高浓度电除尘器入口封头气固两相流动的近流线数值模拟

利用近流线数值模拟方法,采用与大型高浓度电除尘器入口封头原型完全相同的1∶1的几何模型,详细真实地模拟了入口封头及其内部具有复杂结构的预除尘角钢和两层开孔达数万个的气流分布板.采用可实现性k-ε模型和随机颗粒轨道模型,对其气固两相流动进行了数值计算,得出了气相速度分布、颗粒浓度分布和流动阻力分布特性.计算结果与工业性试验数据进行了比较,两者吻合较好,提出并证明了利用近流线数值模拟方法可以详细真实地模拟高浓度电除尘器入口封头内部结构及其气固两相流动.计算和试验结果均表明,所研究的高浓度电除尘器入口封头,其出口处气流分布为中间区域偏低,四周区域偏高;其预除尘效率约为27.6%左右,其流动阻力高达766Pa.     

辐射传热冷冻干燥速率的简捷估算

对Sheng 和Peck的辐射传热冷冻干燥模型进行简化，将该模型中升华阶段物料干燥层的误差函数温度分布近似为线性分布。计算表明，其结果与实验值及Sheng和Peck模型的预测值很接近。这种冷冻干燥过程中物料含水率和温度分布的简捷估算方法，在工程应用中十分方便。     

真空冷冻干燥过程的模拟研究

在升华干燥阶段应用传热传质理论对 URIF模型进行了改进与完善 ,在解吸干燥阶段假设结合水的脱除随物料温升的变化率为常数 ,建立冷冻干燥模型 ,通过解析求解 ,得出了冷冻干燥过程时间的解析表达式 ,在工程应用中预测冻干时间十分方便。还分析了干燥室压力、物料厚度对冷冻干燥时间的影响。     

液体分布器布液孔减阻脱附性能分析

为了改善液体分布器布液孔的减阻脱附特性,文章建立了孔板式液体分布器的参数化模型,利用有限元软件的优化模块对布液孔进行优化,得到具有减阻脱附特性的布液孔结构。然后采用三维数字化建模软件建立新型液体分布器的三维模型,并模拟分析2种布液孔结构对壁面剪应力、速度、摩擦阻力系数和边界层分布的影响,由结果可知:与通孔型布液孔相比,圆锥形布液孔能够降低壁面剪应力、壁面速度以及摩擦系数,对壁面边界层进行有效控制。最后通过实验对模拟结果进行验证,模拟结果与实验结果能够较好地吻合,说明数值模拟能够有效地预测布液孔的减阻脱附特性。     

基于图像法的稀相气／固两相流混合比及空隙率分析

通过使用高速摄影系统获得稀相气／固两相流流动图像,并利用图像处理技术对获得的图像进行均匀光照、二值化及粘连颗粒分割等预处理,统计出图像中颗粒尺寸参数。利用数学公式,计算出稀相气／固两相流流混合比与空隙率的纵向分布和横向分布,以及不同截面积的混合比与空隙率分布,并对混合比与空隙率的分布进行比较分析。最终得出在稀相气／固两相流中,混合比比空隙率能更好地描述气／固两相流流动特性的结论。     

鼓泡塔气液两相流不同曳力模型的数值模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型对圆柱形鼓泡塔内气液两相流动进行了三维数值模拟. 通过UDF自定义程序对气相出口边界进行了速度修正,解决了模拟中自由区域内有漩涡的问题;分别使用单一气泡尺寸模型和群体平衡模型(PBM)计算气泡尺寸,并比较其对气含率分布的预测结果,分别采用Schiller-Naumann, Grace和Tomiyama曳力系数模型进行模拟. 结果表明,在全塔径均匀进气的简化条件下,单一气泡尺寸模型不适用,在合适的Hamaker数下,PBM模型中原用于颗粒计算的Abrahamson模型可计算气泡聚并速率;Tomiyama曳力模型耦合PBM模型可更好地描述塔内流动情况,并与文献值吻合良好. Schiller-Naumann模型所得平均气含率与实验值相差约40%,而Grace模型所得湍动耗散比Tomiyama的结果高14.5%,气含率分布与文献值相差16.3%.     

