跨临界CO2水冷式制冷系统热力学分析

本文通过对跨临界CO2水冷式制冷系统进行变工况模拟与热力学分析,得出系统主要性能参数的变化规律,以及最优压力值与气体冷却器出口温度之间的关联式.这些结论可为跨临界二氧化碳制冷系统的设计和控制提供依据.     

二氧化碳小型集成式制冷装置研制

对二氧化碳工质在小型集成式制冷系统中的应用进行研究,分析二氧化碳作为制冷工质的特性,以及二氧化碳亚临界循环、跨临界循环和超临界循环各自的特点,并根据分析的结论确定跨临界循环作为小型集成式制冷设备的最佳循环特征点;结合实际的产品标准和要求,通过一系列理论的分析与计算,设计二氧化碳小型集成式制冷系统,并试制功能原型样机;对原型样机进行测试,对所得实验数据进行比对和分析,找到提升二氧化碳小型集成式制冷系统性能的方案并进行验证,确定其性能优化方案的可行性。     

跨临界二氧化碳蒸汽压缩/喷射循环的热力学分析

利用热力学第二定律的(火用)分析法,对跨临界二氧化碳蒸汽压缩／喷射制冷循环系统进行了仿真和分析。结果表明,放热压力存在最优值,升高气体冷却器出口温度和蒸发温度会降低系统火用效率;相对于简化循环,降低放热压力和蒸发温度能够增大系统火用效率的提高程度,而升高气体冷却器出口温度时,系统火用效率的提高程度将先增大,然后迅速减小。     

N_2O跨临界双级压缩带膨胀机制冷循环

将天然工质N_2O用于跨临界循环,建立了相应的理论模型,比较了CO_2和N_2O用于跨临界两级压缩膨胀制冷循环的性能.结果表明:N_2O用于跨临界两级蒸气压缩膨胀制冷循环中的综合性能要优于CO_2.在所选定的工况范围内,N_2O系统的C_(cop)值(性能系数)比CO_2最多提高9.6%,当气冷器出口温度越低、蒸发温度越高时,N_2O系统的C_(cop)值增加越明显;N_2O系统的最优高压压力远低于CO_2,在气体冷却器出口温度为40 ℃时,最优高压侧排气压力最多降低了16.2%;N_2O系统在排气温度、单位质量制冷量方面也较CO_2具有优势.最后提出通过降低气体冷却器出口温度来提高跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环性能和降低最优高压侧排气压力的观点.     

四种跨临界CO2压缩式热泵系统的热力性能研究

CO2是具有很大潜力的天然替代工质之一,CO2跨临界循环放热过程中具有较大温度滑移,与水侧温升过程相匹配,因此适合用于热泵热水器系统。国内外学者提出了许多提高跨临界CO2循环效率的方法,其中包括引入回热器、喷射器等设备,从不同角度对比分析在常规跨临界CO2热泵系统中引入回热器、喷射器后系统的性能变化。本文在前人工作的基础上,建立相关热力学计算模型,并进一步对四种不同形式的跨临界CO2热泵系统（常规跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHS）、带回热器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSI）、带喷射器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSE）及带喷射器与回热器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSEI））的性能进行研究,对比分析排气压力一定的情况下四种循环的热力性能;从最优排气压力的角度出发,分析对比不同系统中气冷器出口温度变化对系统最优排气压力和制热系数的影响,以及喷射器等熵效率对系统性能的影响。以上研究为CO2压缩式热泵系统的实用化进展奠定良好的理论基础。     

在工业制冷装置中用二氧化碳替代R502的研究

本文对二氧化碳制冷的亚临界循环和跨临界循环进行了计算分析,并和Ｒ５０２制冷循环进行了比较。指出,在一定的蒸发温度范围内,二氧化碳制冷循环的性能接近或优于Ｒ５０２循环。在二氧化碳化系统中使用二氧化碳制冷比使用Ｒ５０２制冷循环有较好的经济性。     

