Installing windows in composite thermal insulation systems / Fenstermontage in Wärmedämm‐Verbundsystemen

According to the German Association for Composite Thermal Insulation Systems, about 780 million m² of composite thermal insulation systems (ETICS) have up to now been installed in both existing and new buildings in Germany ? a trend that is set to continue. Correct window installation in ETICS with a permanent and functional connection to the building fabric requires architects, engineers and contractors to be familiar with the special details of this external wall system [1], [2]. However, experience from expert witness reporting has shown that this is frequently not so and that eliminating any defects subsequently is only possible at great expense.     

Eignungsprüfungen an Bauteilen und Bausystemen

Suitability tests on building components and systems Xella produces building materials according to European product standards and European technical approvals, respectively. Products of a new type or manufactured with a new raw material undergo an internal release process in which the requirements coming from standards, approvals and supplementary national application documents are proved. In addition, the interaction of the Xella building materials with further products applied on construction site are tested. This includes systems like masonry, external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS), rendering systems, large‐format reinforced components, structures with fixing elements and much more. The scope of the system tests is determined by the intended application and by Xella internal requirements which, in many points, exceed the sets of rules. This article demonstrates the spectrum of these tests and, using the example of the render and mortar tests, the principle of the internal test guidelines.     

寒冷地区某既有办公建筑围护结构优化改造研究

既有公共建筑能耗中,围护结构节能潜力巨大。以兰州某既有办公建筑为例,采用DeST-C软件模拟围护结构不同材料厚度、窗型,得出系列负荷,通过对数据分析、比较,得出如下结论:外墙外保温适宜材料为50mm的挤塑板,最大热负荷节能率为45.66%;屋面适宜保温材料为65mm的挤塑板,最大热负荷节能率为4.25%;外窗各个朝向全部更换玻璃,推荐选用内张膜中空玻璃(双膜),最大热负荷节能率为7.36%;单独更换南向外窗材料,推荐选用真空镀膜复合中空玻璃,最大热负荷节能率为1.78%。     

装配式轻质隔墙的隔声性能研究

近些年,装配式轻质隔墙由于在现场施工和造价等方面的优势被逐步推广,其隔声性能的研究也日益受到重视。由于隔声性能受多种因素影响,文章通过一系列实验,研究和分析了不同材料和构造对装配式轻质隔墙隔声性能的影响。结果表明,装配式轻质隔墙的隔声性能受墙体板材自身的声学性能影响较大,其共振频率主要出现在125~250 Hz;通过增加墙板层数,在墙体两侧加挂或外粘玻镁板,能有效提高墙体在中低频的隔声性能;在龙骨和墙板之间填充岩棉,能显著提升墙体在全频段的隔声性能,同时能有效改善低频共振对其隔声性能的影响。     

颗粒型相变储能复合材料

以多孔介质和有机相变物质复合而成颗粒型相变储能复合材料,研究了其相变储能性能、耐久性能以及该复合材料在建筑物综合节能方面的功效。研究结果表明:有机相变物质可渗入多孔介质中从亚微米到数百微米的孔径空间内,占据大部分孔空间,形成的复合材料具有显著的相变储能功能和优良的耐久性能。复合材料的相变储能性能一方面受到有机相变物质在多孔介质中体积含量的影响,另一方面受到多孔介质孔结构骨架的影响。与传统保温隔热材料——膨胀珍珠岩相比,相变储能复合材料具有更强的建筑综合节能功效。      

