Enhanced empirical models for predicting the drift capacity of less ductile RC columns with flexural,shear, or axial failure modes

Capacity of components subjected to earthquake actions is still a widely interesting research topic. Hence, developing precise tools for predicting drift capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) columns is of great interest. RC columns are not only frequently constructed, but also their composite behavior makes the capacity prediction a task faced with many uncertainties. In the current article, novel empirical approaches are presented for predicting flexural, shear and axial failure modes in RC columns. To this aim, an extensive experimental database was created by collecting outcomes of previously conducted experimental tests since 1964, which are available in the literature. It serves as the basis for deriving the equations for predicting the drift capacity of RC columns by different regression analyses (both linear with different orders and nonlinear). Furthermore, fragility curves are determined for comparing the obtained results with the experimental results and with previously proposed models, like the ones of ASCE/SEI 41-13. It is demonstrated that the proposed equations predict drift capacities, which are in better agreement with experimental results than those computed by previously published models. In addition, the reliability of the proposed equations is higher from a probabilistic point of view.     

爆炸作用下钢筋混凝土柱非线性动力响应及破坏模式影响因素分析

为研究RC柱在爆炸作用下动力响应及破坏模式,在文献［1］建立的爆炸作用下RC柱非线性响应的有限差分分析方法基础上,提出了RC柱在爆炸作用下弯曲、斜剪、直剪等破坏模式的判别准则,建立了RC柱在爆炸作用下破坏模式的分析方法,分析了爆炸作用（峰值、作用时间及其沿柱上分布形式）、截面抗力（受弯能力、受剪能力）、轴力、柱长等对RC柱破坏模式的影响特点及规律。研究表明：在爆炸作用下,RC柱会发生与RC梁一样的弯曲破坏、斜剪破坏、直剪破坏等3种典型破坏模式,但主要以斜剪破坏为主;爆炸作用时间越短,峰值越高,柱截面抗剪能力越弱,RC柱越易发生斜剪破坏,甚至直剪破坏;轴力越大,柱越长,RC柱越易发生弯曲破坏。     

基于结构精细化模拟分析平台的弯剪纤维单元模型

为模拟钢筋混凝土柱在轴力、剪力和弯矩耦合作用下的非线性滞回特性,利用显式中心差分法,建立一种基于显式算法的弯剪纤维单元模型,并引入到结构精细化模拟分析（RSAPS）平台中。该模型基于Timoshenko梁理论,材料模型选用基于修正斜压场理论（MCFT）的二维钢筋混凝土本构模型。应用RSAPS平台分别模拟往复荷载作用下发生弯曲、弯剪和剪切破坏的钢筋混凝土柱的滞回性能,并将分析结果与试验和未考虑剪切变形的纤维单元模型模拟结果进行对比。结果表明：对于发生弯曲破坏的构件,由于剪切变形较小,未考虑剪切变形的纤维单元和弯剪纤维单元均可以较好地模拟构件的滞回性能;而对于发生弯剪破坏和剪切破坏的构件,采用未考虑剪切变形的纤维单元模型,会高估构件的初始刚度和耗能能力,也会高估其受剪承载力;而所提出的弯剪纤维单元模型能较好地模拟构件的刚度和承载力退化,同时,也能较好地模拟滞回曲线中的捏缩现象,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

Prediction for lateral deformation capacity of corroded reinforced concrete columns

The deformation capacities of columns, which are the main lateral force‐resisting elements of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, have been the subject of great interest with the development of performance/displacement‐based seismic design. However, deterioration due to chloride‐induced corrosion causes a significant reduction in the seismic performance of RC columns. Although numerous investigations have focused on the deformation capacity of columns with corroded rebars and various strengthening measures have been proposed, little attention was paid to evaluating the contribution of each deformation component to the tip displacement under corrosion (i.e., bending, shear, and longitudinal bar slip at the column footing), which plays an important role in investigating and explaining the failure mechanisms of columns. This paper presents a computational prediction model to estimate the deformation capacity of RC columns with corroded rebars, and the contributions of bending and bar slip at the column footing are mainly considered in this model due to the negligible contribution of the shear deformation component for columns subjected to flexural failure mode. The calculation results obtained by the prediction model are compared with the quasistatic test results of both noncorroded and corroded RC columns. It turns out that the prediction model simulates the deformation capacity of RC columns with corroded rebars reasonably well considering its simplicity and computational efficiency, and it can be used for time‐variant capacity estimates for the lifetime seismic design and fragility assessment of RC columns exposed to corrosion.     

