采煤塌陷区水土流失综合治理的实践与思考

1 充分认识综合治理的必要性和紧迫性 建国后,特别是改革开放以来,为了发展经济,微山县境内环南四湖相继建设了21对矿井(20对煤矿,1对稀土矿),年开采量1500万t。截至2001年底,由于长期排水和采煤,已造成1133.3hm~3基本农田塌陷,使农田耕作层被破坏,土壤有机物质流失,土壤结构破坏,水土保持功能降低,人为地造成了水土流失。同时,每年新增33.3hm~2塌陷地,破坏了水土资源,致使该地区生态环境恶化,水土流失加剧,严重影响了当地的经济发展和社会稳定。     

陈桥东湖浮游生物群落结构特征及水质评价

陈桥东湖是新乡黄河湿地鸟类国家级自然保护区中部实验区的常年集水区之一,是许多珍稀鸟类的繁殖及栖息地,具有重要的生物多样性保护和潜在的科学研究、生态旅游价值。为了解陈桥东湖浮游生物群落结构特征及水质状况,于2017年1月、4月、7月和10月对陈桥东湖进行浮游生物采样调查,并利用浮游生物多样性指数评价水质状况。结果共发现浮游植物有8门67属118种,其中绿藻47种,种类最多,占39.83%;其次是硅藻,有35种;甲藻最少,只有2种。各采样点浮游植物丰度变化范围为(2.52~39.7)×10⁶ cells/L,全年主要优势门类为硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻。共发现浮游动物34种,轮虫种类最多,共21种,占61.76%;丰度变化为68~1 342 cells/L。全年轮虫为主要优势种类,轮虫滤食者RF为主要浮游动物功能群。浮游生物多样性指数结果显示陈桥东湖水体整体呈中度污染状况,且夏季最差,冬季相对较好,与水体理化指标调查结果一致。研究成果可为新乡黄河湿地水环境保护及生态修护提供参考依据。     

小型湖泊应用于地表水源热泵时的热承载能力分析

介绍了小型湖泊应用于地表水源热泵时的两种热承载能力计算方法——水面温度法和均匀混合法，并采用这两种方法计算了杭州小型湖泊应用于地表水源热泵时的热承载能力。计算结果表明：水面温度法较客观地反映了实际的排水混合及水温恢复过程，可信度更高。用水面温度法对7个代表性城市小型湖泊热承载能力进行分析的结果表明：夏季热承载能力在23.4～29.5 W/m2之间，冬季热承载能力在31.6～45.7W/m2之间；在设计这类系统时关键在于满足夏季热承载能力的约束。     

小型湖泊应用于地表水源热泵时的热承载能力分析

分析了小型湖泊应用于地表水源热泵时的两种热承载能力计算方法——水面温度法和均匀混合法,并采用其计算了杭州小型湖泊应用于地表水源热泵时的热承载能力。计算结果表明：水面温度法较客观地反映了实际的排水混合及水温恢复过程,可信度更高。用水面温度法对7个代表性城市小型湖泊热承载能力进行分析的结果表明：夏季热承载能力在23-4—29．5W／m2之间,冬季热承载能力在31．6～45．7W／m2之间;设计这类系统的关键在于满足夏季热承载能力的约束。     

基于高通量测序的东湖蓝藻动态变化研究

采用高通量测序(High-throughput sequencing technology)和实时荧光定量PCR技术,结合水质参数的检测,研究了东湖两个不同富营养化程度湖区蓝藻整年丰度和群落结构的变化,并统计分析蓝藻与环境参数之间的关系。结果表明:(1)两区域微囊藻在6~7月达到全年最高值,但拷贝数相差近20倍。(2)两区域蓝藻门在属水平的变化也有显著差异,H区蓝藻在4~11月主要由浮丝藻属(Planktothrix)(4~6月)、微囊藻属(Microcystis)(6~9月)、聚球藻属(Synechococcus sp. PS717)(7~11月)交替演变,L区蓝藻主要是由束丝藻属(Aphanizomenon)(4~6月)和聚球藻属(Synechococcus sp. PS717)(4~10月)组成,并且与H区在相对丰度变化上比较,L区较平稳。(3) RDA分析表明,Tw、p H、NH4-N是影响H区蓝藻属水平分类差异的主要因素,影响L区蓝藻属水平差异的主要因素是Tw、TP、p H。(4)与以往传统藻类计数相比,还发现了以往显微观察难以发现的聚球藻属和拟柱孢藻属等,且聚球藻属在东湖蓝藻门中占优势地位,应在以后的研究中得到更多的关注。     