两级节流中间完全冷却CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环特性研究

CO2是零ODP、低GWP的天然制冷剂,在冷库制冷系统中应用前景广阔。本文针对用于低温冷库的两级节流中间完全冷却CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环（DTCC循环）建立数学模型,通过计算不同工况,分析蒸发温度、压缩机等熵效率、气冷器出口温度、排气压力以及回热循环方式对DTCC循环制冷系数的影响规律;给出DTCC循环的最优排气压力和最佳中间压力的计算式。研究表明：在蒸发温度-30~10 ℃、气冷器出口温度30~45 ℃范围内,DTCC循环的最优排气压力约比相同工况下的单级跨临界制冷循环的最优排气压力低0.3 MPa;低压级排气采用预冷气冷器、在高压级气冷器出口设置回热器均可有效改善DTCC循环的制冷系数。     

二氧化碳跨临界系统参数间相互关系的热力学第二定律的分析与研究

本文利用热力学第二定律（Yong） 的(exergy)分析法，对二氧化碳跨临界制冷循环系统进行了仿真和分析，分析显示：炯效率随着放热压力的变化而变化，其最大值出现在最优放热压力处，同时，本文还就气体冷却器口温度、蒸发温度及蒸汽过热度对系统Yong效率的影响进行了仿真和分析。     

机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环性能理论分析

采用蒸气压缩制冷循环(辅助循环)对CO_2跨临界制冷循环气体冷却器出口的CO_2流体进行冷却,可减小节流不可逆损失,提高循环性能。本文对机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环进行热力学循环分析,结果表明:当在最优排气压力和最优过冷度两个参数条件下,循环存在最大COP。环境温度越高、蒸发温度越低,采用机械过冷方法使循环性能提升越显著,相对传统CO_2制冷循环,通过辅助循环可显著提高循环COP,降低CO_2排气压力和温度。相对CO_2压缩机,辅助循环压缩机的功耗较少。分析了辅助循环中采用11种不同制冷剂的性能,可得除R41外,其它10种工质对循环整体COP的提升程度差异不明显。综上所述,机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环更适用于环境温度较高、蒸发温度较低的场合。     

闭式跨临界CO2热泵烘干系统最优工况研究

目的 对跨临界CO2热泵驱动的闭式干燥系统展开理论研究,得到CO2闭式热泵中最优工况的计算方法和原理。方法 通过建立CO2循环与空气循环热力学耦合的数学模型,计算干燥循环中空气的温度、焓值、相对湿度、含湿量,以及跨临界CO2热泵系统中工质的温度、压力、焓值等参数。通过调整冷凝干燥后空气温度,以热泵烘干系统的COP为评价依据,探究空气循环与CO2热泵循环的耦合机理。结果 获得了CO2循环系统最优排气压力随闭式空气循环系统在不同工况下的变化规律,并基于所建立的计算程序,获得了典型工艺参数下的热泵系统的热力学参数,为关键设备(风机、换热器、压缩机等)选型及系统控制方法提供了理论依据。结论 研究表明,在CO2热泵冷却器出口状态为临界状态时,系统的COP达到最优。     

Thermodynamic analysis and experimental investigation of a CO2 household heat pump dryer

Carbon dioxide is regarded as an optimal working fluid for heat pump dryers. The transcritical cycle well fits the closed-loop drying process which requires dehumidification and re-heating according to high temperature lift of the air stream.In this paper, the transcritical CO₂ cycle is compared with a sub-critical R134a cycle. The theoretical analysis is based on fixed temperature approach values at the heat exchangers. The study considers optimal high pressure for the transcritical cycle and optimal refrigerant subcooling for the sub-critical cycle. The theoretical analysis investigates the energy performance of the thermodynamic cycle as a function of the temperature and mass flow rate of the drying air. The optimisation of the operating conditions for CO₂ involves lower air temperature than in the case of R134a; this conditions can be satisfied by a suitable design of the appliance, whose thermal balance is achieved when the dissipated heat corresponds to the work spent by the compressor and the fan; the air temperature is a floating variable that adjusts its value to comply with the thermal balance. Experimental results, conducted on a prototype, give a positive assessment for CO₂ as working fluid for heat pump dryers: a negligible decrease in the electric power consumption, with a limited (+9%) increase in the cycle time, is shown in comparison with the reference R134a heat pump dryer.     