两层带水平缝钢管混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

设计3个两层单跨缩尺比为1∶.3的带水平缝钢管混凝土剪力墙,对其进行拟静力试验,其中2个组合剪力墙按“强剪弱弯”设计,1个按“强弯弱剪”设计,剪跨比均为1.55,分析结构的承载力、破坏机理、滞回性能、刚度退化、延性及耗能能力等。试验结果表明：钢管混凝土暗柱和剪力墙竖向接合面连接可靠,底层钢管出现局部屈曲;组合剪力墙正截面承载力中绝大部分由钢管混凝土暗柱承担,约占底部弯矩75%;组合剪力墙的极限位移角大于1/100,带水平缝组合剪力墙滞回曲线饱满,无明显“捏拢”现象。给出了无轴压力作用下钢管混凝土剪力墙正截面承载力计算方法,其计算值与试验值吻合较好。      

钢筋混凝土柱基于位移的变形能力设计方法

建立了钢筋混凝土(RC)柱屈服位移角和极限位移角的计算式,对141个试件的试验数据进行分析,得到了计算式的相关参数。RC柱的屈服位移角与受拉钢筋屈服强度、柱截面高度和轴压比有关,极限位移角与轴压比、配箍特征值、剪跨比等有关,与纵筋配筋率关系不大。提出了RC柱基于位移的变形能力设计方法。     

钢筋混凝土柱地震破坏模式及考虑剪切变形的抗震性能研究进展

强震作用下钢筋混凝土（RC）柱如果设计不合理、抗剪措施不当或缺乏必要的抗震构造等会发生低延性的弯剪或剪切破坏,进而引发结构发生局部或整体倒塌,造成重大损失。为研究弯剪和剪切型RC构件的地震损伤机理和抗震性能,总结了RC柱的主要地震破坏模式、破坏模式判别方法以及剪切变形对柱抗震性能影响的研究进展。结果表明：RC柱的地震破坏模式主要有弯曲、剪切及弯剪型三种,其中弯剪破坏模式的界定和判别是研究的难点和重点;剪切变形对弯剪型RC柱抗震性能的影响主要体现在塑性变形阶段,但定量分析该影响的方法目前仍以经验模型为主,缺乏相对统一的力学模型。此外,已有的相关研究忽略了复杂的地震作用（即往复荷载作用历史）对柱破坏模式和损伤特性的影响,这需要在今后的研究中予以重点关注。     

Modelling shear–flexure interaction in equivalent frame models of slender reinforced concrete walls

Quasi‐static cyclic tests on reinforced concrete (RC) walls have shown that shear deformations can constitute a significant ratio of the total deformations when the wall is loaded beyond the elastic regime. For slender RC walls that form a stable flexural mechanism, the ratio of shear to flexural deformations remains approximately constant over the entire range of imposed displacement ductilities. This paper proposes a method for incorporating shear‐flexure interaction effects in equivalent frame models of slender RC walls by coupling the shear force‐shear strain relationship to the curvature and axial strain in the member. The suggested methodology is incorporated in a finite element consisting of two interacting spread inelasticity sub‐elements representing flexural and shear response, respectively. The element is implemented in the general finite element code IDARC and validated against experimental results of RC cantilever walls. In a second step, it is applied in inelastic static and dynamic analyses of tall wall and wall‐frame systems. It is shown that ignoring shear‐flexure interaction may lead to erroneous predictions in particular of local ductility and storey drift demands. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弯剪破坏与轴力附加弯矩对钢筋混凝土柱极限变形能力的影响综述

