微波吸收剂的研究现状与发展趋势

介绍了微波吸收剂吸收雷达波的基本原理以及多种吸波材料的优异吸波性能.对目前存在的微波吸收剂进行分类,并综述了石墨、乙炔炭黑、碳纤维、碳化硅纤维、铁氧体等作为常见吸波材料损耗介质的国内外最新研究进展及发展趋势.展望了纳米吸收剂、导电高分子、视黄基席夫碱等新型微波吸收剂的发展前景.     

高温结构吸波材料综述

比较了高温背景下各类吸渡材料的特点,确定连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料是较理想的高温吸波材料体系.分析了常用陶瓷基复合材料中连续纤维以及陶瓷基体的介电性能,确定连续碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅基(SiG/SiC)复合材料是目前较有前途的高温结构吸波材料.综述了高温结构吸波材料的国内外研究现状,重点介绍了国防科技大学的最新研究进展,最后讨论了高温结构吸渡材料存在的问题.     

陶瓷吸波材料的研究现状

简述了电磁波吸收的基本原理。吸收材料的种类，详细介绍了陶瓷吸波材料的国内外研究现状。其中以碳化硅和铁氧体为重点，最后简述了本实验室的一些相关工作。     

碳化硅吸波性能改进的研究

采用三种不同的方法对碳化硅粉在2-18GHz范围的吸波性能进行了改进。化学还原的方法制备出粒度约为0.2μm左右的超细镍粉，与碳化硅混和，在一定的配比下制备成吸波涂层材料大幅度改善了吸波性能。吸波涂层最小反射率能够达到-23.59dB，提出了微观层复合的设想，并利用化学镀的方法对碳化硅粉表面进行了改性处理，使金属镍沉积在碳化硅颗粒的表面，材料在合理配比下的最小反射率为-22.07dB，采用宏观层复合的方法，将超细镍粉涂层与碳化硅涂层复合制备成多层吸波材料，改善了吸收峰值和吸收带宽。     

Fe-Co合金和中空碳纤维吸波材料的吸波特性研究

采用矢量网络分析仪测试了Fe-Co合金/石蜡和中空碳纤维/石蜡复合材料的微波电磁参数,并用电磁参数模拟计算了单层吸波材料的反射率.根据电磁波在损耗媒质中的传播规律,分析了2种吸波材料的吸收机理以及本征阻抗和衰减特性对吸波性能的影响.结果表明,Fe-Co合金吸波材料为吸收损耗型吸泼材料,阻抗越大、衰减越强,吸波性能越好;而中空碳纤维吸波材料则是干涉型吸波材料,需要适当大小的阻抗和衰减才能满足强吸收的条件,且吸收带宽相对较窄.     

碳化硅颗粒填充的碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料的吸波性能

以碳纳米管、碳化硅颗粒为原料制备环氧树脂复合吸波材料,并对其吸波性能进行测试,研究了碳纳米管、碳化硅颗粒含量与复合材料吸波性能的关系.结果表明碳纳米管、碳化硅颗粒的含量对复合材料的吸波性能有较大影响.随碳纳米管含量的增加,碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料的吸波性能先提高后降低,碳纳米管含量存在最佳值(12%,质量分数).将碳...     

羰基铁/三元乙丙橡胶复合材料的吸波性能

为了探明吸波材料的厚度、吸收剂的含量与吸波性能之间的关系,以羰基铁为吸收剂、三元乙丙橡胶为基体制备了复合橡胶吸波材料,采用矢量网络分析仪研究了在2.6~18 GHz范围内羰基铁含量和吸波材料厚度对吸波性能的影响,并利用电磁理论分析了吸波材料的吸波性能.对于3 mm吸波材料,当羰基铁体积分数为45%时,在3.5 GHz处其反射率的最小值达-21.7 dB;在羰基铁含量一定的条件下,微波吸收性能与吸波材料的厚度并不成正比关系,当厚度<2 mm时,吸波材料的吸波效果较差;当厚度>2 mm时,随着吸波材料厚度的增加,最大吸收峰的位置向低频移动,并且最大吸收峰的峰值和指定反射率的频率带宽也呈减小的趋势.在相同厚度下,随着羰基铁含量的增加,吸波材料在电磁波吸收峰处的反射率不断减小,而且吸波材料吸收峰的位置也向低频移动;输入阻抗与空气阻抗越接近,吸波材料的吸波性能越好.     

介电损耗型微波吸收材料的研究进展

随着无线信息技术的飞速发展,电磁干扰问题日益突出,在全球范围内引起广泛关注.解决这一挑战的关键是开发能够吸收电磁波的材料.理想的吸波材料应为集承载、防热和强吸收于一体的结构性材料.本文总结了近年来碳基、陶瓷基复合材料及其电磁波吸收性能,这些吸收剂的最终目的是在较薄的涂层上实现更宽的有效吸收频率带宽;介绍了几种典型的、广受欢迎的复合材料的制备方法、结构及其电磁波损耗机制;阐述了现今吸波材料的优势、研究现状及存在的问题.最后,预测了吸波材料未来潜在的发展方向,采用理论、模拟计算以及实际实验紧密结合的手段设计和构筑碳基复合材料将会是必然趋势.     