补充风对水平管高压密相气力输送影响的模拟研究

针对水平管高压密相气力输送数理模型的缺陷与不足,引入Savage径向分布函数修正的颗粒动理学理论、基于Berzi摩擦压应力模型构建的摩擦应力模型以及修正的三段式曳力模型,在欧拉-欧拉方法的基础上建立了一个能同时兼顾水平管高压密相气力输送中稀相流、过渡流以及密相流输送特性的三维非稳态数理模型。并采用该数理模型考察了补充风对水平管高压密相气力输送的影响,模拟结果精准地预测了水平管压降及其随补充风的变化规律,而且其预测的水平管固相体积浓度分布与ECT图也是相吻合的,从而验证了数理模型的可靠性。模拟结果表明：随着补充风的增加,气固两相速度和湍动能以及颗粒拟温度增大,固相体积浓度减小。     

白炭黑制备过程中粒度分布变化及其分形特征

采用激光粒度仪测定了白炭黑制备过程中沉淀初期、反应末期、陈化末期和干燥阶段的粒度分布曲线,研究了硅源种类、酸种类、乙醇和超声波对不同制备阶段白炭黑粒子粒度分布和中值粒径D50的影响,并对不同制备阶段的分形维数进行了数值模拟.研究结果表明,选择反应物、加入乙醇以及施加超声波均可以减小干燥白炭黑粉末的分形维数D和中值粒径D50,其中超声波对白炭黑产品的粒度分布有明显窄化作用.不同实验条件下,四个阶段的分形维数D具有良好的线性关系,线性相关程度R高于0.966,表明制备过程中不同阶段的分形维数符合分形分布规律,能够很好地对高品质白炭黑反应过程进行预测.     

基于群体平衡理论的管内水合物浆流动特性数值模拟

水合物浆的流动特性对深水油气管道的流动安全保障和水合物法气体储运的工业推广具有重要意义。目前已有的水合物浆液流动特性数值模拟方法存在较多的缺陷及不足,为此本文引入了基于水合物颗粒聚集动力学的群体平衡模型。该模型重点考虑水合物颗粒在流动过程中的碰撞频率、聚并效率、破碎频率及破碎后子颗粒的粒径分布函数,可较好地描述管内水合物颗粒的流动行为。根据文献中的实验装置建立三维几何模型,利用Fluent 14.5软件对上述群体平衡模型和相关固液两相流模型进行联合求解,借此模拟流速及水合物体积分数对水合物浓度分布、水合物颗粒粒径分布和流动压降等水合物浆流动特性的影响。本文模拟结果与文献中相关实验数据吻合良好,可为水合物浆技术的规模应用提供借鉴。     

升华干燥过程的(火用)损失分析

通过对物料在升华干燥过程中的Yong损失分析，建立了升华干燥过程的Yong损失分析模型。结合升华干燥动力学模型和Yong损失分析模型，以牛肉为冷冻干燥过程的模型物料，计算了物料表面加热温度、干燥室压力和物料厚度等操作条件的变化对升华干燥过程Yong损失的影响。计算结果表明：随着干燥室压力的增大，物料的Yong损失减小;随着物料表面加热温度的降低，Yong损失减小：随着物料厚度的减小，Yong损失逐渐减小；在冷冻干燥过程中，Yong损失主要集中在升华干燥阶段，在解析干燥阶段，物料表面加热温度的升高不会引起Yong损失的大幅度增加。     

Pore Network Drying Model for Particle Aggregates: Assessment by X-Ray Microtomography

Convective drying of disordered glass bead packings has been investigated both experimentally and numerically. X-ray microtomography (XMT) and image analysis techniques have been used to determine the three-dimensional spatial distribution of the liquid and solid phases at the pore scale within the wet particle aggregates. The evolution of the liquid distribution in the aggregate has been tracked during the drying process. Particle center coordinates and radii have been extracted from the X-ray images using binarization and segmentation techniques. Based on this geometric data for a real aggregate, a pore network approximation of the pore space has been generated from a Voronoi tessellation about particle centers by designating Voronoi edges as interconnected cylindrical pores with radii computed from the distance between neighboring particles. This three-dimensional irregular pore network takes into account both the geometrical and topological characteristics (pore size distribution and connectivity) of the actual pore space. Drying simulations have been carried out for the pore networks obtained from the XMT and results are presented as phase distributions and moisture profiles. The simulated liquid phase distributions are in qualitative agreement with the experimental result, which indicates that pore network models are suited to describe the drying of dense particle aggregates at the pore scale.     

