澳洲青苹多酚氧化酶的分离纯化研究

采用丙酮粉沉淀抽滤法从澳洲青苹中提取多酚氧化酶.提取的粗酶液经30%～90%饱和度硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析除盐、交联葡聚糖G-75凝胶色谱层析、后经PEG 6000浓缩,得到纯化的多酚氧化酶,纯化倍数为7.49.纯化后的酶液经十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,采用考马斯亮蓝R-250染色显示一条电泳带.通对过PPO与邻苯二酚反应产物的波谱扫描显示,其产物在λ=410nm下有最高吸收.     

澳洲青苹多酚提取工艺及其对油脂抗氧化作用

对澳洲青苹中多酚提取工艺进行了研究,试验结果表明,多酚的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数为60%,提取温度为40℃,提取时间为2h,料液比为1∶15,在此条件下提取液中多酚的浓度为32.587mg/L。同时,也研究了澳洲青苹多酚对油脂的抗氧化效果,试验结果表明,澳洲青苹多酚对油脂具有良好的抗氧化效果,能有效延缓油脂的氧化作用。     

‘澳洲青苹’果实解袋后果皮花青苷合成的变化

以‘澳洲青苹’为材料,测定套袋果实(对照组)与解袋后(处理组)果实果皮色泽参数、花青苷含量、多酚类物质含量以及与花青苷合成相关的调控基因(Md MYB1、Mdb HLH3、Mdb HLH33、Md TTG1)和结构基因(Md CHS、Md DFR、Md ANS、Md UFGT)表达水平的变化。结果显示:光是影响果实着色的重要因素,套袋遮光抑制了果实着色,套袋果实解袋后果皮L*、b*值逐渐降低,a*值逐渐升高,果实红色加深;套袋抑制了果皮花青苷和黄酮醇合成,套袋果实解袋后果皮中矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷、槲皮素-3-半乳糖苷和槲皮素-3-芦丁糖苷的含量逐渐升高,而套袋对其他的酚类物质影响不显著;套袋抑制了与花青苷合成相关基因的表达,套袋果实解袋曝光后,果皮中与花青苷相关调控基因和结构基因的表达水平均存在不同程度的升高,并且与果皮中花青苷含量变化的趋势基本一致,表明‘澳洲青苹’果实解袋后,果皮中与花青苷合成相关的基因迅速表达,从而促进了果皮中花青苷合成,而套袋抑制了果皮中与花青苷合成的相关基因的表达,从而抑制了花青苷合成。     

不同抑制剂对鲜榨香蕉汁中多酚氧化酶活力的影响

本文研究了草酸、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、柠檬酸及抗坏血酸4种单一抑制剂对香蕉中多酚氧化酶的抑制效应,筛选出效果最佳的抑制剂。结果表明,单一抑制剂对多酚氧化酶的抑制能力依次是0.3%抗坏血酸> 0.2%草酸> 0.5%柠檬酸> 0.6%乙二胺四乙酸二钠,抑制率分别为85.4%、76.8%、73.9%、71.9%。     

澳洲青苹加工品质测定及感官评价

对澳洲青苹的加工品质进行了测定,结果表明：澳洲青苹的硬度为8.18kg/cm2时,出汁率为75.92%,可溶性固形物含量为13.1°Bx,可滴定酸含量为0.8%,VC含量为87mg/kg。通过打分的方法对澳洲青苹进行了感官评价,综合各因素得出结论,澳洲青苹更适合加工浓缩苹果汁。     

褐变抑制剂对果蔬多酚氧化酶的影响

果蔬贮藏过程中,褐变问题严重影响其经济价值及营养价值,由多酚氧化酶引起的酶促褐变备受关注,寻找合适的抑制方法是国内外研究的热点。一些化学抑制剂对于酶促褐变具有良好的抑制效果,本文综述了果蔬褐变的机理,抗坏血酸、半胱氨酸、柠檬酸抑制剂的作用原理及具体应用,旨在为解决由酶促褐变引起的果蔬生产加工问题提供参考,促进果蔬品质的提升。     

澳洲青苹加工适性的测定研究

澳洲青苹是高酸品种之一，文中对澳洲青苹的主要加工特性进行了研究，并与其他苹果加工品种的同类指标作了比较。结果表明，澳洲青苹的硬度为8.106kg／cm~2，出汁率75.702％，固形物含量13.62％，有机酸含量0.655％，Vc含量87.2mg／kg，而引起果汁酶促褐变的主要底物——多酚类物质(以绿原酸为主)为61.82mg／L。与常用加工品种相比，其各项指标更符合果汁加工的要求。     

多酚氧化酶抑制剂对烟叶质量的影响

为解决烟叶在调制过程中颜色过度转深问题,于烘烤前将l-半胱氨酸和硫脲两种多酚氧化酶抑制剂应用于烟叶,并对烤后烟叶的多酚含量、外观质量、评吸质量及烘烤过程中多酚氧化酶活性变化进行了分析.结果表明:烘烤前烟叶表面喷施浓度为4.0和8.0 mmol/L的l-半胱氨酸,烤后烟叶中总绿原酸含量和多酚总量明显增加,外观质量和评吸质量较对照有所改善,烘烤过程中多酚氧化酶的活性较对照有所降低.     

