Cr4W2MoV模具钢的应用

Ｃｒ４Ｗ２ＭｏＶ电渣钢在冷墩、冷冲和热镦模具上应用取得明显效果。１　Ｍ１６螺帽冷镦压球模热处理工艺 技术条件：热处理硬度 ６０～ ６３ＨＲＣ,压球型孔不同心度≤０．０５ｍｍ,被镦材料：４０Ｃｒ,硬度２００～２２０ＨＢ。 热处理工艺：低温淬火＋低温回火（图１） 工艺分析：淬火加热温度选用９２０～９４０℃,可确保获得高硬度、强度与耐磨性。奥氏体晶粒达到１２级。确保压球模不会胀裂失效。该钢有较多Ｍ３Ｃ型碳化物,低温淬火加热即可溶入奥氏体,奥氏体有一定的合金化程度,基体含碳量达到 ０． ５０％～ ０,５５％,有…     

B95_（oч）合金的二次淬火

Ｂ９５_（ｏч）合金的二次淬火Ｂ９５与Ｂ９５合金都是含锰与铬的Ａｌ－Ｚｎ－Ｍｇ－Ｃｕ系高强度铝合金，它们的合金元素含量（％）相同：５．０～７．０Ｚｎ，１．８～２．８Ｍｇ，１．４～２．０Ｃｕ，０．１～０．２５Ｃｒ，０．２～０．６Ｍｎ。不同之处是，后者的?..     

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９９０５０２０　锅炉用１２Ｃｒ－０．４Ｍｏ－２Ｗ钢管和２．２５Ｃｒ－１．６Ｗ钢管长时期使用后的组织［刊,日］宫田佳织…∥材料とプロセス．１９９８,１１（６）住友金属工业公司对１２Ｃｕ－０．４Ｍｏ－１Ｃｒ－Ｖ－Ｎｂ钢（Ｔ１２２）和２．２５Ｃｒ－１．６Ｗ－Ｖ－Ｎ钢（Ｔ２３）在使用了２．５年后取样,研究其组织变化状况与蠕变强度的关系。所取试样为冷拔无缝钢管,使用前经过了正火＋回火处理。使用时的锅炉蒸气温度为５７１℃（过热器出口）和５４３℃（再热器出口）,最高压力为１９．２ＭＰａ（过热器）和４．２ＭＰａ…     

W6Mo5Cr4V2钢形变诱发析出碳化物及规律

对Ｗ６Ｍｏ５Ｃｒ４Ｖ２钢经１２４０℃奥氏体化后于１７０－１１５０℃形变０－６５％直接淬火过程中诱发析出的碳化物进行了研究。结果表明，在７５０－１１５０℃热形变淬火迁程中均诱发析出直径约１－２μｍ，具有立方ＮａＣｌ晶型的ＭＣ型碳化物；碳化物的分在民形变温度有关，高温形变呈随机分布，而低温下则趋于沿Ｆ１１１Ｇγ滑移面析出呈方向性分布；碳化物的析出量主要由形变温度和该表变温度下热变形奥氏体的组织状态...     

W6Mo5Cr4V2钢形变等温淬火的组织和性能

对Ｗ６ＭＯ５ｃｒ４Ｖ２钢１２４０℃奥氏体化后、在１１５０℃以１．５×１０￣－２／ｓ的形变速率筹温形变０％～６５％，并在２７０℃等温淬火，５６０℃３次回火后的组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明：该钢在１０５０℃或更高温度形变会发生动态再结晶，且形变诱发析出了ＭＣ型碳化物，而使贝氏体中具有大量的碳化物颗粒；形变使等温淬火、回火组织的强度、硬度及韧度均有所提高，在１０５０℃形变１５％～２０％具有最佳的强韧性配合。     

65Mn钢的组织超细化与超塑性

利用盐浴加热循环淬火对６５Ｍｎ钢进行奥氏体晶粒的超细化，并对晶粒细化后的６５Ｍｎ钢进行超塑拉伸试验。结果表明，热轧或正火态的６５Ｍｎ钢经８１０℃循环淬火３次，奥氏体晶粒即可细化至１３级，在温度６６０～７２０℃、变形速率０．５～３．７×１０（－２）ｍｉｎ（－１）范围内呈现超塑性，δ≥２００％，最高达２９４％，σ最低仅３８ＭＰａ，ｍ值为０．３８左右。     

钢轨耐疲劳损伤性能的研究

日本铁路列车向高速度、重负荷和车次过密方向发展，一般轨难以满足要求，提出使用耐转动疲劳损伤性能良好的钢轨。日本ＮＫＫ公司等单位对常用的珠光体钢轨和贝氏体钢轨耐疲劳性能进行研究。珠光体钢轨成分（％），Ｃ：０．６５～０．７７，Ｓｉ：０．２５～０．７２，Ｍｎ：０．８０～１．２３，Ｃｒ：０～０．２５％，Ｖ：０～０．０５；贝氏体钢轨成分（％），Ｃ：０．１９～０．５５，Ｓｉ：０．１８～０．３３，Ｍｎ：１．４０～１．５０，Ｃｒ：０～２．０％、Ｍｏ：０～１．９５，Ｖ：０～０．０７。以此２种成分在１２５０℃下轧制…     

具有微结晶和亚微结晶组织的BT6钛合金的机械性能

Ａ沙利柴夫等人采用完全多晶转变温度　Ｔ＝９８０℃的８Ｔ６合金（６．５％Ａｌ,５．１％Ｖ,０．１％Ｆｅ,０．０３％Ｓｉ,０．０２％Ｃ,０．０１％Ｎ）,经多次更替变形轴线方向锻造成具有相同组织的钛合金平板,在尺寸为 １０ｍｍ ×３０ｍｍ ×５０ｍｍ的半制品中,获得了合金的亚微结晶和微结晶状态．在６５０℃-５５０℃温度变形下以及为了消除显微应力在６５０℃×1ｈ退火后形成了亚微结晶组织（ＣＭＫ）．在９２０℃-９３０℃变形下,获得了微结晶组织（Ｍｋ）,热处理强化包括在９４５℃下水中淬火和在５００℃ｘ３ｈ时效．同…     

5CrMnMo钢淬火加热保温时间的研究

研究了５ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢在９００℃下的加热淬火保温时间对组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随保温时间的延长,淬火组织中针状马氏体减少,板条马氏体和残留奥氏体地加,当保温时间超过３５ｍｉｎ后,淬火组织中单一板条马氏体和包围在板条马氏体周围的残留奥氏体薄膜组成。保温时间不超过９０ｍｉｎ,σｂ值下降。经５２０℃和５４０℃回火,αＫ值与ＫＩＣ值在５０ｍｉｎ保温时出现明显峰值,适当的淬火保温时间是提高５ＣｒＭｎ     

低碳钢中的残余奥氏体

简介钢中尤其是低碳钢中残余奥氏体对钢的性能的重要性。叙述淬火低碳钢内条间奥氏体的形成，着重指出条状马氏体形成时存在碳的扩散。Ｍａｇｅｅ对钢中残余奥氏体量表达式不适用于低碳钢，建议应修改为：ｒ％＝ｅｘｐ［β（Ｃ１－Ｃ０）－ａ（Ｍｓ－Ｔｑ）］，并提出淬火低碳钢成分设计的一些原则。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。