土-结构相互作用下消能减震结构损伤分析

基于系统化的集总参数模型表征土体动力特性,上部结构每层恢复力模型采用Takeda滞回模型,研究了地震动输入强度和土体剪切波速对消能减震结构损伤指数的影响。研究结果表明：无论是否考虑土-结构相互作用,随着结构阻尼比的增加,消能减震结构的损伤指数都得到了有效降低;考虑土-结构相互作用后,在峰值加速度为0.1g地震动作用下,非减震结构随着土体剪切波速的下降结构损伤指数基本不变,而对于消能减震结构,随着土体剪切波速的下降结构损伤指数会上升;当地震动峰值加速度增加到0.3g时,非减震结构与减震结构随着土体剪切波速的下降,结构损伤指数随之增大。     

土–上部结构相互作用的实用分析模型研究

 讨论现有土–上部结构相互作用分析模型的优缺点,从工程应用的实际需要出发,建立土–上部结构相互作用的实用分析模型及分析方法：采用三维弹塑性杆系模型模拟上部结构,在基础底面放置水平、竖向及转动的弹簧和阻尼单元来模拟土与基础的接触作用,通过弹簧和阻尼参数的改变来模拟不同的场地等状况。用该种方法计算分析一个10层的独立基础钢筋混凝土框架结构,研究场地土剪切波速、上部结构刚度和地震动强度等因素对相互作用体系地震反应的影响,同时探讨各种情况下的结构地震能量反应规律。研究结果表明,对于独立基础钢筋混凝土框架结构来说,考虑相互作用后场地变软和上部结构刚度增大不一定使楼层顶层位移增大,但是软弱场地对结构起到一定的减震作用,并且增大上部结构刚度会使楼层剪力和弯矩有所增加;地震动作用下,上部结构刚度改变对能量的变化趋势影响很小,但是在不同影响因素下的结构阻尼耗能和结构变形能在体系能量的平衡中的作用都是主要的;改变地震强度时,不同的地震波对相互作用体系的能量的影响是不同的,阻尼耗能和结构变形耗能的作用会有所不同。     

地下结构动土压力简化计算方法研究

基于波动力学理论,考虑土–结构动力相互作用、土介质特性及地震波的传播特性,提出了地震作用下地下结构的动土压力简化抗震设计方法。首先,将土–地下结构体系简化为单自由度的质量–弹簧–阻尼体系。其次,通过建立该体系的波动方程,并进行求解,将自由场响应换算为作用在结构上一点的动土压力,并结合结构周围土体的自由场响应分布特征,可得整个结构上的动土压力分布。最后,以振动台试验结果为基础进行了简化方法的验证,得出本文提出方法能够与试验结果吻合很好。该方法具有概念明确、计算简便、计算效率和精度高等特点,能够求解各类地下结构的地震反应,为地下结构的抗震设计提供了一种简单、实用的工具。     

扰动土-结构接触面抗剪强度特性试验研究

针对地下空间开发等原因引起的扰动土-结构接触面抗剪强度特性,制备了干密度、孔隙比、含水率和饱和度4类物理性质指标变化的扰动土样,在传统应变控制直剪仪上通过改进的试验方案,探究扰动土与粗糙、光滑和极光滑3类粗糙度接触面的抗剪强度变化规律。试验结果表明,对各类粗糙度接触面,抗剪强度及外摩擦角,均随含水率、孔隙比、饱和度的增大而非线性减小,而随干密度的增加而非线性增加,其中含水率在10%～15%或饱和度在40%～50%范围时改变显著。对于极光滑接触面,抗剪强度及外摩擦角受土的扰动影响微小,基本可以忽略。试验结果为扰动土-结构接触面抗剪强度规律和扰动土-结构相互作用的进一步研究提供了试验依据。     

饱和土剪切波速在基桩缺陷定量分析中的应用研究

在基桩缺陷定量分析中准确定量地描述桩土之间的相互作用是非常重要的。以黏滞阻尼器模拟桩土之间的相互作用,对6种饱和土进行了桩土相互作用模型试验和剪切波速试验。试验结果表明,可以对这些饱和土在土剪切波速与阻尼系数之间建立一致的相关关系。同样依据试验结果分析了试验阻尼系数和理论值的差别,得到了以剪切波速的函数表示的理论值修正系数。由桩身纵向振动响应解析解利用正交试验方法分析了阻尼系数、瞬态冲击力的脉冲宽度和幅值、桩弹性模量、桩密度、桩长以及桩截面积对速度波衰减过程的影响,确定了阻尼系数是影响速度波衰减的唯一显著因素,得到了速度波沿桩身的衰减规律。进而结合土剪切波速与阻尼系数之间的相关关系和桩身缺陷处的能量分配特性建立了利用土剪切波速和桩顶速度响应进行基桩缺陷定量分析的关系式。根据建立的关系式分析了利用剪切波速确定阻尼系数所带来的误差,结果证明由剪切波速最终得到的缺陷程度相对利用试验阻尼系数得到的结果误差一般在10%以内,所以利用剪切波速确定阻尼系数是可行的。     

