地铁站厅至站台楼梯口风速对火灾烟气运动的影响

地铁车站站台发生火灾,连接站厅与站台的楼梯口保持一定风速,可阻挡烟气向站厅蔓延并为人员疏散提供诱导气流.为研究楼梯口风速对车站火灾烟气运动的影响,试验对不同排烟模式下楼梯口风速进行测量,建立数值计算模型进行模拟.结果表明:火灾场景下楼梯口风速大于无火源场景下风速,因此常规楼梯口风速校核设计方法由于没考虑真实火灾情况下各种因素的复杂作用,需进一步改进;楼梯口附近起火,烟气易从挡烟垂壁溢出向站厅层蔓延,站台火灾时站厅层为送风状态,存在溢出烟气时站厅层烟浓度可增至大于站台层;站台公共区着火,增开隧道风机,能够增加楼梯口风速,但由于对流场的扰动,破坏了烟气分层,使烟气充填区域增大,因此,防排烟系统设计中科学组织烟气流动、合理控制烟气运动路径与控制排烟量同等重要.     

高层住宅厨房主支式集中排风系统的运行特性

目的 为探讨导致集中式排风系统排风量不足甚至出现倒烟的原因及确定最佳管道横截面积.方法 通过CFD方法模拟,建立层数为15层的仿真模型,分别计算了排风管道系统在几个不同规格截面积和设定不同的开机率条件下的典型气体流动工况.并且对照实验装置进行的实际测量数据,对模拟结果进行比较和修正.通过观察系统内压强和速度的分布,分析其排风效果.结果 400 mm×700 mm的管道截面积基本可以满足系统在各开机率下运行,其中30%开机率时,未开机用户全部无回流.而400 mm×500 mm、400 mm×600 mm两种截面积时,各工况下都有不同程度的回流.结论 主管道的截面积和开机率是影响系统排风效果的主要因素.     

热压与风机动力共同作用下多分支隧道内排烟气流的多解性

多分支隧道的排烟与补风路径较多,热压与风机动力的竞争可能造成其通风排烟模式具有多解性。针对某一多分支隧道的防排烟工况,利用理论分析建立了各种气流模式的控制方程,通过数学方法获得了理论解。结果证明,在按照预期设计选定通风排烟模式与风机以后,多分支隧道内的排烟气流仍然可能存在多种状态,风机的运行工况点也会随之漂移,导致排烟方向可能与设计预期完全相反。研究还发现,通过改变风机选型能起到抑制排烟气流出现多解的作用。     

Coupled simulation of BES-CFD and performance assessment of energy recovery ventilation system for office model

Thermal comfort and indoor air quality as well as the energy efficiency have been recognized as essential parts of sustainable building assessment. This work aims to analyze the energy conservation of the heat recovery ventilator and to investigate the effect of the air supply arrangement. Three types of mixing ventilation are chosen for the analysis of coupling ANSYS/FLUENT (a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program) with TRNSYS (a building energy simulation (BES) software). The adoption of mutual complementary boundary conditions for CFD and BES provides more accurate and complete information of indoor air distribution and thermal performance in buildings. A typical office-space situated in a middle storey is chosen for the analysis. The office-space is equipped with air-conditioners on the ceiling. A heat recovery ventilation system directly supplies fresh air to the office space. Its thermal performance and indoor air distribution predicted by the coupled method are compared under three types of ventilation system. When the supply and return openings for ventilation are arranged on the ceiling, there is no critical difference between the predictions of the coupled method and BES on the energy consumption of HVAC because PID control is adopted for the supply air temperature of the occupied zone. On the other hand, approximately 21% discrepancy for the heat recovery estimation in the maximum between the simulated results of coupled method and BES-only can be obviously found in the floor air supply ventilation case. The discrepancy emphasizes the necessity of coupling CFD with BES when vertical air temperature gradient exists. Our future target is to estimate the optimum design of heat recovery ventilation system to control CO₂ concentration by adjusting flow rate of fresh air.     