加工苹果——澳洲青苹品质的测定研究

文中对澳洲青苹的主要加工特性进行了研究,并与其他苹果加工品种的同类指标作了比较。结果表明,澳洲青苹的硬度为8．106kg／cm^2,出汁率75．702％,固形物含量13．62％,有机酸含量0．655％,Vc含量87．2mg／kg,而引起果汁酶促褐变的主要底物一多酚类物质（以绿原酸为主）为61．82mg／L。与常用加工品种相比,澳洲青苹是目前最适合加工浓缩果汁的品种之一。     

加工苹果——澳洲青苹品质的测定研究

对澳洲青苹的主要加工特性进行了研究，并与其他苹果加工品种的同类指标作了比较。结果表明，澳洲青苹的硬度为8．106kg/cm^2、出汁率75．702％、固形物含量13．62％、有机酸含量0．655％、VC含量87．2mg／kg，而引起果汁酶促褐变的主要底物——多酚类物质（以绿原酸为主）为61．82mg／L。与其他加工品种相比，澳洲青苹是目前最适合加工浓缩果汁的品种之一。     

不同对虾中多酚氧化酶的提取比较及在虾体的分布研究

用丙酮法和匀浆浸提法分别对南美白对虾和中华管鞭虾进行多酚氧化酶的提取,结果表明,在同样的提取条件下,中华管鞭虾的酶活大于南美白对虾,匀浆浸提法提取的酶活比丙酮法高1.5倍;同时对中华管鞭虾的提取条件料液比、缓冲液pH、浸提时间、水浴温度做了研究,通过正交实验得到当料液比1∶4,缓冲液pH8,浸提时间3h,水浴温度45℃条件下提取的酶具有最大的活性;进一步研究中华管鞭虾的多酚氧化酶在虾体中的分布情况,得出虾头部位多酚氧化酶含量较高,虾尾和虾身含量较低。     

Effects of dehydration temperatures on colour and polyphenoloxidase activity of Amasya and Golden Delicious apple cultivars

During dehydration at different temperatures (60, 70 and 80 °C) of Amasya and Golden Delicious apple cultivars, changes in colour, polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO), browning index and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were studied. Effects of dehydration time on the L* values of both cultivars were not significant. Only Amasya samples dehydrated at 80 °C were found to have significantly higher L* values than the remaining samples. In all cases, Golden Delicious samples had higher L* values than those of the Amasya cultivar. a* values of samples increased within the first hour of dehydration and then remained almost unchanged. The enzyme activity showed a rapid decrease in the first hour of dehydration and residual enzyme activities (%) reached 9.8%, 5.3% and 4.5% for Amasya, and 17.4%, 10.3% and 4.6% for the Golden Delicious cultivar at 60, 70 and 80 °C, respectively. In all final samples the residual enzyme activities were around 1%. The highest browning values were observed at the second hour of dehydration at 60 and 70 °C and the first hour of dehydration at 80 °C. In all conditions Amasya apples had a higher browning tendency. The presence of HMF was detected only at the 4th hour of dehydration at 80 °C for both cultivars. Effects of dehydration temperature on colour and PPO of the final product were insignificant. However, an important effect of temperature was determined on the browning index of Golden Delicious samples. The lowest browning tendency was measured on samples dehydrated at 80 °C. The results showed that cultivar and dehydration temperature had considerable effect on the browning of apple slices. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Combined effect of high pressure,temperature and holding time on polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity in banana (Musa acuminata)

Polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzyme activities were evaluated following combined pressure, temperature and holding time treatment in banana (Musa acuminata). Using pressures of up to 110 MPa, temperatures of up to 70 °C and holding times of up to 25 min, based on a 2³ central composite design, the interactive effects were found to significantly influence the activity of both enzymes in prepared banana pulp. Temperature and pressure were found to influence the inactivation of polyphenoloxidase separately, while temperature, pressure and holding time were found to influence the loss of peroxidase in the banana, although no significant interactive effects were found. The reduction in polyphenoloxidase activity was found to be less influenced by the combined treatment than peroxidase activity, thought to be due to solubilisation of the enzyme and effects of the soluble solids content. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effects of Maillard reaction products on apple and potato polyphenoloxidase and their antioxidant activity

The effects of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) on apple and potato polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were estimated spectrophotometrically. Model systems of glucose and amino acids [lysine (lys), tyrosine (tyr), proline (pro), cysteine (cys), glumatic acid (glu), aspartic acid (asp), and histidine (his)] were heated at 90 °C for 3 h. The MRPs showed inhibitory effects on PPO extracted from apple and potato. These effects depend on the type of MRP and origin of PPO. The antioxidant activity of MRPs was evaluated. It was found that MRPs exhibit different free radical scavenging activity and these effects were significant. The colour intensity of MRPs was estimated. Browning was not directly related to the antioxidant activity.     