Reliability analysis of wind response of flexibly supported tall structures

Statistics and probabilistic analyses and risk assessments can be very useful decision‐making tools when dealing with structural–geotechnical problems. Wind loads, dynamic properties of soil underneath the structure and material characteristics of the structure are important factors that affect the wind action on the structure and consequently the structural wind‐induced response. Uncertainties in the estimation of these factors as a result of human error or inherent variability are at the forefront for the use of reliability approaches to evaluate the risk of failure during the service period. In the present study, probabilistic base force analyses for tall structures are performed. The substructure approach in which the soil supporting the foundation is modeled by the foundation compliances as functions of soil shear wave velocity is used to account for the soil–structure interaction efficiently. A three‐variable probabilistic approach is used to account for the uncertainties in shear wave velocity of the soil underneath the foundation, the concrete strength and the design wind speed on the calculated response and the base forces. The second moment approximation using Taylor series expansion is used to perform the probabilistic analyses of the base cross‐section design and resistant forces of a free‐standing tower. The first‐order reliability method is used to examine the failure probability and the contribution to the total uncertainty. The results show that the dynamic response of the tower increases as soil shear wave velocity decreases. For the range of soil shear wave velocity encountered in practice, the base forces of the structure may increase by up to 20% as a result of the foundation flexibility. For the limit state considered in this study, it was found that the reliability index decreases by up to 15% and the probability of failure increases by up to one order of magnitude as a result of the soil–structure interaction effect. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下结构地震反应的主要特征及规律

目前,有关地下结构地震反应特征的一些重要的规律性认识仍然缺乏严格的理论推断或认识欠深入。文章基于地下结构地震反应的二维动力有限元数值分析模型,定量分析了场地土、结构以及土-结构体系的动力特性和土-结构柔度比对地下结构地震反应的影响。结果表明,对于地下结构而言,土-结构体系的动力特性主要受控于场地土的动力特性,地下结构地震反应主要取决于场地土的动力特性或基岩地震运动引起的场地土的体积惯性力和土-结构柔度比;结构顶底板水平最大相对位移、关键构件截面弯矩随着土-结构柔度比分别单调减小和增大,结构关键构件截面的剪力、轴力值和土-结构接触面的最大平均剪力系数随着土-结构柔度比的增大变化较复杂。     

指数型变截面桩中的纵波

解析地研究了指数型变截面桩中的纵波。桩顶受到纵向冲击力作用,桩身为有限长均匀弹性圆杆,其半径按指数变化,桩周土剪切波速也按指数变化,并考虑桩土相互作用。由Laplace变换和逆变换,分别得到纵向振动的桩土系统的传递函数和脉冲响应。进一步得到桩顶纵向振动速度的频响函数、频域和时域表达式。研究了渐缩自由桩和渐扩自由桩的桩顶纵向振动速度时域曲线特征;研究了渐变截面桩的桩顶纵向振动速度时域曲线、振幅谱曲线和导纳曲线特征;结果表明:桩身截面的渐缩和渐扩都产生桩身反射波,这种桩身反射波是缓变化的,其大小与桩身截面渐变的程度正相关;桩身截面的渐变主要影响频域曲线的几个低阶共振峰。由参数研究及推出的理论公式揭示,桩中纵波的衰减取决于桩周顶部土剪切波速与桩身纵波波速比、桩长与桩顶直径比、桩周土密度与桩身密度比。     

A Method for Received Waveform Reconstruction Based on Bender Element Test Using Frequency-swept Signal

An experimental technique for reconstructing the received wave of bender element tests based on linear system theory is shown in this paper. In order to identify the frequency response of testing apparatus, bender element tests using frequency-swept signals are performed. Received waves for one-period sine pulse transmitting with various frequencies are calculated and compared with observed waves in several kinds of soil samples and testing apparatuses. The linearity of the testing system is also confirmed by coherence function. It is shown that calculated data are less affected by random noise and show good agreement with observed data in regards to not only waveform itself but also resulting shear wave velocity. It is mentioned that this technique can provide simulations for arbitrary transmitted waveform with high signal/noise ratio after laboratory tests are performed. It is also mentioned that this technique is advantageous when sufficient amplitude of received wave cannot be ensured or shear wave velocity must be verified, for example, due to uncertainty of arrival time by near-field effect.     