大礼堂暖通空调通风设计

介绍大礼堂空调通风工程设计概况,包括设计标准、空调冷热负荷、空调系统、防排烟系统、节能与自控及消声与隔振处理等内容,着重介绍了观众厅座椅下送风空调系统及二次回风系统在实际工程中的应用．     

建筑开口流量系数及其对火灾烟流的影响

在高层建筑火灾试验塔上测试了典型门、窗不同开度时的流量系数。该系数可用于火灾烟气流动预测计算,也可用于压送风量及一般建筑通风换气计算。同时,运用建筑物火灾烟气流动性状预测计算软件,分析了门窗开度及流量的系数对火灾烟流的影响。     

Wind-Thermal Environmental Characteristic of Multi-Variable Passive Enhanced Natural Ventilation System for High and Large Space Building

Natural ventilation effects in high and large space buildings of tropical areas greatly affect the air conditioning energy consumption. Aiming at nearly zero energy building design, this paper mainly contributes to provide theoretical basis and reference for thermal comfortable air conditioning system design of high and large space buildings. Taking a theatre in Hainan as study object, a newly composite enhanced natural ventilation system is proposed by integrating the underground tunnel-based earth to air heat exchange system and the solar chimney. Ventilation quantity, air velocity and air temperature field, human vertical temperature gradient difference under 24 simulation working conditions are considered and analyzed by using ANSYS Fluent. For the underground tunnel, results show that Group Two with double underground tunnels and side air supply location shows its advantages in cooling effects and air supply uniformity. Then for the solar chimney, results show that the solar radiation intensity contributes to larger difference in transmission power and leads to different cooling effects. On the whole, the system under working condition No. 7 with 120 m long, side air supply, double underground tunnel and 20 m high, 1 m wide, 0.6° absorber plate angle solar chimney shows its priority in better comprehensive performance.     

矿井火灾烟流滚退距离的数值模拟

根据质量、动量、能量和组分守恒原理建立了考察烟流滚退距离的数学模型，并采用计算流体力学方法进行了数值求解，求解结果与试验结果基本一致．以一个大规模火灾为例，考察了不同通风风速和火源热释放速率对烟流滚退距离的影响．结果表明：烟流滚退距离随通风风速的增加而显降低，随火源热释放速率的增强而不断增长且在低热释放速率时增加幅度较大。     

全面通风量影响因素分析

通过建立全面通风量计算的数学模型,分析了全面通风时间、进风空气中有害物浓度、室内有害物的初始浓度、最高容许浓度的持续散发量及室内空间体积等各个参量对全面通风量的影响程度,并阐述了全面通风量计算的注意点.     

工业建筑室内多元通风送风口位置 对通风效果的影响研究

合理的送风口位置不仅使建筑室内获得良好的通风效果,同时间接地降低空调能耗。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)的方法,对热压通风和机械送风耦合的多元通风作用下的工业厂房室内空气环境进行了模拟,探讨不同机械送风压力和送风口位置对热源厂房通风效果的影响和空气分布特征。研究表明:送风压力越大不一定能获得良好的通风效果,机械送风口位置对通风效果有较大的影响;在多数工况下,送风口位置的H_s/H=0.6时,通风效果优于H_s/H=0.3、H_s/H=0.9下的。这可以为建筑室内气流组织设计和送风口位置设计提供一定的参考。     

高层建筑地下汽车库通风排烟设计

通过介绍高层建筑地下汽车库机械排风排烟量的计算,防烟分区的划分,以及风机,风口的设置,对如何做好地下汽车库空调通风与防火排烟设计提出了一些建议。     

厨房的通风空调设计与油烟的净化

主要论述了厨房的通风空调设计中系统形式、通风量、气流组织、厨房补风、防火排烟、排风净化等方面的问题。     

高层建筑防排烟系统设计中的几个问题

论述了主同层建筑设置防排烟系统的重要性,讨论了有关正压送风系统的防烟部位,开门门洞的风速,前室送风口的型式及其加压送风量的等方面的问题。     

通风型光伏/光热建筑一体化系统的实验研究

以铜铟镓硒光伏组件为光电单元,通过构建对比实验组研究通风流速和气候条件对通风型光伏/光热建筑一体化系统的光热和光电性能的影响.结果表明,系统得热功率和发电功率均与辐照强度呈正相关,受环境温度影响,变化规律并非完全一致.当通风流速为2.2 m/s时,太阳能综合利用率达到65.4%,提出平均得热效率和相对发电量用于表征系统的光热及光电性能,获得与通风流速的定量关系;当通风流速由0.4 m/s增大到2.2 m/s时,系统平均得热效率提高了130.0%,发电效率仅增加4.0%左右.在考虑阻力耗能的情况下,通风流速是系统高效运行的关键,通过不同地域的重复实验,验证了定量关系的普适性.     

