新型喹啉Gemini表面活性剂的合成及界面吸附

以6-氨基喹啉，三光气，三乙胺为原料合成了对称的喹啉脲，通过其与三种溴代烷进行季铵化反应合成了喹啉双季铵盐，其结构经FT-IR，1H NMR，13CNMR和ESI-MS证实。对中间体喹啉脲及目标产物喹啉Gemini表面活性剂的合成条件进行了优化。合成中间体的反应条件为二氯甲烷做反应溶剂，n (6-氨基喹啉)∶n (三光气) = 5∶1，反应时间为6 h，收率可达88%。合成喹啉类Gemini表面活性剂的反应条件为DMF为反应溶剂，反应温度为110℃，n(中间体)∶n(溴代烷) = 1∶14，反应时间为8 h，收率可达74%。对目标产物喹啉Gemini表面活性剂在三氯甲烷-水体系中的界面张力进行了测定，结果表明：喹啉Gemini表面活性剂在三氯甲烷溶液内扩散到三氯甲烷-水界面是由纯扩散吸附控制的。     

2-溴-4-甲氧基-5-[3-(吡咯烷-1-基)丙氧基]苯胺的合成

以4-溴-2-甲氧基苯酚(2a)、1-氯-3-碘丙烷(3)和吡咯烷为原料,通过一锅法反应,合成得到1-[3-(4-溴-2-甲氧基苯氧基)丙基]吡咯烷(4a),再经过硝化、还原两步反应,得到目标化合物2-溴-4-甲氧基-5-[3-(吡咯烷-1-基)丙氧基]苯胺(1)。产物以及中间体结构经~1H NMR和ESI-MS表征。对于每一步反应过程进行了讨论,并以化合物4a的合成为模型反应,重点讨论影响产物收率的因素,确定其最佳反应条件为:反应溶剂为乙腈,n(2a)∶n(3)∶n(吡咯烷)=1.0∶1.2∶2.4,n(K_2CO_3)∶n(2a)=4∶1,n(KI)∶n(2a)=1.5∶1.0,反应温度85℃。该反应条件也被用于1-[3-(2-甲氧基-5-硝基苯氧基)丙基]吡咯烷(4b)的合成。     

1-苄基-6-溴吲哚-3-甲醛的合成

以6-溴吲哚(2)为原料,通过Vilsmeier-Haack反应、 N-苄基保护,两步反应合成得到1-苄基-6-溴吲哚-3-甲醛(1)。对反应工艺进行了优化,确定合成6-溴-1H-吲哚-3-甲醛(3)的反应温度为25℃,反应时间为5 h;合成1的优化反应条件为:n(3)∶n(BnBr)=1.0∶1.3, n(3)∶n(KOH)=1.0∶1.5,反应温度25℃,反应时间3 h。在优化条件下,两步反应总收率86.5%。产物结构经1H NMR和ESI-MS确证。     

2,7-二溴-N-辛基咔唑的合成与表征

以4,4'-二溴联苯为原料,经硝化、闭环、N-烷基化反应合成了2,7-二溴-N-辛基咔唑(Ⅲ)。4,4'-二溴联苯与发烟硝酸按n(4,4'-二溴联苯)∶n(HNO3)=1.0∶4.0,在75℃下进行硝化,反应5 h,得到了2-硝基-4,4'-二溴联苯(Ⅰ),收率97%;中间产物Ⅰ与三苯基膦按n(2-硝基-4,4'-二溴联苯)∶n(三苯基膦)=1.0∶3.0,在无水无氧条件下,闭环反应得到了2,7-二溴咔唑(Ⅱ),收率85%;在碱性条件下,中间产物Ⅱ与1-溴辛烷按n(2,7-二溴咔唑)∶n(1-溴辛烷)=1.0∶1.5,N-烷基化反应合成最终产物,收率85%。产物结构经IR、元素分析和1HNMR确证。     

2-氟-5-溴硝基苯的合成

采用冰醋酸作为溶剂,以邻氟硝基苯为原料,N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)为溴代试剂,合成了2-氟-5-溴硝基苯。所得目标产物通过GC-MS定性、GC定量检测。结果表明,最佳反应条件为:n(邻氟硝基苯)∶n(NBS)=1∶1.05,以冰醋酸作溶剂,反应温度10℃,反应时间2 h,在该条件下2-氟-5-溴硝基苯的收率为98.6%,原料转化率100%。该反应条件温和,易于控制,重复性好。     