建筑节能与墙体保温

我国建筑节能的核心就是对建筑物围护结构和采暖系统进行革新,其中墙体保温施工技术在建筑节能中发挥着越来越重要的作用。当今社会,发达国家都空前地重视节能问题,我国目前的单位建筑面积采暖用能耗相当于气候条件相近的发达国家的3倍~4倍,中国是一个能源比较贫瘠的国家,因此合理利用能源,提高能源利用率是我国社会发展的根本大计,而建筑物外墙围护结构节能技术的改进,保温材料的更新对社会及建筑能耗的降低具有极其重大的意义。目前我国建筑围护结构节能技术应用最多的有三种形式:一、外墙外保温;二、外墙内保温;三、夹心保温。通过优缺点列项进行对比分析后可发现,外墙外保温作法的优点最为显著,应成为我国墙体保温的主要形式以及节能建筑保温墙体的发展方向。介绍了增强粉刷石膏聚苯板、保温混凝土夹心墙、聚合物水泥聚苯板、胶粉聚苯颗粒保温浆料、硬泡聚氨酯、玻璃棉毡、大模板内置聚苯板有网和无网体系,钢框架墙体系等一系列国内外墙体保温材料和施工技术。鉴于目前外墙外保温表面粘贴面砖作法存在一定问题,使用中经常会产生脱落现象,造成安全隐患,还介绍了作者曾在实践中运用的两种施工方法——镀锌钢丝网固定抹灰贴砖法和胀栓固定加网布贴砖法,对其普遍性质量问题的处理方法特别是镀锌钢丝网和网布的安装方法及螺栓和胀栓的固定方法分别进行了详细阐述。     

泡沫石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料的调温隔热性能

采用多次真空灌注方法将石蜡吸附到多孔的泡沫石墨中,制备出了泡沫石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料。利用Hot Disk热常数分析仪和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)对该复合材料的热性能进行了测试,结果表明,石蜡充分吸附到泡沫石墨的蜂窝状微孔中,泡沫石墨的填充极大地强化了相变材料的导热能力。研究了将该复合材料用作墙体围护结构时的隔热和调温性能,并与普通轻质墙体材料作围护结构进行了对比,结果表明,复合相变储热材料能够有效地利用昼夜温差进行储热放热,有效地阻止了热量进入室内,可明显降低室内温度波动和最大值,提高人体舒适度,具有较好的调温隔热效果。     

Mauerwerksbefestigungen für zweischalige Fassaden – Stand der Technik

Double‐leaf masonry façades are becoming very popular due to their outstanding thermal and sound insulation properties, their durability and their ability to maintain the climate within a building (see Figure 1). Proper fastening of the facing shell is crucial if these benefits are to be effectively exploited in the long‐term and if building owners are to be given high investment security. The following article provides detailed information and explanations on product solutions that are both technically sound and cost‐effective.     

Innovant agromaterials formulated with flax shaves and proteinic binder: Process and characterization

Nowadays, the request to use materials preserving the environment is in strong growth. The good mechanical properties, honeycomb structure and low density of flax-shaves allow them to be used as aggregate in polymeric matrix composite. The innovation of this work consists in introducing a simple manufacturing process of agro-composites based on flax-shaves (non-industrial flax-fiber fraction) for various applications (packaging, insulation, construction, …). Using scanning electron microscopy, the structure and morphology of the composites have been analysed. This investigation is focused on the effects of the flax-shave content and size on the mechanical, thermal, hydric and acoustic properties of the composites. The compressive and flexural stresses at failure decrease as a function of flax-shave content and size. The environment has very significant effects on thermal stability and durability of these materials.     

基于SLS的高强度低密石墨陶瓷复合隔热材料快速制备

本文率先利用选择性激光烧结技术快速制备了高强度石墨陶瓷复合隔热材料,重点研究了二次固化、真空压力浸渍、碳化和高温烧结等后处理工艺以及材料配方组成对其密度、抗压强度和导热系数的影响。研究发现加入适量的硅粉和可膨胀石墨可以对石墨陶瓷复合隔热材料的密度、抗压强度和导热系数进行调控,采取合适后处理工艺路线可以改变石墨陶瓷复合隔热材料的综合性能。最终实现了低密度(<1.2 g/cm^3)、高抗压强度(>10 MPa)、低的导热系数(<2 W/(m·K))和耐高温(>1650℃)等多个性能指标的统一,满足了工业应用需求。     

Experimental and numerical research on high‐temperature thermal insulation performance of lightweight porous ceramic/nanomaterial composite structure