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and osmotic dehydration in Granny Smith apple

Osmotic dehydration (OD) permits the preservation of foods via a decrease in water content and an increase in solute concentration. Osmotically dehydrated fruits such as apple are suitable for the manufacture of desserts, cakes, salads, yoghurts, etc. Different microstructural and engineering aspects of OD are already known, but its effects on enzymatic activity are still unknown. This study analyses the activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in fresh Granny Smith apples and the effect that OD by immersion in sucrose‐saturated syrup has on this activity. The low PPO activity found in the edible parenchyma of osmotically dehydrated apples is attributed to penetration by the osmotic agent and flooding of the intercellular spaces, which produces a low moisture content and a limited O₂ concentration in the immediate environment of the enzyme. These results show that OD prevents enzyme–substrate interaction. Thus the low PPO activity would reduce browning of this type of product. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

High-intensity pulsed electric fields processing parameters affecting polyphenoloxidase activity of strawberry juice

High-intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) were applied to strawberry juice to study the feasibility of inactivating polyphenoloxidase (PPO). Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of HIPEF processing, in which total treatment time (1000 to 2000 μs), pulse frequency (50 to 250 Hz), pulse width (1.0 to 7.0 μs), and polarity (monopolar or bipolar) were the controlled variables at a constant electric field of 35 kV/cm. The proposed 2nd-order response functions were accurate enough to fit experimental results. Strawberry juice PPO was strongly reduced within the range of assayed conditions. HIPEF treatments were more effective in bipolar than in monopolar mode in inactivating PPO. Treatments of longer duration resulted in reductions of the enzyme activity. Moreover, it was feasible to minimize residual PPO activity (down to 2.5%) by selecting bipolar treatments at frequencies higher than 229 Hz and pulse widths between 3.23 and 4.23 μs for a constant total treatment time of 2000 μs.     

牛蒡多酚氧化酶的特性及酶促褐变的抑制

采用制作丙酮粉的方法提取了牛蒡中的多酚氧化酶(PPO),并对其酶学特性进行了研究。实验结果表明,牛蒡多酚氧化酶最适温度为40℃,最适pH为6.0,在40℃下热稳定性较好,而在70℃加热3min即可使其完全失活。牛蒡PPO的米氏常数为0.1337mol/L,最大反应速率Vmax为7.387U/min。通过响应面实验设计的方法对防止牛蒡酶促褐变的配方进行了优化,结果表明当复合护色液中EDTA、L-半胱氨酸和柠檬酸亚锡二钠的护色剂的浓度都为0.04%(w/v)时,牛蒡的褐变度最小。     

中华管鞭虾多酚氧化酶的分离制备

对中华管鞭虾中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的提取分离及其影响因素进行研究,讨论了新鲜管鞭虾的保藏温度、提取方法、浸提时间、缓冲液pH值、料液比和超声波提取等单因素影响,在此基础上采用正交法对各因素进一步优化。结果表明:在室温状态下,使用溶液浸提法,最佳时间为8h,最佳料液比为1:2,缓冲液最适pH值为8,超声时间为20min。     

Prevention of enzymatic browning of apple cylinders using different solutions

Inhibition of enzymatic browning and decay on cut surfaces of Golden Delicious apple using ascorbic acid, cysteine, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, citric acid and sodium ascorbate alone or in combinations was investigated at 4 and 10 °C for a storage period of 0, 7 and 14 days, in an attempt to find the most effective treatment. Apple segments immersed in ascorbic acid and citric acid alone showed visual traces of browning after 7 days storage at 4 °C. After 14 days storage, only ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid plus sodium chloride had moderate browning, while all other treatments were severely affected. However, at 10 °C, only ascorbic acid was effective in reducing the level of browning, although its effect was minimal after 14 days storage. Browning was more severe at 10 °C than 4 °C in all solutions. The browning measurement (a* value) became increasingly positive from 7‐ to 14‐day storage. Microbial decay was absent in all treatments within 7 days at 4 and 10 °C. However, three test solutions showed microbial decay after 14 days storage at 10 °C in addition to the control solution, which showed decay at both 4 and 10 °C storage temperatures.