Numerical simulation and disaster prevention for catastrophic fire airflow of main air-intake belt roadway in coal mine—A case study

Coal mine belt fire develops very rapidly and is difficult to control. If not suppressed quickly, a belt fire could easily lead to airflow disorder and undermine the ventilation system. However, belt fire can be prevented effectively by establishing fire airflow control system. In this work, the 5th belt roadway of Kongzhuang coal mine was taken as the object of investigation, where geometrical models of this roadway were established firstly. Then, based on mathematical model of fire smoke flow, the CO volume fraction, smoke density distribution, air temperature and pollutant velocity vector in the roadway before and after taking airflow control measures were simulated by using Fluent software. It can be known from the simulation that with the normal ventilation status in 5th belt roadway, the countercurrent of smoke does not happen when a fire occurs; the roadway's section is almost filled with CO at 10 m downstream from the fire source, and with air velocity getting stable gradually, the CO concentration reaches about 15 %. After taking airflow control measures, the effect range of temperature field which are harmful to the miners decreases from 69 m to 30 m; and the distance of the roadway fully filled with CO is 5 m farther than that before taking measures. Finally, according to the numerical simulation results and the actual condition of the belt roadway, the warning and automatic remote airflow control system with short-circuit method for the 5th belt roadway was designed to guarantee the safety production.     

室内3种送风方式下人体气溶胶颗粒数值模拟

目的探讨空调房间不同气流组织形式下,人体持续说话散发气溶胶颗粒污染物的运动分布规律,探求空调房间合理的气流组织形式．方法运用CFD-fluent6．2模拟软件对空调房间上送下回、顶送下回及下送顶回3种送风方式进行模拟研究．分析不同送风方式下人体散发气溶胶颗粒的质量浓度分布及传播距离,房间换气次数对气溶胶污染物的质量浓度影响．结果顶送下回送风方式5次／h换气时气溶胶颗粒运动距离为1．5m,而10次／h换气时气溶胶颗粒运动距离为1．0m．结论相同换气次数下,顶送下回送风方式室内空气质量较佳．随着换气次数的增加,室内同一位置污染质量浓度降低,颗粒物传播范围减小．对于顶送下回送风方式增大换气次数不能降低人体感染风险．     

两种气候条件下空气热交换器的适用性分析

将新风处理到室内空气状态需要耗费大量能量,利用空气热交换器可以回收部分排风余热,降低新风能耗.空气热回收装置分为显热和全热(含显热和潜热)交换器,二者的能量回收效果取决于气候条件.我国南北气候差异很大,新风总能耗及潜热和显热能耗所占比例不同,全热交换器的节能优势只有在新风潜热能耗较高时才能充分体现.选择严寒地区的大同和夏热冬冷地区的上海两城市,分别在冬、夏季对室外空气温、湿度进行了连续31d(744h)的逐时测量.利用实测数据计算比较了两地新风能耗的差异,讨论了全热与显热交换器在上述地区的节能效果和两种热回收装置在应用时需遵守的原则,指出严寒地区最适宜的空气热回收装置为显热交换器,而夏热冬冷地区则适合选用全热交换器.     

建筑能量系统对都市热岛形成的影响

对都市热岛的形成机理、建筑物能量的使用情况做了概括分析 ,对建筑能量系统 ,尤其是建筑物中的暖通空调系统的使用与都市热岛的形成的关系 ,进行了初步的探讨。着重对五种常规空调系统的“一次能源”消耗量及夏季由此而产生的向都市大气环境的显热排放量、温室气体排放量等进行了对比统计分析 ,所得出的结果对建筑能量系统的改进与选型以及建筑能量系统节能环保的运行具有一定的指导意义     

通风方式对T型综合管廊火灾烟气蔓延的影响

T型综合管廊空间狭长且有支路连通的特点,提高了火灾烟气控制难度从而加剧了火灾事故的风险。利用PyroSim软件模型模拟不同通风方式对其烟气排放效果,探究了T型综合管廊电缆舱的交叉口发生火灾时,进风口、出风口位置及出风风速对舱内烟气蔓延的影响。结果表明,中部进风、左右出风、临界风速为1.75 m/s的一进两回通风方案最利于火灾烟气控制,进风口方向适宜作为应急疏散通道,可为T型综合管廊的设计提供参考。     

矿井火灾中火场能见度的估算方法

从火灾烟气减光性的定义及其描述参数出发，推导建立了矿井火灾过程中风流速度、烟气中毒性气体体积浓度与火源热释放速率及能见度的关系式，并提出了矿井火灾过程中火场能见度的简单估算方法．结合输送机胶带燃烧性能的锥形量热计实验结果，计算出当火源热释放速率按断bt^2发展变化时CO，CO2的体积浓度及对应的火场能见度．另外还计算了火场能见度为5m和10m时所必需的风速．计算结果表明，利用能见度指标计算出来的通风风速可保证烟气中CO，CO2的浓度远低于人的安全极限．