汽车列车系统稳定性分析及控制系统仿真

该文依据分析“汽车后部放大比率”(RWA)来设计和优化列车系统控制器。建立六轴汽车列车系统动力学模型，分析几种不同的控制策略，通过计算机仿真，以实现可接受的后部放大比率(RWA)目标值。仿真结果表明可以通过前铰接点主动控制或前后铰接点同时控制有效地减少列车系统后部放大现象并实现安全行驶。     

Yaw stability control of articulated frame off-highway vehicles via displacement controlled steer-by-wire

Off-highway vehicles have not received the same level of scrutiny that their on-highway counterparts did relative to safety, comfort, fuel economy, and automation. Over the past few decades, various active chassis safety control systems, architectures, and schemes have been researched and developed to improve the stability and handling of on-highway vehicles, including articulated vehicles such as tractor–trailer applications. In this paper, the authors investigate a yaw stability control system for articulated frame steering off-highway vehicles via novel steer-by-wire technology that they have recently developed. A high-fidelity vehicle dynamics model is derived while keeping the yaw rate decoupled from the lateral acceleration, in order to separate the primary path-following task (driver) from the secondary disturbance–attenuation task (controller). The control algorithm is then designed such that the two tasks do not hamper one another, and that the automatic controller is quickly activated for a short period of time to counteract instabilities, and then smoothly relinquishes control back to the human operator. Simulation and experimental testing results are obtained to validate the vehicle dynamics model, the control algorithm design, and the new system's efficacy in counteracting yaw instabilities on low-friction surfaces using standard vehicle dynamic maneuvers.     

牵引车–飞机系统的自适应滑模变结构控制

将自动转向技术应用于牵引车–飞机系统, 并以侧偏位移和相对横摆角作为反馈, 提出一种牵引车四轮主动转向控制策略. 重点考虑牵引车和飞机的侧向和横摆运动, 建立含铰接角在内的牵引车–飞机系统非线性动力学模型. 将牵引车和飞机的轮胎侧偏刚度视为有界的不确定性参数, 将侧向风等因素视为未知的外在扰动, 采用自适应滑模变结构控制方法设计牵引车转向角控制器. 仿真结果表明, 设计出的前、后轮转向控制器能使控制系统同时获得很好的轨迹跟踪性和操纵稳定性, 并且能够有效的克服参数摄动和外界干扰对系统操作性的影响.     

虚拟轨道列车全轮主动转向控制研究

针对多铰接式虚拟轨道列车的转向问题,基于后车跟随首车行驶轨迹运行的思路,提出了一种全轮主动转向控制方法.首先,利用移位寄存器储存首车的行驶轨迹作为目标路径;其次,根据车体后轴实际路径和目标路径间的横向偏差量,基于PID控制器和Stanley算法确定车体后轮转角,进一步利用阿克曼转向几何原理计算后车前轮的转角;最后,搭建TruckSim与Matlab/Simulink联合仿真平台,结合典型工况进行仿真分析.仿真结果表明,本文设计的控制方法有效提高了拖车模块对牵引车模块的跟随性能,减小了车间铰接处的作用力、车体的质心侧偏角和轮胎侧向力,从而提高了列车在转弯时的稳定性.     

自动驾驶4WS车辆路径跟踪最优控制算法仿真

针对自动驾驶车辆高速主动转向工况下传统的控制算法的控制效果容易出现较多的超调量和较长调节时间的问题,提出了基于车辆动力学模型的轨迹预测跟踪主动转向控制算法,并基于轮胎侧偏刚度非线性的特性设计了权系数线性最优二次型(LQR)后轮转角控制算法,通过联合仿真对控制算法效果进行了验证。仿真结果表明:自动驾驶四轮转向车辆在低、高速工况下进行自主换道行驶时,算法控制效果满足汽车操纵稳定性要求,且权系数LQR后轮转向算法比定侧偏刚度的LQR线性控制算法有更优越的操控性能。     

DYNAMIC ANALYSES AND ROBUST STEERING CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR AUTOMATED LANE GUIDANCE OF HEAVY‐DUTY VEHICLES

In this paper, we present various linear analyses of the linearized lateral dynamics of heavy‐duty vehicles (HDVs) (tractor‐semitrailer type), which include time domain, frequency domain and pole/zero analyses. These analyses are conducted to examine the vehicle response to the steering input subjected to variations of speed, road adhesion coefficient, cargo load in the trailer, and look‐ahead distance for the lateral deviation sensor. These parameters (uncertainties) have significant influence on vehicle dynamics. It has been shown that redefining the look‐ahead lateral error as the controlled output has a favorable impact on the lateral control problem. Based on these analyses, a robust steering controller using H_∞ loop‐shaping procedure is designed for a tractor semitrailer combination to follow the road center line on both curved and straight highway sections. The proposed controller ensures the robust performance under model uncertainties which include varying vehicle longitudinal speed, road adhesion coefficient, and cargo load in the trailer. The performance of the designed controller is evaluated by simulations and validated by experiments.     

