我国天然蓝色素研究现状

从天然蓝色素在天然色素中的地位、生产天然蓝色素的原料来源、天然蓝色素的结构与性质、微生物产天然蓝色素、天然蓝色素的提取分离及稳定化处理技术等方面介绍了我国天然蓝色素的研究现状.     

食用蓝色素及其使用现状研究进展

我国允许添加在食品中的蓝色素有栀子蓝色素、藻蓝蛋白及靛蓝。栀子蓝色素是由茜草科植物栀子的果实制得的。藻蓝蛋白色素多从螺旋藻、蓝藻、念珠藻等藻类植物中提取加工而成。植物靛蓝是用蓼蓝、菘蓝、木蓝、马蓝等含有吲哚酸成分的植物叶子发酵制成。花青素也是食品中常见的色素,某些花青素在一定条件下可作为食品中的蓝色着色剂使用。作为食品中的蓝色着色剂,研究最多的为紫甘蓝色素。紫甘蓝色素是从十字花科红球甘蓝及紫球甘蓝等的叶子中提取分离得到的天然色素。本文对我国食用蓝色素的种类、来源进行了概括总结;对食用蓝色素的生成过程进行详细阐述;本文还对食用蓝色素的使用现状进行了简要概括,以期为今后我国蓝色素生产提供理论依据。     

天然蓝色素的研究进展

本文概述了国内外天然蓝色素的研究概况，着重综述了栀子蓝，螺旋藻蓝，蓝藻蓝，甘蓝蓝及链霉蓝色素的物理化学特性，并对这些色素在原料，提取，精制，以及生物活性方面的研究进展了归纳，最后，作者对色素研究中主要存在的问题进行了探讨。     

栀子色素的复配调色研究

以栀子为原料,制得了3种天然色素(栀子黄、栀子蓝和栀子红)。通过设定调色参数,对这3种栀子色素溶液按不同体积比进行两两复配调色研究。结果表明:栀子黄与栀子蓝色素经复配调色可得到栀子绿色素;栀子红与栀子黄色素经复配调色可得到栀子橙色素;栀子红与栀子蓝色素经复配调色可得到栀子紫色素,此结果国内外未见报道。为天然色素的应用推广提供了科学的依据和参考。     

食品工业中微生物色素的研究进展

天然色素是指从动物和植物组织及微生物(培养)中提取的色素,具有色泽自然鲜艳,营养价值高,无毒无害、安全性高的特点。利用微生物生产天然色素可以解决天然色素原料稀少、成本高昂等诸多问题,更有利于工业化生产。本文介绍的微生物色素,有红曲色素、栀子色素、类胡萝卜素、黑色素、靛蓝等,对其特性、菌种选育、提取方法等进行了综述,并对各种微生物色素如何进行工业化生产提出了建议。     

1株产蓝色素真菌F10的ITS序列及其色素性质分析

从赣南野生松木上分离到1株产蓝色素真菌F10,该菌经鉴定为葡萄糖座科Pseudofusicoccum属。为研究F10产生的蓝色素的性质,实验采用不同pH值、温度、光照、金属离子、氧化剂和还原剂处理蓝色素,结果表明,该蓝色素对光照、温度、氧化剂都不敏感,对pH值、金属离子、还原剂敏感,推测这几种因素可能改变了色素的化学结构。为确定该蓝色素的结构成分,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱、红外光谱法对其进行鉴定,结果表明该色素为芳香族羧酸类化合物。     

藻蓝-富有营养保健功能的天然色素

藻蓝是自然界中为数不多的、集营养价值与保健功能于一身的食用天然色素,其主要成分是捕光色素蛋白-藻胆蛋白。综述了藻蓝的来源、理化性质及营养保健功能,介绍了藻蓝色素的提取制备方法。藻蓝既可用作色素又可作为蛋白质营养强化剂,具有极大的开发应用价值。     