土与结构相互作用的可视化剪切试验装置研制及应用

 土与结构的相互作用是岩土工程中普遍存在的力学问题,在已有大型直剪试验系统平台上,设计局部可透视的刚性剪切盒和数据采集分析系统,研制相应的设备。在接触面力学参数可靠获取的基础上,通过高清数码摄像实时采集剪切试验过程中接触面剪切带的数字图像,利用GeoPIV分析获得剪切带土砾的变形和剪切带的厚度,实现土与结构接触面直剪试验剪切带变形的可视化与定量化。以三峡库区堆积体滑坡工程为背景,开展不同含水率条件下土石混合体与混凝土接触的剪切试验,得到接触面抗剪强度参数的变化规律和剪切过程中土砾颗粒运移特征,定量分析土砾颗粒在剪切过程中的位移变化规律,获得试验条件下接触面剪切带厚度为17～23 mm,试验结果表明上剪切盒中的土砾剪切过程中发生显著的位移,其相对下剪切盒的水平位移小于上下剪切盒的相对位移,呈现非线性的变化趋势,并给出土砾实际位移与剪应力的关系。该研究成果可为土与结构相互作用的可视化剪切试验、接触面力学特性和本构模型分析提供重要支撑。     

Seismic racking of a dual-wall subway station box embedded in soft soil strata

For dual-wall subway station structures embedded in soft ground, collision contacts take place at structure-structure and soil-structure interfaces during severe earthquakes. When seismic shear waves propagate up through the weak soil strata, the safety of such station is gauged by a shear-mode racking deformation which it must withstand. A dynamic system composed of discrete and finite elements is developed using an explicit formulation for the equations of motion. The dynamic interactions among distinct concrete and soil regions are modeled considering contact-slip interface as well as non-reflecting boundary. Plastic deformations in soil and concrete regions are incorporated too. A suite of strong tremors characterized by diverse levels of peak accelerations and velocities were respectively specified as input motions at bedrock. The responses of soil and structure were then examined by carrying out time-history solutions. The results of seismic response analyses illustrate that specifying a design earthquake with higher level of peak acceleration or velocity may not necessarily render larger racking in the structure. The racking deformation could be un-proportionately amplified under certain ground motions which exhibit sharp velocity pulses.     

冻土超声波波速与冻土物理力学性质试验研究

超声波在介质中的传播速度反映了介质的物理力学性质．运用UVM-2型声速测定仪，测定不同密度的冻结砂土、冻结黄土和冻结粘土在不同温度下的超声波波速(纵波波速和横波波速)。对比分析不同土质的冻土，在温度和密度变化时超声波波速的变化，得出以下结论：土质颗粒的大小及组成成分在土冻结且在温度继续下降的过程中，通过影响结合水含量的变化而影响未冻水含量的变化．从而进一步影响冻土中的超声波传播速度．所以，可以在超声波波速与温度变化和未冻水含量与温度变化的基础上，建立超声波波速与未冻水含量的关系，通过测定超声波波速来量测冻土未冻水含量．密度的变化也影响着冻土纵、横波波速的变化，且冻结黄土的波速受密度变化影响较大，而冻结粘土则较小。冻土土质类型不同．透过它们的纵波波速和横波波速的变化范围也不同，可以通过对比表示压缩和剪切相对幅值的纵横波速比比值，来判定此冻土的土质类型，一般冻结粘土为1．07，冻结黄土为2．15，冻结砂土为0．7。根据弹性理论，泊松比与波速比有关，所以可以直接测量冻土的波速比研究冻土的强度及变形性能．     

基于均匀调制随机模型的土与结构相互作用体系地震反应分析

通过假定土与结构相互体系受到均匀调制随机激励,把地基土作用转化为凝聚在基础边界上弹簧阻尼器,对相互作用体系进行了地震反应分析,得到了其时变均方根响应和响应演变谱。这一方法基本上反映了地震动的实际过程和结构体系响应的特性,不失为一种计算结构体系随机反应的有效算法。     

考虑土-结构相互作用的桥墩动力分析

采用通用有限元程序ANSYS,对某一桥墩与地基土层的相互作用进行了二维有限元分析,土体的本构模型采用ANSYS程序中的Drucker-Prager模型,土体边界采用粘—弹性边界人工边界,通过计算,得到了土结构相互作用对结构动力分析的影响以及土体性质、上部结构刚度不同时相互作用体系的动力特性。     

剪切波速在评估地基饱和砂层地震液化可能性中的应用

对利用“门槛剪切波速”作为初判手段的起源 ,及用现场剪切波速校正室内试验“初始液化”动剪应力幅比的功能 ,进行了论述。对是否有“临界剪切波速”和“临界动剪应变幅”等问题 ,进行了讨论。最后提出了笔者的看法。     