碳纳米管在聚合物基吸波隐身复合材料上的应用

针对新一代吸波隐身材料要求吸收强、宽频带、质量轻、厚度薄、功能多、红外微波吸收兼容以及具有优良的其他综合性能的要求,利用碳纳米管(CNTs)特殊的电磁吸波特性,以及聚合物优良的材料性能,研究开发碳纳米管聚合物基复合吸波功能材料是实现该技术的有效途径.从吸波材料的隐身机理出发,阐述了碳纳米管的电磁吸波特性,着重介绍了碳纳米管聚合物基吸波隐身复合材料的最新研究进展,并提出了该类材料今后发展着重应解决的技术问题.     

碳化硅网眼多孔陶瓷的制备

本工作采用有机泡沫浸渍工艺制备了具有相互贯通气孔的碳化硅网眼多孔陶瓷．通过选择合适的流变剂获得了对海绵具有良好涂覆性能的浆料．探讨了粘结剂对网眼多孔陶瓷性能的影响,结果表明：硅溶胶是一种比较理想的粘结剂．ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ研究了烧结制品的晶相组成及显微结构,同时还对烧结制品的孔筋密度、气孔率、力学性能等进行了表征．本工作在１４５０℃下保温１ｈ获得了气孔率为７５％～８５％、抗弯强度达２．５ＭＰａ以上的碳化硅网眼多孔陶瓷,其主要晶相由α－ＳｉＣ、α－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３、方石英和莫来石组成．     

网眼多孔陶瓷浸渍成型工艺的研究

采用一种具有三维网状结构和连通气孔的氨酯海绵作为骨架来制备网眼多孔陶瓷．采用一种亲水憎水平衡值（ＨＬＢ）＞１２的表面活性剂溶液对海绵体孔筋表面进行改性处理,改善了海绵与水基浆料之间的粘附性,增加了浆料涂覆量．研究了浆料固含量、有机泡沫体网眼大小、对辊间距和挤压次数对浆量涂覆量及结构均匀性的影响．结果表明：浆料固含量和对辊间距是影响涂覆量及结构均匀性的最主要因素．还发现网眼烧结体的相对密度与相对对辊间距具有很好的线性关系,这为预测和优化材料的渗透率及机械强度提供了一定的依据．     

真空脱气处理对网眼多孔陶瓷力学性能的改善

采用有机泡沫浸渍工艺制备了碳化硅基网眼多孔陶瓷．研究了真空脱气处理对浆料流变特性和烧结体的力学性能及显微结构的影响．结果表明;脱气处理改善了浆料的流变特性,使浆料在有机泡沫体上的涂覆量增加和结构均匀性得到改善;压汞仪测试数据和ＳＥＭ观察表明脱气处理明显地消除了孔筋内的孔径为１００μｍ左右的大气孔;经脱气处理后,材料的抗弯强度从２．３４ＭＰａ提高到３１８ＭＰａ．脱气处理对网眼陶瓷强度的改善主要来自两方面的贡献：一是相对密度的增加,二是孔筋中大气孔的消除,但后者是最主要的贡献,这个结果与目前建立的开孔陶瓷泡沫的力学模型吻合得很好．     

An Innovative Approach for Improving the Reliability of Reticulated Porous Ceramics

An innovative approach has been developed to fabricate reticulated porous ceramics (RPCs) with uniform macrostruc-ture by using the polymeric sponge as the templates. In this approach, the coating process comprises of two stages. In the first stage, the thicker slurry was used to coat: uniformly the sponge substrate. The green body was preheated to produce a reticulated preform with enough handling strength after the sponge was burned out. In the second stage, the thinner slurry was used to coat uniformly the preform. The population of the microscopic and macroscopic flaws in the structure is reduced significantly by recoating process. A few filled cells and cell faces occur in the fabrication and the struts were thickened. A statistical evaluation by means of Weibull statistics was carried out on the bend strength data of RPCs, which were prepared by the traditional approach and innovative approach, respectively. The result shows that the mechanical reliability of RPCs is improved by the innovative approach     

An Innovative Approach fro Improving the Reliability of Reticulated Porous Cermaics

An innovative approach has been developed to fabricate reticulated porous ceramics(RPCs) with uniform macrostruc-ture by using the polymeric sponge as the templates.In this approach,the coating process comprises of two stages.In the first stage,the thicker slurry was used to coat uniformly the sponge substrate.The green body was preheated to produce a reticulated perform with enough handling strength after the sponge was burned out.In the second stage,the thinner slurry was used to coat uniformly the perform .The population of the microscopic and macroscopic flaws in the structure is reduced significantly by recoating process.A few filled cells and cell faces occur in the fabrication and the struts were thickened.A statistical evaluation by means of Weibull statistics was carried out on the bend strength data of RPCs, which were prepared by the traditional approach and innovative approach, respectively.The result shows that the mechanical reliability of RPCs is improved by the innovative approach.This innovative approach is very simple and controlled easily,and will open up new technological applications for RPCs.     