Fractal Pore Network Simulation on the Drying of Porous Media

Based on the knowledge of fractal geometry, physics of flow through porous media, and transport process principle, a fractal pore network model for the drying process of a natural porous body was established in this article. This model takes various factors into consideration, such as liquid-phase flow, vapor-phase diffusion, temperature gradient, and pore microstructure characteristic. The drying dynamics characteristics of potato slices were obtained by the simulation of a fractal pore network model. The simulation results of the fractal pore network model were contrasted with those of a regular one and the experimental data, respectively. The wet patches were observed on the potato slices during the drying experiments, and it was validated by the drying simulation. The results indicate that the drying kinetics from the fractal pore network model, as well as the distributions of moisture and temperature inside the porous body, are more consistent with that of the drying experiments than that of the regular one, and the throat size distribution in the pore network of the porous media has a notable influence on the drying process.     

Influence of pore structure and impregnation–drying conditions on the solid distribution in porous support materials

Deposition of solids within porous materials from a drying solution is an important phenomenon in numerous natural and industrial processes. A profound knowledge about influences of different parameters on the solid distribution in the material is required for an effective targeted impregnation process. Experimental investigations and simulations are used to study the influence of pore structure, drying conditions, and solute concentration on the solid distribution in porous support materials after impregnation and drying. It is found that low drying rates lead to strong solid accumulation at the material surface, whereas high drying rates reduce the solute transport to the surface and result in more uniform solid distributions. A small pore diameter and distribution width reduce solute migration during drying and lead to uniform solid distributions without being influenced by the drying conditions. A higher initial concentration of the impregnation solution causes pronounced surface accumulation, while low initial solute concentrations result in more uniform distributions. Fundamental effects during drying are captured in an existing pore network model by adaption of experimental pore structures and impregnation–drying conditions, resulting in a good general agreement of experiments with simulations.     

Viscous stabilization of drying front: Three-dimensional pore network simulations

In this study, a recently developed pore network drying model [Metzger, T., Irawan, A. and Tsotsas, E., 2007, Isothermal drying of pore networks: influence of friction for different pore structures, Dry Technol, 25: 49–57], which accounts for liquid viscosity, is applied to three dimensions for the first time. Isothermal convective drying is simulated for a cubic network (25 × 25 × 50) with pore throats with a narrow radius distribution. The role of liquid viscosity is assessed by comparison with non-viscous drying of the same network. Simulation results are presented as phase distributions, saturation profiles and drying rate curves. In the viscous case, a stabilization of the drying front is observed. However, as the network dries out from the surface, the finite drying front gradually widens up and does not approach an asymptotic limit.     

Influence of heating mode on drying behavior of capillary porous media: Pore scale modeling

Invasion percolation (IP) rules under non-isothermal conditions are applied to model the pore-scale events occurring during drying of capillary porous media, namely displacement of immiscible phases and cluster formation. A saturated two-dimensional network with a bimodal pore size distribution is dried by applying two different heat transfer boundary conditions; one corresponds to convective drying and the other to less resistive contact drying. Simulated macroscopic drying behavior is presented in conjunction with freely evolved microscopic temperature fields and phase distributions for both heating modes. Convective heating exhibits similar invasion patterns as those in isothermal simulations; both are dominated by the spatial distribution of pore radii. However, in contact heating, temperature dependency of surface tension produces significantly different invasion patterns.     