动水压力作用对深水桥墩地震响应的影响

地震激励下水与桥墩的相互作用会对桥墩产生动水压力,本文研究动水压力作用对深水桥墩地震响应的影响,对提高深水桥墩长大桥梁的抗震安全性尤为重要。分别采用Morison方程和辐射波浪理论,建立了动水压力计算方法,分析了动水压力作用对桥墩地震响应的影响,并比较了两种方法计算的动水压力对桥墩地震响应影响的差异;分析了考虑土-结构相互作用时以及双向地震作用下动水压力作用对桩基桥墩地震响应的影响。研究表明:动水压力作用不仅会改变桥墩的动力特性,而且会增大桥墩的地震响应,其影响随相对水深的增大而增强;当桥墩迎水面宽度较大时,采用Morison方程计算的动水压力对桥墩地震响应的影响明显大于采用辐射波浪理论计算动水压力的影响;考虑土-结构相互作用会降低动水压力对桥墩地震响应的影响,但其影响仍不容忽视;考虑双向地震作用会加剧动水压力对桥墩地震响应的影响。由此得出结论,在深水桥墩长大桥梁的抗震分析中,需考虑动水压力作用对桥墩地震响应的影响。     

基于等效线性地基的某工业厂房抗震分析

以某生命线工程工业厂房为例,采用等效线性化方法近似考虑地基的非线性特性进行厂房抗震分析,并将计算得到的楼层反应谱作为对比参数,与线性地基假定条件下抗震分析结果进行对比,结果表明:对于剪切波速较低的厂址(剪切波速小于400m/s),线性地基假定条件下厂房地震响应明显大于等效线性地基下的结果,而当地基剪切波速较高时(剪切波速约为1 100m/s),两者计算结果相近,分析结论可为今后建构筑物抗震设计提供参考。     

考虑土与上部结构共同作用的双塔楼连体结构地震反应分析

考虑土与上部结构共同作用更加符合工程实际。本文运用ANSYS软件对一双塔楼连体结构建立了考虑土体参与共同作用和不考虑土体共同作用的三维模型。分析结果表明,考虑共同作用后,结构周期变长,地震反应更为强烈,偏于不安全,不容忽视。     

Monitoring the strength properties of electrokinetically treated soil by bender elements to determine the treatment period

Bender elements have been used as a non-destructive soil investigation technique by many researchers and have proven to be effective in predicting the shear strength of various soils. In this paper, electrokinetic treatment tests were performed with embedded bender elements to monitor the increase in the shear strength of a soft sandy clay during the treatment. The bender element system, designed and assembled for this study, was integrated into the electrokinetic treatment process in order to quell a common uncertainty associated with this form of soil improvement technique, namely: when is the treatment completed? The cross-correlation and first-peak arrival times were used to measure the shear wave velocity of a clayey soil under the treatment of electrokinetics using bender elements. To determine shear wave velocity before and during treatment, a variety of shear wave tests were performed every hour of treatment using frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to 2500 Hz via the use of bender element. The results show that monitoring the soil improvement during the treatment by bender elements can shorten the treatment time by 43% and reduce the energy consumption, which is a major expenditure in an electrokinetic treatment process, by 33% while consistently improving the shear strength and the load capacity by approximately 200% and 300%, respectively.     

Probabilistic seismic demand analysis of a slender RC shear wall considering soil-structure interaction effects

Reinforced concrete shear walls are often used to resist the lateral loads imposed by earthquakes. Accurate evaluation of the seismic demands on shear walls requires adequate considerations of the nonlinear behavior of structural and foundation elements, the interaction between them, and the uncertainty and variability associated with earthquake ground motions. This paper presents a comprehensive probabilistic seismic demand analysis of a typical mid-rise slender shear wall in western US with a flexible foundation and evaluates the significance of soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects on their damage probability. Utilizing realistic numerical models for the shear wall and its foundation, the nonlinear time history analyses were conducted with a large number of recorded ground motions. Response quantities such as maximum inter-story drift ratio, base shear, foundation displacement and rotation are monitored and related to the intensity measure of ground motions (i.e. the inelastic spectral displacement S_di) for the cases with and without considering the SSI effects. Subsequently, the fragility functions of the shear wall are derived and the impact of SSI effects is investigated. It is found that the SSI generally reduces the damage probability of the shear wall, especially when soil nonlinearity is taken into account. The sensitivity of various seismic demands to soil parameters is also discussed. Under strong ground shakings, SSI effects on the maximum inter-story drift are most sensitive to the friction angle of the soil. It is suggested that the damages in foundation and surrounding soil should also be considered in order to systematically evaluate the SSI effects on damage probability of shear wall buildings.