A virtual yaw rate sensor for articulated vehicles featuring novel electro-hydraulic steer-by-wire technology

Steer-by-wire technologies remain under rigorous research and development given the advantages that they offer over their traditional counterparts. The spectrum of steering systems encompasses applications in the automotive, construction, agricultural, and aerospace industries, to name a few.An original electro-hydraulic steer-by-wire technology based on pump displacement control actuation, an energy efficient alternative to conventional valve control, has been previously proposed by the authors. The new concept was validated and implemented on an articulated steering prototype test vehicle, and resulted in significant fuel savings and machine efficiency increase. This paper investigates the notion of virtual sensing relative to estimating the vehicle׳s yaw rate by only measuring the articulation angle and vehicle speed. Virtual sensing is a promising concept for yaw stability control and is an attractive option for vehicle manufactures as it reduces sensor cost, maintenance, and machine downtime. The designed yaw rate sensor is validated in simulation as well as on a test vehicle by devising appropriate steering maneuvers.     

Yaw Moment Control Strategy for Four Wheel Side Driven EV

When four wheel side driven EV travals in steering or changes lanes in high speed, the vehicle is easy to side-slip or flick due to the difference of wheel hub motor and a direct effect of vehicle nonlinear factors on vehicle yaw motion, which would affect vehicle handling and stability seriously. To solve this problem, a joint control strategy, combined with the linear programming algorithm and improved sliding mode algorithm, which combines the exponential reaching law and saturation function was proposed. Firstly, the vehicle dynamics model and the reference model according with the structure and driving characteristics of four wheel side driven EV were set up. Then, introduced the basic method of the improved sliding mode variable structure control and complete the sliding mode variable structure controller design basic on vehicle sideslip angle and yaw velocity.The controller accomplish optimal allocation of vehicle braking force through a linear programming algorithm, according to yaw moment produced by the vehicle motion state. Single lane driving simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can not only control vehicle sideslip angle and yaw velocity well, but also accomplish good controlling of the vehicle yaw moment, so as to significantly improve the handling and stability of vehicle.     

Four wheel steering control by fuzzy approach

This study introduces a fuzzy four-wheel steering control design method for automotive vehicles. After the analysis of some stability aspects of the vehicle lateral motion, including front steering angle variations, the representation of vehicle nonlinear model by Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model is presented. Next, based on the fuzzy model, a fuzzy controller is developed to improve the stability of the vehicle. Sufficient conditions for stability and stabilization of the T-S fuzzy model using fuzzy feedback controllers is given. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy controller, simulation results are given showing the performance improvements of the vehicle in terms of the stability and the maneuverability in critical situations.     

Nested PID steering control for lane keeping in autonomous vehicles

In this paper a nested PID steering control in vision based autonomous vehicles is designed and experimentally tested to perform path following in the case of roads with an uncertain curvature. The control input is the steering wheel angle: it is designed on the basis of the yaw rate, measured by a gyroscope, and the lateral offset, measured by the vision system as the distance between the road centerline and a virtual point at a fixed distance from the vehicle. No lateral acceleration and no lateral speed measurements are required. A PI active front steering control based on the yaw rate tracking error is used to improve the vehicle steering dynamics. The yaw rate reference is computed by an external control loop which is designed using a PID control with a double integral action based on the lateral offset to reject the disturbances on the curvature which increase linearly with respect to time. The proposed control scheme leads to a nested architecture with two independent control loops that allows us to design standard PID controls in a multivariable context (two outputs, one input). The robustness of the controlled system is theoretically investigated with respect to speed variations and uncertain vehicle physical parameters. Several simulations are carried out on a standard big sedan CarSim vehicle model to explore the robustness with respect to unmodelled effects. The simulations show reduced lateral offset and new stable μ-split braking maneuvres in comparison with the model predictive steering controller implemented by CarSim. Finally the proposed control law is successfully tested by experiments using a Peugeot 307 prototype vehicle on the test track in Satory, 20 km west of Paris.     

