect.     

Ventilation of air-conditioned residential buildings: A case study in Hong Kong

More and more studies reported that there were insufficient ventilation and excessive CO_2 concentration in air-conditioned residential buildings, but few solutions were provided. This study investigates the overnight evolution of CO_2 concentration in air-conditioned residential buildings and then focuses mainly on the evaluation of three ventilation strategies, including overnight natural ventilation, short-term mechanical ventilation and short-term natural ventilation. On-site measurements were conducted in a typical residential bedroom in Hong Kong in September. The indoor and outdoor CO_2 concentration, air temperature and relative humidity as well as the outdoor wind speed during the measurements were analysed. Ventilation rates were calculated based on the time series of CO_2 concentration. This study confirms that additional ventilation is usually needed in air-conditioned residential buildings. Overnight natural ventilation with even a small opening is associated with excessive energy consumption and deteriorated indoor thermal environment. Short-term natural ventilation strategies are inefficient and uncontrollable. Compared to the best short-term natural ventilation strategy, a reasonably designed short-term mechanical ventilation strategy requires only a 41% of ventilation period to complete one full replacement of indoor air and to reach a lower indoor CO_2 concentration. Nighttime case studies and a theoretical analysis suggest that a few several-minute mechanical ventilation periods could potentially maintain an acceptable indoor air quality for a normal sleeping period of 8 h.     

Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from burning of incense in temples, Hong Kong

Field investigations of target air pollutants at two of the most famous temples in Hong Kong were conducted. The air pollution problems in these two temples during peak and non-peak periods were characterized. The target air pollutants included particulate matters (PM(10), PM(2.5)), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyl compounds, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), methane (CH(4)), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and inorganic ions (Cl(-), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), Na(+), NH(4)(+), and K(+)). The pollutant levels of the two temples during peak period were shown to be significantly higher than those during non-peak period. The highest average CO level was obtained at Temple 1 during peak period, which exceeded IAQO 8-h Good Class criteria. In general, the average PM(2.5)/PM(10) ratios were approximately 82%. The results revealed that the fine particulates (PM(2.5)) constituted the majority of suspended particulates at both temples. It was noted that formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl compounds, followed by acetaldehyde. At Temple 1 during peak period, the average benzene concentration exceeded almost 8 times more than Indoor Air Quality Objectives for Office Buildings and Public Places (IAQO) [HKEPD, 2003. Guidance notes for the management of indoor air quality in offices and public places. Indoor air quality management group, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.] Good Class criteria. The average OC/EC ratios ranged from 2.6 to 17 in PM(10) and from 4.2 to 18 in PM(2.5) at two temples, which suggested that OC measured in these two temple areas may be due to both direct emission from incense burning and secondary formation by chemical reactions. The total mass of inorganic ions, organic carbon, and elemental carbon accounted for about 71% in PM(2.5) and 72% in PM(10).     

Indoor Air Pollution: A Public Health Perspective

In developed and developing countries, indoor air pollutionis gaining increasing prominence as a public health problem. Time-activity studies and exposure surveys have shown the dominant contributions of indoor environments to population exposures for many pollutants. Mounting epidemiological evidence documents adverse health effects of indoor pollutants and risk assessments indicate that indoor carcinogens may contribute substantially to the population's burden of lung and other cancers. Unacceptable indoor air quality has also been identified as a common cause of symptoms. This paper addresses the public health problem posed by indoor air pollution, offering a schema for categorizing adverse health effects of indoor air pollution, and considers the complexiry of estimating the full scope of the problem     

两典型办公室室内颗粒物浓度监测与分析

对一普通办公楼及甲级办公楼办公室内、外颗粒物浓度进行监测。监测结果显示建筑室外颗粒物污染严重;普通办公楼室内颗粒物污染严重,甲级办公楼室内颗粒物浓度较低;甲级办公楼室内外颗粒物浓度I／O比值较普通办公楼小;两办公楼室内、外的PM2．5污染均较PMIO污染频繁;室内人和物的剧烈活动、吸烟等活动会造成严重的室内颗粒物污染。     

Indoor/outdoor relationships for PM2.5 and associated carbonaceous pollutants at residential homes in Hong Kong - case study

Six residences were selected (two roadside, two urban, and two rural) to evaluate the indoor-outdoor characteristics of PM(2.5) (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm) carbonaceous species in Hong Kong during March and April 2004. Twenty-minute-averaged indoor and outdoor PM(2.5) concentrations were recorded by DustTrak samplers simultaneously at each site for 3 days to examine diurnal variability of PM(2.5) mass concentrations and their indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios. Daily (24-h average) indoor/outdoor PM(2.5) samples were collected on pre-fired quartz-fiber filters with battery-powered portable mini-volume samplers and analyzed for organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) by thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) following the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) protocol. The average indoor and outdoor concentrations of 24 h PM(2.5) were 56.7 and 43.8 microg/m(3), respectively. The short-term PM(2.5) profiles indicated that the penetration of outdoor particles was an important contributor to indoor PM(2.5), and a household survey indicated that daily activities were also sources of episodic peaks in indoor PM(2.5). The average indoor OC and EC concentrations of 17.1 and 2.8 microg/m(3), respectively, accounted for an average of 29.5 and 5.2%, respectively, of indoor PM(2.5) mass. The average indoor OC/EC ratios were 5.8, 9.1, and 5.0 in roadside, urban, and rural areas, respectively; while average outdoor OC/EC ratios were 4.0, 4.3, and 4.0, respectively. The average I/O ratios of 24 h PM(2.5), OC, and EC were 1.4, 1.8, and 1.2, respectively. High indoor-outdoor correlations (r(2)) were found for PM(2.5) EC (0.96) and mass (0.81), and low correlations were found for OC (0.55), indicative of different organic carbon sources indoors. A simple model implied that about two-thirds of carbonaceous particles in indoor air are originated from outdoor sources. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Indoor particulate pollution has received more attentions in Asia. This study presents a case study regarding the fine particulate matter and its carbonaceous compositions at six residential homes in Hong Kong. The characteristics and relationship of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon were discussed indoors and outdoors. The distribution of eight carbon fractions was first reported in indoor samples to interpret potential sources of indoor carbonaceous particles. The data set can provide significant scientific basis for indoor air quality and epidemiology study in Hong Kong and China.