The thermal protection structure of hypersonic vehicles must meet the design requirements of high efficiency and light weight, and its heating surface must also be able to withstand thermal erosion by high‐speed and high‐temperature airflow. In this paper, a light‐weight porous ceramic material and a lightweight nanoscale thermal insulation material with excellent thermal insulation performance are combined to form an integrated thermal protection structure. Experimental study and numerical simulation of the structure's high‐temperature thermal insulation performance are carried out. The experimental results show that a composite sheet made from a 20 mm‐thick lightweight porous ceramic material and a 10 mm‐thick nanomaterial exhibit a temperature drop of 85 % between its back surface and front surface in four thermal environments (1200, 1000, 800 and 600 °C) at 1800 s. This indicates excellent thermal insulation performance of the composite sheet. In addition, the operating temperature limit (<1000 °C) is obtained through high‐temperature thermal performance tests on single‐layer nanomaterial sheets and scanning electron microscopy results. This provides an important basis for determining and optimizing the thickness ratio of the two materials in composite structure.     

In situ performance assessment of vacuum insulation panels in a flat roof construction

The recently introduced vacuum insulation panel (VIP) is a space saving alternative to conventional thermal insulation, thanks to its five to eight times higher thermal resistivity. As gas permeation through the envelope barrier may drastically reduce the insulation efficiency, aging effects and service life expectation are crucial aspects of those high performance insulation units. In the present paper, monitoring data from a terrace construction over more than 3 years are reported. The results are compared with laboratory aging data at constant conditions by linear and Arrhenius weighting of the dynamic boundary conditions. Based on satisfactory agreement, a similar approach is applied for the prediction of the thermal performance after an installation time of 25 years, the common time used for building design regarding energy performance.     

Cryogenic reliability of composite insulation panels for liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships

The major carrier of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is LNG ships, whose containment system is composed of dual barriers and composite insulation panels. The LNG containment system should have cryogenic reliability and high thermal insulation performance for safe and efficient transportation of LNG. The secondary barrier composed of adhesive bonded aluminum strips should keep tightness for 15 days, when the welded stainless primary barrier fails. However, cracks are generated in the composite insulation panels due to the local stress concentration and the brittleness of insulation materials at the cryogenic temperature of −163 °C. If cracks generated in the insulation panel propagate into the secondary barrier, LNG leakage problem might occur, which is a remaining concern in ship building industries.In this study, crack retardation capability in the composite insulation panel was investigated with glass fabric reinforcement. Finite element analysis was conducted to estimate the thermal stress at the cryogenic temperature and a new experimental method was developed to investigate the failure of secondary barrier of composite insulation panel. From the experimental results, it was found that the glass fabric reinforcement was effective to retard the crack propagation into the aluminum secondary barrier from the polyurethane insulation foam at the cryogenic temperature.     

Design of a novel insulated construction material

The work described here covers the design and preliminary testing of a novel composite construction/insulation board, suitable for emergency shelters, and an initial study of appropriate manufacturing processes. The structure is a sandwich of closely packed recycled polystyrene cups between external grade medium density fibre (MDF) boards, bonded with foamed polyurethane. Load tests have shown that the assembly is comparable in strength and rigidity to conventional homogeneous construction boards, which meet current standards for domestic and light industrial flooring, but much lighter. Simple preliminary thermal tests, measuring the rate of cooling of a sealed box made from the board and containing hot water, indicate an insulation level comparable to that of a filled cavity wall. It is concluded that the board has industrial potential in general building as well as for emergency accommodation.     

A high performance fibre reinforced cement based plaster for retrofitting RC members

A high performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composite (HPFRCC) material is developed to be used for retrofitting reinforced concrete members. It can be applied to the face of a concrete member to the desired thickness as a wet mix or as an adhesively-bonded prefabricated slab or strip. The material is compatible with concrete and possesses favourable strength and ductility properties, desirable for seismic retrofit. It overcomes some of the problems associated with the current techniques based on externally bonded steel plates and fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates caused mainly by the mismatch of their tensile strength and stiffness with that of the concrete member being retrofitted. An extensive rheological analysis is undertaken to develop the appropriate mixes using different types and mix proportions of constituent materials including; fine steel fibres, fine quartz sand, silica fume, cement and superplasticizer. Much reduced amounts of steel fibres are used compared to the previous studies so that ordinary mixing procedures could be applied and a more cost-effective retrofitting material could be developed. Samples made of the optimum mixes are shown to posses very high compressive and tensile strengths and sufficient ductility for the composite plaster to be used externally for strengthening and seismic retrofitting of concrete members.     