横摆力矩和主动前轮转向结合的车辆横向稳定性模糊控制仿真

提出一种基于横摆力矩和主动前轮转向相结合的车辆横向稳定性控制方法,以横摆角速度和侧偏角为控制目标,利用前馈补偿和模糊控制产生横摆力矩和附加的前轮转角,通过控制制动力的分配以及对转向角的修正,使车辆转向行驶时的横摆角速度和侧偏角很好地跟踪参考模型.对转向轮阶跃输入和正弦输入两种工况分别进行了仿真研究,采用横摆力矩和主动前轮转向相结合控制方法,车辆转向时的瞬态及稳态响应优于单独的横摆力矩控制,表明该方法能有效地控制车辆横摆角速度和侧偏角,提高车辆转向时的横向稳定性,同时能有效地减轻驾驶员操纵负担.     

Design and evaluation of a unified chassis control system for rollover prevention and vehicle stability improvement on a virtual test track

This paper describes the development of a unified chassis control (UCC) scheme and the evaluation of the control scheme on a virtual test track (VTT). The UCC scheme aims to prevent vehicle rollover, and to improve vehicle maneuverability and its lateral stability by integrating electronic stability control (ESC) and active front steering (AFS). The rollover prevention is achieved through speed control, and the vehicle stability is improved via yaw rate control. Since the UCC controller always works with the driver, the overall vehicle performance depends not only on how well the controller works but also on its interactions with the human driver. Vehicle behavior and the interactions between the vehicle, the controller, and the human driver are investigated through a full-scale driving simulator on the VTT which consists of a real-time vehicle simulator, a visual animation engine, a visual display, and suitable human–vehicle interfaces. The VTT has been developed and used for the evaluation of the UCC under various realistic conditions in the laboratory making it possible to evaluate the UCC controller in the laboratory without risk of injury prior to field testing, and promises to significantly reduce the cost of development as well as the overall cycle development time.     

Integrated stability control of AFS and DYC for electric vehicle based on non-smooth control

A controller which ensures the driving stability of a four-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicle (4WID-EV) is designed in this paper. The controller is structurally hierarchically designed. In order to keep the 4WID-EV running steadily, an upper-level controller integrating the active front-wheel steering control method (AFS) and direct yaw moment control method (DYC) is designed to keep the sideslip angle and yaw rate tracking the ideal values. A non-smooth control method is used to improve the closed-loop system's convergence and anti-disturbance performance. The additional yaw moment generated by the upper-level controller is distributed to four driving wheels by the lower-level controller. An optimal control algorithm is used in the lower-level controller to achieve the minimum sum of tire utilisation, and ensure the power performance and driving stability of the 4WID-EV. In order to verify the effectiveness of the designed controller, a simulation model of the stability control system is established based on Carsim-Matlab/Simulink. And the simulation is performed under double lane change road considering the disturbances. The results of the simulation show that the 4WID-EV with the designed controller achieves smaller sideslip angle than sliding-mode control and the actuator chatter is slight. Then the stability and safety of the 4WID-EV are greatly improved.     

Integrated vehicle dynamics management for distributed‐drive electric vehicles with active front steering using adaptive neural approaches against unknown nonlinearity

This paper proposes a new integrated vehicle dynamics management for enhancing the yaw stability and wheel slip regulation of the distributed‐drive electric vehicle with active front steering. To cope with the unknown nonlinear tire dynamics with uncertain disturbances in integrated control problem of vehicle dynamics, a neuro‐adaptive predictive control is therefore proposed for multiobjective coordination of constrained systems with unknown nonlinearity. Unknown nonlinearity with unmodeled dynamics is modeled using a random projection neural network via adaptive machine learning, where a new adaptation law is designed in premise of Lyapunov stability. Given the computational efficiency, a neurodynamic method is extended to solve the constrained programming problem with unknown nonlinearity. To test the performance of the proposed control method, simulations were conducted using a validated vehicle model. Simulation results show that the proposed neuro‐adaptive predictive controller outperforms the classical model predictive controller in tracking nominal wheel slip ratio, desired vehicle yaw rate and sideslip angle, showing its significance in vehicle yaw stability enhancement and wheels slip regulation.     

Controller design for vehicle stability enhancement

A Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) system is developed for tracking desired vehicle behavior. The cascade structure of control system consists of yaw moment major controller and wheel slip minor controller. The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) theory is exploited for yaw moment controller and the sliding mode theory is applied for wheel slip controller design. The use of yaw moment control was investigated by regulating the wheel slip ratio for improving handling and stability of vehicle. The performance of the control system is evaluated under various emergency maneuvers and road conditions through pure computer simulations and Hardware In-the-Loop Simulation (HILS) system. The results indicate the proposed system can significantly improve vehicle stability for active safety.     

