原料粉末形貌对纳米W/WC粉末均匀性的影响

以不同钨酸盐前驱体制备的黄钨(YTO)、紫钨(VTO)和细黄钨(AYTO)为原料,在五带控温管式炉中于560⁷60℃氢还原约300 min获得纳米W粉,通过干磨搅拌配碳将纳米W粉和粉状碳黑粉末混合均匀,然后置于通氢钼丝炉中在1 180℃碳化获得纳米WC粉,并制备了W-30%Cu、WC-30%Cu(质量分数)复合材料烧结体,研究了原料粉末形貌对W、WC粉末的均匀性的影响。通过比表面测定仪和费氏粒度仪测定了粉体的比表面和粒度,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了粉末的形貌和烧结体的显微组织结构。结果表明,不同形貌的原料制备的纳米W和WC粉末的均匀性不同,钨酸盐(B)制备的细黄钨(AYTO)相成分单一,颗粒细小,具有疏松、多孔形貌结构,以其为原料所获纳米W粉、WC粉末夹粗少,均匀性好,晶粒聚集少。     

二次烧结制备W-15wt％Cu复合材料

将W-15wt%Cu混合粉末在行星式高能球磨机上进行机械合金化(MA),球磨60 h后复合粉末中弥散均匀分布的钨晶粒平均尺寸达到39.7 nm.对此纳米复合粉末采用二次烧结和一次烧结两种工艺进行烧结.结果表明,相对于一次烧结工艺,采用二次烧结工艺制备出的烧结体的致密度显著提高,达到98.84%,且W、Cu两相分布更均匀,孔隙率更低.     

纳米强化片状W/Co/C复合粉末的制备与烧结体性能

采用高效球磨细氧化钨、扁平片状W粉、碳黑、钴及适量晶粒长大抑制剂等为原料,通过碳辅助氢还原制备质量分数20％纳米钨强化片状W/Co/C复合粉末,于低压真空烧结炉中在1 410℃的温度下一次碳化烧结,制备了含片状晶WC-10％Co(质量分数)硬质合金,研究了质量分数20％纳米W的引入对合金烧结致密化及其性能的影响.对不同...     

高能球磨法制备钨铜复合材料研究

用机械搅拌及高能球磨法制备W-15wt%Cu复合粉,对其预压成型后采用两步烧结。用X射线衍射对比分析了球磨后钨铜复合粉与原始钨、铜粉的衍射峰变化,用扫描电子显微镜对所制备的复合粉及烧结钨铜复合材料进行了组织形貌观察,并测定了烧结复合材料的相对密度。结果显示球磨钨铜复合粉的晶粒尺寸得到细化,且有不饱和固溶体产生,其烧结合金组织均匀,相对密度增大。     

纯相低氧纳米WC-Co复合粉的制备

以紫钨、四氧化三钴、炭黑为原料,在高真空度条件下利用原位反应合成技术制备出物相纯净、平均粒径约为80 nm的WC-Co复合粉。研究了制备工艺参数对纳米复合粉相组成、粒径、氧含量及最终烧结硬质合金块体材料组织性能的影响。结果表明,纳米复合粉中氧含量较高时,会导致后续烧结过程中发生脱碳反应,使烧结制备的块体材料致密度和力学性能明显下降。将纳米复合粉在800℃下真空热处理2.5 h可有效降低粉末中的氧含量,同时热处理后的粉末颗粒无明显长大,平均粒径为85 nm。向复合粉中加入1.1%TiC与0.9%VC进行SPS烧结,烧结块体平均晶粒尺寸为105 nm,且尺寸分布均匀,致密度达99%以上,硬度(HV30)为21 450 MPa,断裂韧性达到9.81 MPa·m~(1/2)。     