食用微生物色素的研究进展

随着人们对食品添加剂的广泛热议,食用色素也备受关注。由于现代生活水平的提高,人们开始追求更加健康的生活方式,故合成食用色素已经不能满足人们的要求。因此,天然来源的食用色素已经成为当今食用色素发展的主流。食用天然色素是指由天然资源中获得的食用色素,主要是指从动物和植物组织及微生物发酵液中提取的色素。但是植物来源的色素会存在来源不易保证、经济花费高和技术方面的问题,而微生物产食用色素则刚好可以解决这些问题。微生物产色素具有生产周期短、产量高的特点,利用微生物产色素则成为当今天然色素的发展趋势。本文将综述微生物色素的分类研究、有食用价值的聚酮类色素及其生产菌株的研究进展,并对其可能产生的毒素进行探讨。     

miR-642a-3p对藻蓝色素抑制非小细胞肺癌活性的调控作用

藻蓝色素(PC)是一种来自海洋藻类的天然色素蛋白复合体，也是一类重要的食品功能因子，具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、增强免疫等生理活性，被广泛应用于功能性食品、医药及化妆品等领域。藻蓝色素对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)细胞活性的抑制作用已被证实，然而其机制尚不明确。本研究以miR-642a-3p为切入点，探究藻蓝色素抑制NSCLC细胞活性的机制。试验结果表明，藻蓝色素能够上调4种NSCLC细胞(A549、H1299、H460和LTEP-a2)中miR-642a-3p的表达水平。过表达干预细胞中的miR-642a-3p水平能够显著抑制4种细胞的体外增殖、迁移和非锚定生长能力。此外，转染miRNA抑制剂干预miR-642a-3p的表达，在一定程度上增强了细胞的活性。本研究初步揭示miR-642a-3p上调表达参与藻蓝色素抑制NSCLC细胞活性的过程，为藻蓝色素的深入研究和利用提高科学依据。     

螺旋藻藻蓝色素分离纯化及亚基结构分析

为得到高纯度藻蓝色素，采用盐析、透析、羟基磷灰石(Hydroxyapatite HA)柱层析、SDSPAGE等方法对螺旋藻中的藻蓝色素进行了分离纯化及分子质量测定，还对藻蓝色素α亚基和β亚基的结构进行了模拟。经17.5%硫酸铵一步盐析得到藻蓝色素纯度为2.45,50%硫酸铵二步盐析将纯度提高至2.70，再经HA层析得到成品，纯度为4.37；纯化后的样品经SDS-PAGE得到清晰的2条带，分别为α亚基和β亚基，分子质量为17.2 ku和19.7 ku；用SWISS-MODEL和Py MOL对藻蓝色素亚基的结构进行模拟。实验结果可为藻蓝色素的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

护色剂对红曲红色素稳定性的研究

开发了一种新型的护色剂,对天然色素的光稳定性具有非常显著的提高效果,在不改变色素结构的情况下能够将色素的残存率提高数倍以上,实验以红曲红色素为例考察护色剂的效果,确定了护色剂的最佳添加量为0.0001%(m/v),最佳pH7。     

天然色素研究与应用

天然色素不但具有呈色作用,并兼有营养、保健等功能,对人体健康起着重要保护作用。该文主要论谜天然色素特点与特性、分类、性质与作用、应用与开发。     

Valorisation of food wastes to produce natural pigments using non-thermal novel extraction methods: a review

Waste or by-products produced during food processing can be used as a potential source of bioactive compounds including natural pigments. Natural pigments/colourants have numerous health benefits whereas the synthetic colourants have many negative effects on human health. Thus, there is a considerable interest worldwide in pigments extraction from natural sources. Conventional extractions such as soxhlet extraction, water distillation, and solvent extraction have many limitations such as large solvent consumption, long extraction time, and low extraction yields. Therefore, novel techniques such as high pressure, ultrasound, negative pressure and electric field have been employed to assist the pigment extraction process. The novel extraction methods are being developed with the primary aim of higher pigment yield, lower solvent consumption, minimised environmental effects and the convenience of extraction. With this perspective, the present review provides recent insights into the recovery of natural pigments from food wastes/by-products and the application of novel non-thermal technologies for their recovery.     