基于模型预测的侧风稳定性主动前轮转向控制研究

受侧风影响,高速行驶的车辆易偏离预定行驶轨迹,增加驾驶员“误操作”的风险,存在较大安全隐患,为此,该文开展了车辆侧风稳定性主动控制研究。该研究通过建立附加气动力作用的三自由度整车动力学模型,设计主动前轮转向的车辆侧风稳定性模型预测控制器,并搭建 Simulink-CarSim 联合仿真平台进行验证分析。结果表明,在单向侧风工况和交变侧风工况下,带侧风稳定控制的车辆最大侧向偏移量为 0.01 m,远低于无控制时的偏移量;横摆角速度平台值保持在“0”左右,横摆角速度峰值最高降低了 80%,极大地提高了车辆的侧风稳定性。     

汽车操纵稳定性的自适应控制策略研究

针对汽车系统的非线性和参数不确定性,设计了一种“前馈+反馈”自适应神经模糊控制器,通过ESP和AFS的协调控制来提高汽车操纵稳定性.ESP反馈控制器采用模糊控制策略,以横摆角速度和质心侧偏角为控制目标;AFS前馈控制器采用径向基神经网络控制,以反馈控制器的输出作为误差进行学习,从而实现自适应控制.仿真结果表明,上述控制策略是可行和有效的,能显著改善汽车在高速或湿滑路面上的操纵稳定性.     

四轮转向半挂汽车列车行驶稳定性仿真研究

通过分析四轮转向(4WS)半挂汽车列车行驶性能,为在牵引车上采用4WS技术能提高整个汽车列车行驶稳定性提供依据.建立4WS半挂汽车列车简化三自由度单轨动力学模型,在小角度转向和直线行驶两种行驶工况下对操纵稳定性能进行时域仿真研究.理论分析和基于MATLAB的仿真研究表明,4WS技术能使车辆的横摆角速度等状态量保持较小数值.稳定性好.最后,与只有前轮转向(FWS)牵引车列车的稳定性能作对比分析,验证出4WS对列车的高速稳定性和低速机动性有明显的好处.     

4WS整车虚拟样机建模与动力学仿真

为了改善汽车在高速行驶转弯时的操纵稳定性,运用动力学仿真软件ADAMS,在其专业汽车模块ADAMS/CAR下研究了4WS汽车建模及其瞬态和稳态操纵动力学特性。以质心侧偏角和横摆角速度响应为评价指标,在角阶跃输入下高速转弯时,对前后轮转角成比例关系的4WS汽车和FWS汽车分别做了动力学仿真研究。对比分析了两者的质心侧偏角和横摆角速度响应特性,从分析结果得出,后轮主动参与转向,总体上有助于改善汽车在高速行驶转弯时的动力学响应特性,但是不同的因素也会对操纵稳定性产生不利的影响。     

Motion Control of a 6WD/6WS wheeled platform with in-wheel motors to improve its maneuverability

Multi-axle driving mobile platform that are favored in special environments require high driving performance, steering performance, and stability. Among these, six wheel drive and six wheel steering vehicles hereinafter called 6WD/6WS, gain structural safety by distributing the load and reducing the pitching motion during rapid acceleration and braking. 6WD/6WS mobile platforms are favorable for military use, particularly in off-road operations because of their high maneuverability and mobility on extreme terrains and obstacles. 6WD vehicles that use in-wheel motors can generate independent wheel torque without a need for additional hardware. Conventional vehicles, however, cannot generate an opposite driving force on wheels on both sides. In an independent steering and driving system six-wheel vehicles show better performance than conventional vehicles. This paper discusses the improvement of the cornering performance and maneuverability of 6WD/6WS mobile platform using independent wheel torque and independent steering on each wheel. 6WD/6WS vehicles fundamentally have satisfactory maneuverability under low speed, and sufficient stability at high speed. Consequently, there should be a control strategy for improving their cornering performance using the optimum tire forces that satisfy the driver’s command and minimize energy consumption. From the driver’s commands (i.e., the steering angle and accelerator/brake pedal stroke), the desired yaw moment with virtual steering, desired lateral force, and desired longitudinal force are obtained. These three values are distributed to each wheel as torque and steering angle, based on the optimum tire force distribution method. The optimum tire force distribution method finds the longitudinal/lateral tire forces of each wheel that minimize cost function, which is the sum of the normalized tire forces. This paper describes a 6WS/6WD vehicle with improved cornering performance and the results are validated through TruckSim simulations.