Anisotropic microwave absorbing properties of oriented SiC short fiber sheets

SiC fibers are a kind of anisotropic microwave absorbing materials due to their fiber-shaped semi-conductive properties. In this paper, oriented SiC short fiber sheets were prepared and their anisotropic electromagnetic parameters and microwave absorbing properties were measured and analyzed. It is found that axial permittivity of SiC fibers was several times larger than their radial permittivity. With increasing volume content, both real part and imaginary part of permittivity increased obviously. Simulated microwave absorbing properties based on measured anisotropic electromagnetic parameters coincide well with those measured results. Both the orientation angle and the number of layers, as well as the fiber direction of the top layer, affect the anisotropic property greatly. The higher the orientation angle and the number of layers, the more isotropic microwave absorbing properties the multilayer sheets have.     

Low-temperature sintering of SiC reticulated porous ceramics with MgO–Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>–SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> additives as sintering aids

SiC reticulated porous ceramics (SiC RPCs) was fabricated with polymer replicas method by using MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ additives as sintering aids at 1,000∼1,450 °C. The MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ additives were from alumina, kaolin and Talc powders. By employing various experimental techniques, zeta potential, viscosity and rheological measurements, the dispersion of mixed powders (SiC, Al₂O₃, talc and kaolin) in aqueous media using silica sol as a binder was studied. The pH value of the optimum dispersion was found to be around pH 10 for the mixtures. The optimum condition of the slurry suitable for impregnating the polymeric sponge was obtained. At the same time, the influence of the sintering temperature and holding time on the properties of SiC RPCs was investigated. According to the properties of SiC RPCs, the optimal sintering temperature was chosen at 1,300 °C, which was lower than that with Al₂O₃–SiO₂ additives as sintering aids.     

Heterostructure design of Fe3N alloy/porous carbon nanosheet composites for efficient microwave attenuation

The self-dissipation and attenuation capacity of materials play an important role in realizing efficient electromagnetic absorption,in this case,the roles of macroscopic composition and micro-structure should be emphasized simultaneously in the reasonable design of microwave absorbent.Given that,Fe₃N alloy embedded in two-dimensional porous carbon composites were fabricated via facile sol-gel and sacrificial template methods.Satisfactorily,the magnetic/dielectric materials combination and porous structure introduction are conductive to the optimization of impedance matching property,as result of the enhancement of microwave absorption capacity.In addition,sufficient magnetic loss capacity,strong conductivity as well as polarization attenuation bring about the outstanding microwave absorbing performance with an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz and a minimum reflection loss value of-65.6 d B.It is believed that this work not only lay a foundation to achieve microwave response materials in a wide frequency range,but also emphasize the significant role of the component selection and structural design.     

两次离心挂浆工艺制备网眼多孔陶瓷

以具有三维网状结构和贯通气孔的聚氨酯泡沫体为载体,采用两次离心挂浆工艺制备了高气孔率、无堵孔且结构均匀可控的氮化硅网眼多孔陶瓷.借助TG-DSC分析了泡沫体的热分解过程,确定了排胶工艺.借助流变测量和光学显微镜观察了挂浆工艺及浆料粘度对泡沫体挂浆量和多孔结构的影响,并对制品材料的微观结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明,与传统辊压工艺相比,采用两次离心挂浆工艺后,改善了多孔结构的均匀性,显著提高了材料强度,为高强度、结构可控、网眼多孔陶瓷的制备提供了一个有效途径.     

Preparation and properties of a new porous ceramic material used in clean energy field

At high temperature, the oxide redox reactions of ceria can split H₂O and CO₂ to produce H₂ and CO, so porous ceria with high temperature resistance and high specific surface area has an important foreground in clean energy applications. In this work, a reticulated porous ceria ceramic material with interconnected porous structure was prepared by the impregnation technique using organic polyurethane sponges as template. The influences of pretreated sponge, dipping time length, pore size and sintering temperature on the porosity and strength of the porous ceria ceramics were systematically studied. With the increasing sintering temperature, the glass phase occurred and led to an increase in strength, but an decrease in porosity. Eventually, we analyzed the relationships between porosity and strength of these porous materials, aiming to provide theoretical and practical references for its application in clean-energy field.     

Recent advances of magnetism-based microwave absorbing composites: an insight from perspective of typical morphologies

Due to the fast development of various wireless devices and radar detection technology, the microwave absorbing composites have been developed to solve the problem of electromagnetic pollution and radar stealth by transferring microwave energy into thermal energy. Given that, the morphology is a key factor which can influence the absorbing performance of absorbers to a large extent. Recently, abundant investigations on fabrication of microwave absorbers with miraculous morphologies and microstructures have been reported. This review aims at summarizing the recent progress of magnetism-based microwave absorbing composites from perspective of several typical morphologies, including core-shell structure, layered structure, porous structure, polyhedral structure, flower-like structure and coral/needle-like structure etc. Firstly, the influential factors of electromagnetic absorption ability in materials and their relationship with morphology have been introduced briefly, then the synthesis methods, microwave absorption properties, and electromagnetic absorbing mechanisms of these composites in each morphology are discussed in detail. Moreover, the promising prospects of magnetism-based microwave absorbing composites with different morphologies are also proposed.