钢筋混凝土(RC)柱变形能力计算是实现基于性能的抗震设计的基本条件。为此结合我国规范，针对弯剪破 坏模式相关研究成果进行总结与评述。讨论了以经验公式为主的RC柱极限变形计算方法，揭示了参数模型的不足 ；指出对于弯剪破坏模式，剪切作用和轴力二阶效应是造成变形计算离散的重要原因。塑性铰长度不是一个典型 的统计量，基于等效塑性铰长度模型得到的极限变形计算值离散性大。考虑塑性铰区弯剪相互作用，才能正确反 映柱的抗剪需求，但简化计算方法存在争议，且缺乏有效方法评价剪切作用对柱变形性能的影响。GB 50010— 2010《混凝土结构设计规范》中，对考虑地震作用的受剪承载力计算公式的修正能够有效避免RC柱在大位移下发 生剪切破坏，但对不同位移延性下剪切破坏构件的安全储备不同且离散性增大。轴力二阶效应导致相同的试验柱 在不同试验装置下剪力需求和极限变形不同，对弯剪破坏柱与弯曲破坏柱的影响也不相同。最后，结合极限变形 计算的现状，建议我国规范补充基于回归方法建立的极限变形下限值经验公式，以完善基于性能设计方法。     

不同配筋率钢筋混凝土柱应变率效应

混凝土是一种率敏感性材料,正确把握应变率效应对钢筋混凝土构件在强震等动力荷载下力学性能的影响,对结构抗震和抗风设计至关重要。采用CEB规范建议的考虑混凝土应变率效应的动力本构关系,运用纤维模型对钢筋混凝土柱在不同加载速率下的动力性能进行了数值模拟。对4个钢筋混凝土柱构件的快速加载试验的试验结果与模拟结果进行比较,结果表明所建立的纤维单元模型能够较好预测混凝土柱恢复力特性,验证了基于动力本构的纤维单元模型的有效性。基于此模型,研究了不同纵向配筋率和体积配箍率对钢筋混凝土柱动力性能的影响,结果表明纵向配筋率和体积配箍率对动力性能的影响呈现出不同的特征。     

Seismic design and performance analysis of buckling‐restrained braced RC frame structures

Due to the stable hysteretic behavior, buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) have been increasingly adopted in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures to develop a dual structural system (BRB‐RCF). This study proposed an alternative strength‐based design approach that decomposes the dual BRB‐RCF system into two independent RC frame and BRB system using the BRB‐carrying story shear ratio. The design of RC frame is performed in an integrated manner by considering the BRB postyielding force demands. Three RC frames with five, 10, and 15 stories were employed as prototype structures, and seven story shear ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 were used to generate a total of 21 structural modes. The material usage, maximum axial compression ratio of columns, and elastic interstory drift ratio were compared for different story shear ratios. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of the BRB‐RCFs subjected to 12 ground motions were carried out. The seismic response including the maximum interstory drift ratio, hysteretic energy dissipation ratio, and actual BRB‐carrying story shear ratio were systematically assessed for different design story shear ratios. Based on the considerations of material usage and seismic performance, it is suggested that the design BRB‐carrying story shear ratio should be in the range of 0.3 to 0.5.     

预应力碳纤维条带加固高轴压比混凝土圆柱抗震性能试验研究

为了研究预应力碳纤维条带加固高轴压比混凝土圆柱的抗震性能,进行了7个钢筋混凝土圆柱试件的低周反复荷载试验,其中1个为设计轴压比0.82的未加固对比柱试件,另外6个为不同高轴压比下的预应力碳纤维条带加固柱试件,主要考虑了环向预应力和轴压比两种参数对加固柱抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明：采用预应力碳纤维条带加固高轴压比混凝土圆柱后,其承载力、延性性能、耗能能力均有大幅度提升;预应力纤维条带提供的环向主动约束力能够有效抑制斜向剪切裂缝的开展,加固后高轴压比圆柱呈现出弯曲破坏特征;采用试验数据回归分析方法,得到了预应力碳纤维条带加固混凝土圆柱极限荷载点位移 Δm计算式,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

Investigating the vulnerability of nonductile reinforced concrete columns in moderate seismic regions to gravity load collapse

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are important components of the lateral load‐resisting structural system of RC buildings. In moderate seismic regions, where stringent seismic reinforcement detailing requirements are usually not considered, RC columns are categorized as nonductile. Postearthquake studies have shown that gravity load collapse of RC columns can trigger the progressive collapse of RC buildings. The current study presents the seismic response behavior of nonductile RC columns in moderate seismic regions, with a particular focus on gravity load collapse. Six RC columns, three with lap splices and three without lap splices with variable aspect ratios, were tested under reversed cyclic loading. Experimental results show that the column failing in shear could tolerate the maximum drift in order of 2.7–3.5%, whereas the columns failed in flexural mode could achieve the maximum drift of 4.5%. For the columns with lap splice, the lateral strength was significantly degraded, but all spliced columns could sustain gravity load even when their displacements were more than 4% drift. This very large drift without axial collapse, observed in the current study, is associated with the splice slip causing the large rotation just above the splice region.     