三组分“一锅法”合成6-溴-2-芳基喹喔啉衍生物

以4-溴苯-1,2-二胺、芳香醛和对甲基磺酰甲基异腈(TOSMIC)为原料，甲苯为反应溶剂，在三乙烯二胺(DABCO)碱性条件下，三组分“一锅法”合成了5种目标化合物6-溴-2-芳基喹喔啉衍生物1a～1e,产物经¹H NMR、¹³C NMR和电喷雾离子源质谱(ESI-MS)表征。其中，6-溴-2-苯基喹喔啉(1a)的结构进一步通过X射线衍射(XRD)确定。并以4-溴苯-1,2-二胺(2)、苯甲醛(3a)和TOSMIC的三组分反应合成6-溴-2-苯基喹喔啉(1a)的反应为模型，研究了影响产物1a收率的主要因素，确定了适宜的反应条件为：n(3a)∶n(TOSMIC)∶n(2)比为1.2∶1.1∶1.0、n(DABCO)∶n(2)=1.2∶1.0、反应温度80℃、反应时间5 h条件下，产物1a收率为56.1%。     

5-(2,4-二氟苯基)哒嗪-4-胺的合成研究

以4-氨基哒嗪为原料,通过溴代反应、 Suzuki偶联反应, 2步法合成得到目标化合物5-(2,4-二氟苯基)哒嗪-4-胺,并优化了溴代反应条件:n(苄基三甲基三溴化铵)∶n(4-氨基哒嗪)=1.2∶1.0、混合溶剂v(二氯甲烷)∶v(甲醇)=1∶1, 25℃反应2 h。总收率70.5%,产物及中间体结构经1H NMR和ESI-MS确证。     

5-甲氧基-2-(苯乙炔基)苯甲醛的合成

以2-溴-5-羟基苯甲醛为原料,经过羟基甲基化反应、Sonogashira偶联反应得到标题化合物。产物及中间体结构经~1HNMR、~(13)CNMR和ESI-MS确证。并对Sonogashira反应条件进行研究,确定最佳反应条件为:n(2-溴-5-甲氧基苯甲醛)∶n(苯乙炔)=1∶1. 2,催化剂PdCl2(PPh3)2用量为n(PdCl_2(PPh_3)_2)∶n(2-溴-5-甲氧基苯甲醛)=0. 05∶1,PPh3用量为n(PPh3)∶n(2-溴-5-甲氧基苯甲醛)=0. 3∶1,CuI用量为n(CuI)∶n(2-溴-5-甲氧基苯甲醛)=0. 1∶1,反应溶剂为DMF和TEA的混合溶剂(V(DMF)∶V(TEA)=1∶1),反应温度80℃,反应时间10 h,产物收率为74. 5%。按照最佳反应条件对6种取代苯乙炔底物进行拓展,均得到较高收率的5-甲氧基-2-(取代苯乙炔基)苯甲醛产物。     

新型酯基咪唑类表面活性剂的合成与性能

以月桂酸、二溴新戊二醇和N-甲基咪唑为主要原料,经酯化、季铵化反应合成了一种新型双酯双咪唑类表面活性剂二溴-1,3-双(3-甲基咪唑)-2,2-双(十二酸酯甲基)-丙烷(EminC12)。实验得到酯化反应条件:n(月桂酸)∶n(二溴新戊二醇)=2.2∶1,反应温度为115℃,反应时间7 h,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,得到中间体1,3-二溴-2,2-双(十二酸酯甲基)-丙烷(DEC12),产率为87%;季铵化反应条件:反应温度150℃,反应时间5 h,目标产物产率可达80%;产物结构通过元素分析、IR、1HNMR得到证实。25℃时其水溶液的临界胶束浓度为0.3 mmol/L,表面张力为39 mN/m,具有较好的起泡性和稳泡性。     

3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸的合成

以2-氨基-6-氟苯腈为原料,经溴化、水解和重氮化脱氨基反应合成3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸,产物的含量为99.20%(HPLC),总摩尔产率约38%。产物结构通过MS和1 H NMR验证。其中溴化反应的最佳条件为n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(NBS)=1∶1.05,n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(DMF)=1∶6,反应温度为5℃;水解反应的最佳反应条件为n(2-氨基-5-溴-6氟苯腈)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.5,水解时间为8h,温度控制在回流状态下。该法具有生产成本低、反应条件温和、易于工业化生产的优点。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。