多孔介质干燥孔道网络模型的研究进展

建立在物质微观传输基础上的孔道网络干燥理论，通过完全离散化的方法在孔道等级上对干燥过程进行研究，描述了多孔介质内部结构参数对干燥过程的影响。介绍了建立孔道网络模型的原理和方法，阐述了基于单元体上孔道网络研究的内容及目的，综述了基于产品等级上孔道网络研究的最新进展，阐明了孔道网络模型方法对干燥理论研究的重要意义。指出，进一步提高网络模型中孔道的拓扑等价性、形状的不规则性及尺寸的相关性，探索网络构建新方法以及增加孔道网络信息量，是孔道网络干燥理论的主要发展方向，并应加强同分形、渗流理论的进一步结合。     

Pore-Scale Simulation of Drying of a Porous Media Saturated with a Sucrose Solution

This work presents results of Monte Carlo simulations of isothermal drying of a nonhygroscopic porous media initially saturated with a sugar solution. The porous media is represented by a two-dimensional network of cubic pores connected by throats with a given radius distribution. The considered network had just one open side (the three other sides were sealed) from which water evaporation occurred. Water evaporation, hydraulic flow, and diffusivity of sucrose in water are considered in the physical model. It was considered that drying occurred under isothermal conditions (low drying rates) and that the capillary forces surpass the viscous forces, as in invasion percolation. It was also considered that water evaporation inside the network of pores and throats causes solution concentration, which remains at the corners, allowing hydraulic connection throughout the whole network. At each simulation step, a single meniscus moves through a particular pore segment with the higher displacing force. As drying progresses, air replaces the solution. Determination of the mechanism prevailing at any given drying stage requires calculation of evaporation. In other words, each step of the simulation involves finding the solution to three systems of equations: the vapor pressure field in the vapor phase, the pressure field in the liquid phase, and the solutes' concentration in the liquid phase. Herein, we report results of drying curves calculated as a function of the sucrose and water saturation and of the distribution of liquid, sucrose, and vapor as drying advances. The results presented in this work showed that network models are a powerful tool for investigating the influence of the main mechanisms controlling drying at its different stages; that is, from liquid saturation condition to very low saturation (end of drying). Despite the applied simplifications, the model can capture the main aspects of drying of liquids and solutions present in porous media.     

Scale-up of pore-level relative permeability from micro- to macro-scale

Scaling up relative permeability curves of wetting and nonwetting phase of drainage and imbibition processes from pore scale to macro scale is a challenge. A new method for scaling up relative permeability from micro- to macro-scale is proposed based on electrical analogy of multiphase fluid flow at pore scale. The method is validated against four synthetic porous media generated using homogeneous and heterogeneous grain size distributions, each of which were cut into eight sub-segments. Single-phase and two-phase flow properties were calculated for the main blocks and the subsequent sub-segments using random network modelling technique. Then, the subsegments were randomly distributed in space to reconstruct the main blocks and the proposed scale-up method was employed to calculate the relative permeability curves of the reconstructed blocks. Results were compared to the ones obtained directly from the network model of the original blocks and show good agreement between the calculated and scaled-up relative permeability curves of primary drainage and secondary imbibition. Furthermore, the model was tested on real media. Eight network models were extracted from pore size distribution of core samples obtained from the Green River basin located in the Mesaverde Formation. Flow properties obtained from the network models were validated against experimental data and good agreement was observed. These network models show a higher level of heterogeneity at micro-scale. Then, the scale-up methods were employed in order to reconstruct the macro-scale sample and predict its properties. Scale-up methods successfully predict the single-phase and two-phase flow properties of the sample.     

Isothermal Drying of Pore Networks: Influence of Friction for Different Pore Structures

An existing network model for isothermal drying of capillary porous media is extended to account for viscosity in the liquid phase so that it is no longer restricted to structures with large pores. Modeling challenges and solution methods are presented in detail. The model is compared with a bundle of capillaries model of drying. Finally, simulation results for two-dimensional pore networks with mono-modal and bimodal pore structure are shown and discussed.     

Isothermal Drying of Pore Networks: Influence of Friction for Different Pore Structures

An existing network model for isothermal drying of capillary porous media is extended to account for viscosity in the liquid phase so that it is no longer restricted to structures with large pores. Modeling challenges and solution methods are presented in detail. The model is compared with a bundle of capillaries model of drying. Finally, simulation results for two-dimensional pore networks with mono-modal and bimodal pore structure are shown and discussed.