爆炸作用下钢筋混凝土柱非线性动力响应及破坏模式分析方法

为建立爆炸作用下钢筋混凝土柱非线性动力响应及破坏模式的高效分析方法,从材料应力-应变关系出发,分别应用截面分层法、修正压场理论方法（MCFT）和Krauthammer模型建立了单调加载条件下抗力曲线（包括截面弯矩-曲率关系、平均剪应力-平均剪应变关系和直剪剪力-直剪滑移关系）,并以单调加载条件下抗力曲线为骨架,提出了加卸载条件下RC柱截面抗力曲线;在此基础上,根据Timoshenko梁理论和有限差分方法,建立了爆炸作用下RC柱非线性动力响应的显式分析方法。研究结果表明：本文方法能够定量分析爆炸作用下RC柱的动力响应和破坏模式,计算结果与相关试验数据有较好的一致性。     

Capacity design for composite partially restrained steel frame‐reinforced concrete infill walls with concealed vertical slits

This paper presents an innovative capacity‐based design procedure that aims to achieve the ideal seismic performance for the composite partially restrained (PR) steel frame‐reinforced concrete (RC) infill wall with concealed vertical slits (PSRCW‐CVS). The proposed method adopts the direct capacity design principles and preselected preferred plastic mechanism such that the RC infill wall undergoes ductile failure prior to the other steel components in the event of a rare‐level earthquake (i.e., earthquake with a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years). Based on the ultimate resisting capacity of RC infill walls, the free‐body diagrams and simplified design formulae for the surrounding steel components, including the vertical boundary element (VBE), horizontal boundary element (HBE), PR connection, and shear connectors, were proposed. To demonstrate the reasonability of the capacity‐based design procedure, a five‐story PSRCW‐CVS structure was designed according to the proposed design method, followed by a series of nonlinear time history analyses. The overall seismic response of this example was evaluated in terms of story displacement, interstory drift ratio, residual story displacement, and residual interstory drift ratio. The proposed method yielded a more uniform interstory drift ratio distribution along the height of the five‐story PSRCW‐CVS structure. Structural damage was controlled by achieving the preselected preferred plastic mechanism.     

碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土短柱的抗震性能试验研究

本文对碳纤维布加固的钢筋混凝土短柱的抗震性能进行了试验研究。探讨了轴压比、碳纤维布用量、配箍率和加载顺序等对碳纤维布加固的钢筋混凝土短柱的破坏机理、受力性能及抗震性能的影响。试验结果表明,碳纤维布加固的钢筋混凝土短柱具有很好的延性,能有效提高钢筋混凝土短柱的抗震性能;先施加轴力后进行碳纤维布加固的加载顺序,会降低碳纤维布对柱的约束作用,一定程度上影响对柱的抗剪能力的提高。在此基础上,提出了碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土短柱的受剪承载力计算公式,可供工程设计和进一步研究参考。     

防屈曲支撑-钢筋混凝土框架结构基于能量平衡的抗震塑性设计

为确定防屈曲支撑在结构中的布置方式以使结构抗震性能充分发挥,提出了基于能量平衡的防屈曲支撑 钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震塑性设计方法。构建了结构的“强柱弱梁”整体屈服机制,采用侧力比将总结构体系离散为防屈曲支撑体系和纯框架体系,并建立了结构的双线性能力曲线。基于能量平衡方法计算结构的设计基底剪力并分别得到支撑体系和框架体系的设计侧向力,进而完成支撑的截面设计。按照塑性内力分配机制和考虑支撑屈服后性能,计算梁柱构件内力需求。以一幢5层结构为例,分别设计了不同侧力比的14个结构模型,对比了基底剪力、防屈曲支撑面积和梁柱钢筋用量等。通过22条地震波下的弹塑性时程分析,研究了不同侧力比结构的最大层间位移角、屈服机制、楼层剪力比、支撑最大位移延性、累积位移延性和结构残余层间位移角。分析结果表明：所提出的方法能实现结构的预期失效模式,并满足结构的抗震性能要求,并建议设计侧力比选取在0.3~0.5之间。     