拉萨河流域着生藻类群落结构特征及与环境因子的关系

2017年8月对拉萨河着生藻类群落组成、丰度以及多样性指数进行调查,并做了双向聚类分析和典范对应分析(CCA)。结果表明：流域着生藻类种类组成以硅藻门Bacillariophyta(60.5%)为主,其次是绿藻门Chlorophyta(27.9%),蓝藻门Cyanophyta(11.6%);物种平均丰度为20.7万cells/cm³,硅藻门占95%,蓝藻门占3.9%,绿藻门占1.1%,种类少、丰度低是拉萨河流域着生藻类群落结构特征的主要特点;着生藻类优势种以菱形藻为主;双向聚类分析表明生境类型的空间异质性是导致相邻区域无法进行聚类的主要原因。CCA排序结果表明。环境指标对拉萨河流域着生藻类丰度的影响较为显著,其中常见物种膨胀桥弯藻受硫化物影响明显,双眉藻和束丝藻受总氮影响明显,而且总氮箭头连线较长,总氮是影响着生藻类群落结构的主要因子;脆杆藻与COD呈正相关关系。     

淮北采煤塌陷蓄水区地下水流场分布特征分析

为了解淮北采煤塌陷蓄水区地下水分布规律,在充分收集研究区已有相关成果资料的基础上,从研究采煤塌陷区域含水层结构变异入手,运用Visual Modflow软件对研究区地下水流场变化特征进行模拟、分析。结果表明：1）煤层完全开采情况下矿坑不再排水,因采煤矿坑排水而下降的松散层孔隙水水位在降雨补给和河流补给的作用下将逐渐回升,但基本无法恢复至采前水平;2）裂隙岩溶水接受塌陷区湖泊地表水和松散层孔隙水通过垂向网络型导水裂隙带不断入渗补给,导致研究区域裂隙岩溶水水位上升和溢出而形成多个局部水丘。闭坑后采煤塌陷蓄水区地下水流场分布规律研究成果可以为类似采煤塌陷蓄水区地下水资源综合利用提供参考。     

阳澄湖大型底栖动物群落结构和空间分布特征

为了解阳澄湖大型底栖动物群落结构现状,于2014年7月—2015年7月对阳澄湖进行4次采样,14个采样点共采集底栖动物3门7纲35种,平均生物密度和生物量分别为340个/m~2、180.4 g/m~2。其中,主要优势种为铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)、中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)和长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)。基于种群生物密度的聚类分析,14个采样点被分为3组,其生境特征分别对应于敞水区、水生植被区和人类活动频繁区。其中,河蚬主要分布在阳澄湖西湖区的敞水区;红裸须摇蚊、中国长足摇蚊和霍甫水丝蚓主要分布在中湖和东湖中北部的人类活动频繁区;铜锈环棱螺和长角涵螺主要分布在中湖和东湖的南部的水生植被区。各点位的生物多样性显示,敞水区采样点的多样性指数最高,其次是水生植被区和人为活动频繁区。研究结果表明,底质类型、水生植被分布和受污染状况是导致阳澄湖大型底栖动物空间分布差异的主要影响因素。     

水上光伏电站对淮南采煤沉陷积水区水生态环境的影响

为研究我国淮南采煤沉陷积水区特大型漂浮式水上光伏(FPV)电站对水生态环境的影响,对不同FPV覆盖率的湖泊及周围水体分季节进行水生态关键指标监测和分析,通过数理统计方法对比分析了典型水生态指标活性叶绿素与藻蓝蛋白、常见水质参数和重金属元素浓度。结果表明：光伏板的覆盖减弱了水生态指标与营养盐指标之间的相关性,降低了水体中浮游植物对营养盐的利用率,约50%的FPV覆盖率可防止水体进一步富营养化;采煤沉陷积水区中重金属元素浓度极低,且FPV组件未导致水体中重金属元素浓度的升高;在类似淮南大面积采煤沉陷积水区开展FPV电站建设是实现生态环境改善和高效开发利用废弃矿山值得探索的重要方向。     

Restoration of small lakes through cooperative management: A suitable strategy for poverty‐laden areas in developing countries?