住宅浮筑楼板撞击声改善量试验

弹性材料应用于浮筑隔声楼板中,对于优化改善住宅楼板的撞击声隔声性能有重要意义,其中弹性减振层和浮板质量层的优选是关键技术措施。以发泡橡胶减振垫板和聚氨酯泡沫板为对象,试验、分析了其在不同加载方式下的测试厚度、动态刚度、共振频率、阻尼比等主要性能参数。然后以钢筋混凝土住宅分隔楼板为例,分别以发泡橡胶减振垫板和聚氨酯泡沫板作为弹性减振垫层,浇筑成型不同厚度的浮筑隔声楼板结构,测试其在不同厚度、不同作用时间下的撞击声压级及其变化规律,对比分析了其对住宅楼板撞击声改善量的影响。     

气凝胶纸蜂窝夹层板的隔热性能

为改善气凝胶复合材料的承压能力,设计了一种纸蜂窝作为夹层,两侧复合气凝胶复合材料的夹层板,并探究该夹层板能否取代聚氨酯泡沫,应用于冷库墙体保温夹层.利用导热系数仪测得的试验数据,对纸蜂窝、气凝胶复合材料、气凝胶纸蜂窝夹层板的隔热性能进行了分析,讨论材料厚度对气凝胶蜂窝夹层板导热性能的影响.结果表明:纸蜂窝的厚度较小时,气凝胶纸蜂窝夹层板的导热系数均低于聚氨酯泡沫板;当纸蜂窝厚度为10 mm、孔径为6 mm,气凝胶复合材料厚度为10 mm或15 mm时,气凝胶纸蜂窝夹层板的导热系数低于0.03 W/(m·K),满足我国保温隔热行业材料的使用要求.     

Performance of Multipor WI as exterior insulation

Multipor WI is a mineral‐based interior insulation system with excellent insulation properties. It is dimensionally stable, vapor permeable, and nonflammable. In this paper the investigation of the processability and functionality of Multipor WI WLF 042 as an exterior insulation system is reported. On the campus of Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, a building was constructed with a new exterior insulation system of Multipor WI WLF 042, of 14 cm thickness. This insulation, which has so far only been used in the building interior, has a heat conductivity of λ = 0.042 W/(mK) and a density of ρ = 90 kg/m³. Its thermal expansion coefficient is α = 10^–5/K and its specific heat capacity is c = 0.85 kJ/(kgK). It has a lower density and compression strength than Multipor mineral insulation boards for exterior use do. Temperature sensors were implemented in different layers of the building envelope, both in undisturbed areas and at thermal bridges. The building will be monitored for several years. First heat transfer simulations of two thermal bridges of the building demonstrate the excellent insulation properties of WI WLF 042. The investigation of the processability and functionality of Multipor WI WLF 042 as an exterior insulation system is presented. First simulations show the excellent insulation properties of the insulation. The building will be monitored for several years to provide data about the processability and functionality of Multipor WI WLF 042 as an exterior insulation system.     

Strengthening of cement foams

Lightweight cellular concretes are attractive building materials for a number of reasons: they offer a unique combination of moderate thermal insulation and stiffness, low cost and incombustibility. They have relatively low strength, however, and are brittle. In this paper we describe the behaviour of composite cement/polystyrene foams with improved strength and ductility.     

Shear tests on external clay unit masonry walls / Monolithische Ziegelaußenwände unter Schubbeanspruchung

Monolithic external walls are commonly made of thermally insulated clay blocks that do not require any additional external thermal insulation such as an external thermally insulated composite system (ETICS). To reduce thermal bridge losses, the support length (a) of the slab on the wall is shorter than the wall thickness (t): a < t. The influence on the shear capacity of the respective masonry walls has not yet been tested and analysed. The paper presents the results of shear tests on monolithic external walls with a reduced support length under static‐cyclic and pseudo‐dynamic loading. The test results will be compared with the shear resistance calculated according to DIN EN 1996 with consideration of the German National Annex and the results according to the relevant Technical Approval.