采用不同膨胀机构的跨临界CO2循环性能分析

运用热力学第一定律和第二定律对跨临界CO2基本循环、膨胀机循环、喷射器循环和涡流管循环进行了分析,计算了各循环各个部件的损失,比较了各循环性能系数和总损失。计算结果表明,采用膨胀机、喷射器和涡流管等膨胀设备代替基本循环中的节流阀后,由于这些改进膨胀设备的损失小于基本循环节流阀的损失,同时改进循环中压缩机的损失小于基本循环的压缩机损失,从而减小了循环总损失,提高了循环的COP。膨胀机循环的COP远大于其它跨临界CO2循环,其次为喷射器循环和涡流管循环。     

提高CO2跨临界循环效率的方法

针对CO2跨临界循环的特征,阐述了几种提高循环效率的方法,其中包括采用涡流管或者膨胀机代替膨胀阀,采用两级压缩、中间冷却技术等等.论述了涡流管代替膨胀阀提高系统效率的方法、原理,并介绍了一种适合小型制冷系统的新型气缸活塞式膨胀机.另外,还叙述了CO2跨临界循环系统采用两级压缩、中间冷却时,最佳中间压力的确定原理以及方法.     

船用跨临界循环二氧化碳制冷系统性能仿真

本文建立了船用二氧化碳跨临界循环制冷系统的稳态仿真数学模型,用此模型计算和分析了内部和外部参数分别变化时跨临界二氧化碳制冷系统的工况特性.本文的研究结果可为跨临界二氧化碳制冷系统的产品开发和系统控制提供依据.     

Optimization of a transcritical CO2 heat pump cycle for simultaneous cooling and heating applications

Energetic and exergetic analyses as well as optimization studies of a transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump system are presented in this article. A computer code has been developed to obtain sub-critical and super-critical thermodynamic and transport properties of carbon dioxide. Estimates for irreversibilities of individual components of the system lead to possible measures for performance improvement. The COP trends indicate that such a system is more suitable for high heating end temperatures and modest cold end temperatures. Expressions for optimum cycle parameters have been developed and these correlations offer useful guidelines for optimal system design and for selecting appropriate operating conditions.     

Optimisation of the throttling system in a CO2 refrigerating machine

This paper is an answer to the need of finding the optimal solution for the throttling system in refrigerating machines using CO₂ as working fluid; such a solution must combine reliability, low installation cost and high energy efficiency. To this purpose, different expansion systems are compared by means of a simulation programme, including a new one, operating with a differential valve, a liquid receiver and a thermostatic valve. The typical compression refrigerating cycle performed by CO₂ involves transcritical operations and therefore the upper pressure needs to be adjusted to the optimal value, that, unlike the traditional cycle, is not determined by heat transfer. The innovative system here proposed shows an intrinsic self-adjusting capability that leads to COP values quite close to the maximum ones when a fixed suitable value of the differential pressure is chosen, even if the temperature of the secondary fluid varies to a large extent.     

Thermodynamic analysis of different two-stage transcritical carbon dioxide cycles

The aim of this paper is the thermodynamic evaluation and optimisation of different two-stage transcritical carbon dioxide cycles. Five different cycles are studied: basic single-stage cycle, single-throttling with two-stage compression cycle, split cycle, phase separation cycle and single-stage cycle coupled with a gas cooling circuit. Each basic cycle is analysed for the effect of internal heat transfer between different streams of refrigerants. In the case of two-stage compression, intermediate cooling between the compressor stages is present. An analysis on the Plank cycle for intermediate pressure higher than critical one is performed. Each cycle is optimised with regards to energy performance, calculating the optimal values of both the upper and the intermediate pressures. In the case of split cycle, the ratio of the mass flow rate in the main stream to the one in the auxiliary stream is also optimised.