共沉淀粉制备的YBCO块状超导体的显微组织特征

用扫描电镜(SEM)、俄歇电子谱仪(SAM)和X射线衍射法研究了草酸盐共沉淀粉末和由共沉淀粉烧制的YBCO超导体的显微组织和成分分布。共沉淀粉具有颗粒细(<1μm)、成分和粒度分布均匀等特点,在粉末预烧结过程中,在850℃烧结,即能完成到123相转变,在915℃能得到杂相含量非常少的123单相粉。用这种粉末制备的YBCO块状样品,其杂相含量比混合粉烧制样品要少得多。SEM几乎在晶界处看不到第二相存在。共沉淀粉烧制样品的平均晶粒尺寸在900—950℃烧结区间随烧结温度变化趋势也不如混合粉烧制样品的大。俄歇电子谱发现,共沉淀粉烧结样品的晶粒边界附近存在着厚度为2—5nm的非123相化学计量成分层,层中成分相应于123相来说是富铜、贫氧、贫钇。这一层非123相化学计量成分层是共沉淀粉烧制样品中的主要弱连接区,它同样品中存在的孔洞、裂纹等缺陷导致样品低的临界电流密度(J_c=10~2—10~3A/cm~2,77K,0场),并使J_c随外场加入迅速降低。     

氧化钨的形貌结构对纳米WC粉末均匀性的影响

研究了在传统氢还原工艺制备纳米碳化钨粉末过程中不同氧化钨的形貌结构对纳米W/WC粉末均匀性的影响,并对粉末及其WC-Co烧结体的性能进行了表征。结果表明,用具有疏松、多孔形貌结构的细小氧化钨颗粒更容易制备出结构较疏松、分散性较好的纳米W粉和WC粉。晶粒聚集和异常粗大颗粒的产生,主要与碳化过程中团聚纳米钨粉颗粒因烧结合并增粗有关。     

金刚石增强稀土纳米硬质合金复合齿研究

以液相复合—连续还原碳化方法制备的纳米复合WC-Co粉末、共沉淀法制备的Ni-Ce粉末和真空蒸镀W膜金刚石为原料,采用热压活化烧结,在1050℃的烧结温度、70MPa烧结压力、保温(3～5)min烧结条件下,制取了具有良好抗冲击性能和耐磨性的金刚石增强稀土纳米硬质合金复合齿。复合齿基体的维氏硬度HV1≥1800,抗弯强度TRS≥2800MPa,合金晶粒度在(200～400)nm之间,复合齿超硬部分的磨耗比≥80。结果表明共沉淀法制备的Ni-Ce粉末显著降低了合金中微孔和杂质等组织缺陷,大大提高了金刚石增强纳米硬质合金复合齿的整体性能。     

WC/Co纳米复合粉质量特性的研究

本文探讨了喷雾转换法制备WC/Co纳米复合粉的生产工艺特点、粉末的物理化学特性以及在超细合金中的应用效果。各方面的实验数据表明:WC/Co复合粉中WC碳化完全、粒度细而均匀,钨钴元素达到分子级均匀混合,Co对WC形成纳米级包覆,粉末颗粒外形多呈球状,球体由部分合金化的WC/Co粒子聚合而成,粒子之间存在明显的烧结颈,其亚晶尺寸在100nm以下。复合粉经强化球磨后制取的超细合金较传统工艺制备的合金的WC相晶粒更加均匀,具有更好的物理力学性能和更高的使用寿命。即使不添加抑制剂,复合粉制备的合金仍具有晶粒细而均匀的特点。     

W+Co+C(碳黑)制备板状晶硬质合金及其性能研究

采用经球磨扁平化处理的W粉末为原料,添加适量Co、C(碳黑)、成型剂及纳米W粉制备板状晶硬质合金,研究了烧结温度、时间和添加纳米W粉,对板状晶硬质合金显微组织结构和性能的影响。结果表明,球磨预处理中颗粒W粉末可获得扁平化程度高的薄片状W粉末,以其为原料制备的WC-12%Co(质量分数)板状晶合金相对密度达97%,合金硬度呈现出明显的各向异性;添加纳米W粉或提高烧结温度、延长烧结时间,均有利于压坯烧结收缩致密化,生成更多的板状WC晶粒。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。