Effect of nonthermal treatments on selected natural food pigments and color changes in plant material

In recent years, traditional high-temperature food processing is continuously being replaced by nonthermal processes. Nonthermal processes have a positive effect on food quality, including color and maintaining natural food pigments. Thus, this article describes the influence of nonthermal, new, and traditional treatments on natural food pigments and color changes in plant materials. Characteristics of natural pigments, such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and so forth available in the plant tissue, are shortly presented. Also, the characteristics and mechanism of nonthermal processes such as pulsed electric field, ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed light, cold plasma, supercritical fluid extraction, and lactic acid fermentation are described. Furthermore, the disadvantages of these processes are mentioned. Each treatment is evaluated in terms of its effects on all types of natural food pigments, and the possible applications are discussed. Analysis of the latest literature showed that the use of nonthermal technologies resulted in better preservation of pigments contained in the plant tissue and improved yield of extraction. However, it is important to select the appropriate processing parameters and to optimize this process in relation to a specific type of raw material.     

桑椹色素提取工艺及应用研究现状

桑椹色素是从桑椹果实提取而得天然有色物质,具有多种功能,其作为天然色素在食品工业具有良好应用前景。该文简介桑椹色素组成及性质,并对桑椹色素提取工艺及应用研究现状进行综述。     

海洋链霉菌M259高产蓝色素理化性质研究

在青岛胶州湾沿海采集样品,对样品进行分离、纯化后获得300株海洋链霉菌,从中检测到一株高产蓝色素的海洋链霉菌M259。本文主要探讨该菌产生的蓝色素的理化性质,研究发现该蓝色素对八株受试菌无抑菌活性,在590nm处有最大吸收峰,水溶性好,光热稳定性强,而且具有耐糖、耐还原性,酸性条件下为红色,碱性条件下为蓝色,对大部分金属离子和食品添加剂稳定,经急性毒理实验证实为实际无毒物质。     

Identification of Candidate Amino Acids Involved in the Formation of Blue Pigments in Crushed Garlic Cloves (Allium sativum L.)

ABSTRACT:  The color-forming ability of amino acids with thiosulfinate in crushed garlic was investigated. We developed reaction systems for generating pure blue pigments using extracted thiosulfinate from crushed garlic and onion and all 22 amino acids. Each amino acid was reacted with thiosulfinate solution and was then incubated at 60 °C for 3 h to generate pigments. Unknown blue pigments, responsible for discoloration in crushed garlic cloves ( Allium sativum L.), were separated and tentatively characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a diode array detector ranging between 200 and 700 nm. Blue pigment solutions exhibited 2 maximal absorbance peaks at 440 nm and 580 nm, corresponding to yellow and blue, respectively, with different retention times. Our findings indicated that green discoloration is created by the combination of yellow and blue pigments. Eight naturally occurring blue pigments were separated from discolored garlic extracts using HPLC at 580 nm. This suggests that garlic discoloration is not caused by only 1 blue pigment, as reported earlier, but by as many as 8 pigments. Overall, free amino acids that formed blue pigment when reacted with thiosulfinate were glycine, arginine, lysine, serine, alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, and tyrosine. Arginine, asparagine, and glutamine had spectra that were more similar to naturally greened garlic extract.     

天然食用黄色素研究进展

目前，兼具营养保健功效的天然色素是色素发展的必然趋势。黄色素是一类重要的天然色素，占市场需求量的60％，具有广阔的开发实力及前景。文章主要以几种天然黄色素：栀子黄、姜黄、红花黄、红曲黄为例，对它们的来源、功效、应用状况及发展前景方面作了概括介绍。     

Natural colorants: Pigment stability and extraction yield enhancement via utilization of appropriate pretreatment and extraction methods

Natural colorants from plant-based materials have gained increasing popularity due to health consciousness of consumers. Among the many steps involved in the production of natural colorants, pigment extraction is one of the most important. Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and hydrodistillation are conventional methods that have been widely used in industry and laboratory for such a purpose. Recently, various non-conventional methods, such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed-electric field extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction have emerged as alternatives to conventional methods due to the advantages of the former in terms of smaller solvent consumption, shorter extraction time, and more environment-friendliness. Prior to the extraction step, pretreatment of plant materials to enhance the stability of natural pigments is another important step that must be carefully taken care of. In this paper, a comprehensive review of appropriate pretreatment and extraction methods for chlorophylls, carotenoids, betalains, and anthocyanins, which are major classes of plant pigments, is provided by using pigment stability and extraction yield as assessment criteria.