Alternative approach to compute shear amplification in high‐rise reinforced concrete core wall buildings using uncoupled modal response history analysis procedure

The seismic response of the high‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) wall structures is really complicated as several vibration modes other than the fundamental mode normally contribute significantly to the response—commonly recognized as ‘higher mode effects’. Response spectrum analysis (RSA) procedure, which can account for higher mode effects, is usually employed to compute the seismic design demand for the high‐rise structures. Recent studies show that the inelastic seismic force demands obtained from the rigorous nonlinear response history analysis procedure are much larger than the seismic force design demands obtained from the code‐based RSA procedure for the high‐rise RC wall structures. Though, the nonlinear response history analysis procedure is widely accepted for its ability to provide the most accurate estimate of nonlinear seismic responses, the obtained responses are generally so complex that it is quite difficult for engineers to grasp the overall picture of the responses and gain some insight into them and use them to understand the cause of high seismic demands. Another important issue related to the nonlinear seismic response prediction of the high‐rise RC wall structures is the realistic and accurate numerical modeling of RC walls. In this study, a simplified but reasonably accurate procedure called the uncoupled modal response history analysis procedure is used to interpret the complex nonlinear behavior of high‐rise RC wall structures. Moreover, a finite element model based on modified compression field theory is employed for accurate numerical modeling of RC walls by incorporating the axial‐flexure‐shear interaction. This study, by making use of a better computer modeling approach and an in‐depth analysis by modal decomposition, aims to resolve some of the unanswered questions regarding realistic prediction of nonlinear seismic demands of high‐rise structures.     

考虑加载循环次数影响的弯剪破坏RC柱荷载-变形关系计算模型及其抗震性能评估

为研究不同循环次数地震作用下弯剪破坏型钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的抗震性能,对2组(8根)不同剪跨比的RC圆柱进行了不同循环次数的拟静力试验。研究了不同加载循环次数作用下弯剪破坏RC圆柱的变形性能和滞回特性,基于试验结果提出了不同加载循环次数下弯剪破坏RC圆柱的荷载-变形关系计算模型和等效阻尼比模型,并给出了考虑地震作用循环次数影响的弯剪破坏单柱墩结构的抗震性能分析方法。结果表明：加载循环次数越多,RC柱剪切效应越显著,水平承载能力和变形能力降低越明显,这一循环退化效应引起的RC柱抗震性能下降现象应在分析中予以考虑;提出的不同加载循环次数下弯剪破坏RC圆柱的荷载-变形关系模型和等效阻尼比模型计算值与试验值吻合较好,可用于考虑不同循环次数影响的地震作用下弯剪破坏RC圆柱荷载-变形关系建立和抗震性能评估。     

Load-deformation relationship calculation model and seismic performance evaluation of RC columns subjected to flexural- shear failure considering influences of cycle number

为研究不同循环次数地震作用下弯剪破坏型钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的抗震性能，对2组(8根)不同剪跨比的RC圆柱进行了不同循环次数的拟静力试验。研究了不同加载循环次数作用下弯剪破坏RC圆柱的变形性能和滞回特性，基于试验结果提出了不同加载循环次数下弯剪破坏RC圆柱的荷载-变形关系计算模型和等效阻尼比模型，并给出了考虑地震作用循环次数影响的弯剪破坏单柱墩结构的抗震性能分析方法。结果表明：加载循环次数越多，RC柱剪切效应越显著，水平承载能力和变形能力降低越明显，这一循环退化效应引起的RC柱抗震性能下降现象应在分析中予以考虑；提出的不同加载循环次数下弯剪破坏RC圆柱的荷载-变形关系模型和等效阻尼比模型计算值与试验值吻合较好，可用于考虑不同循环次数影响的地震作用下弯剪破坏RC圆柱荷载-变形关系建立和抗震性能评估。