Lake Rupa is a small, subtropical, shallow lake with a surface area of 100 ha situated 600 m a.s.l. in Central Himalaya, Nepal. This degraded lake was studied between 2000 and 2006, with the goal of determining whether or not it could be restored by a community‐based cooperative of local people living in its catchment. Main threats to the lake, its aquatic life and its very existence include encroachment by excessive aquatic vegetation, sedimentation, and low in‐lake concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). Small lakes (≤ 500 ha) are relatively prone to the process of ‘succession and climax’, although they also can be of social, environmental and ecological importance. Thus, their disappearance could spark social chaos and disorder in areas already having to cope with other rapid environmental changes. This means that credible mechanisms for revitalizing or protecting small lakes are an important goal. Accordingly, a lake cooperative of 329 households living in close vicinity to Lake Rupa was formed in 2002, by prioritizing traditional fishers, women and other deprived community members with the goals of respecting the citizenry and equity. Following the cooperative's campaigns directed at weed removal and fish stocking, encroachment of vegetation on the lake margins was halted, its aquatic weeds became under control, and its fisheries improved. In addition to the cooperative's restoration activities, several water quality parameters, including water transparency and DO and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, were monitored on a monthly basis. The measured water transparency was inconsistent, exhibiting large variations between 2000 and 2003. Relatively low, but consistent, values, however, were measured after 2004. The results imply that the removal of weeds, and sufficient nutrients and solar radiation are subsequently available to the lake's phytoplankton communities. Supporting this notion is that the chlorophyll‐a concentration spiked to 205 µg L⁻¹ in November 2006, the water transparency became consistent, and the DO concentration increased to >3.8 mg L⁻¹ during the critical months (March–May) after 2004. These water quality indicators indicated improvement in the degraded Lake Rupa, suggesting that the establishment of cooperatives such as that highlighted in this study could be a powerful and sustainable mechanism for restoring degraded lakes in similar socioeconomic settings by maintaining equity, by connecting communities with their resources, and by facilitating integrity, equity, citizenry and social justice.     

淮南迪沟采煤沉陷区水体水质特征与评价

为了解淮南迪沟采煤沉陷区水体水质状况,将该沉陷积水区水域划分为3个单元(济河、沉陷积水区、对照区),采集不同单元样品,测试分析其水质特征,并利用单因子和综合水质标识指数法进行评价.结果表明:济河和沉陷积水区均为弱碱性水体,水质比较澄清,透明度好.氮磷营养盐指标总体含量表现为济河最高,这与济河周边的农业面源污染有关;重金...     

三江源重点河段湖泊浮游动物群落结构与水质评价

为研究青海三江源重点河段湖泊浮游动物群落结构特征,分别于2017年5月初、8月初和9月底对三江源重点河段湖泊浮游动物和主要水质指标进行了3次调查,分析了研究区的浮游动物种类结构、密度组成,并运用优势种指示法评价了水质情况。结果表明:3次共检出浮游动物98种。其中原生动物23种,占浮游动物总物种数的23.4%;轮虫51种,占52.0%;枝角类14种,占14.3%;桡足类10种,占10.2%。浮游动物种类密度介于0～3 201 ind./L,整体上呈现9月8月5月的情况。各监测断面水质状态优良,水体清洁。研究初步摸清了三江源重点河段湖泊浮游动物的背景值,可为该区域的水生态保护提供基础资料。     

推理公式法计算小面积洪水在西藏地区的应用

本文通过对西藏地区年楚河流域的水文气象特征分析 结合 流域设计洪水计算方法在西藏满拉灌区水利工程 建设中的应用，提出了推理公式法在青藏高原小面积洪水计算应注意的问题及参数取用的范围，可供其它工程设计时借 鉴。     

The role of the Yala swamp lakes in the conservation of Lake Victoria region haplochromine cichlids: Evidence from genetic and trophic ecology studies

Lake Kanyaboli, an isolated satellite lake of Lake Victoria, has been suggested as a potential refugium for haplochromine cichlids that have gone extinct in the main basin of Lake Victoria. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecular markers, as well as feeding ecology studies, were employed in this study to re‐evaluate the evolutionary and ecological significance of six common Lake Kanyaboli haplochromines. The mtDNA marker revealed high genetic variability within four of the six haplochromine cichlids. Five haplotypes were discerned in Astatoreochromis alluaudi (n = 27), seven in Lipochromis maxillaris (n = 29), five in Astatotilapia nubila (n = 12) and 11 in the endangered Xystichromis phytophagus (n = 205). A haplotype genealogy suggests that Lake Kanyaboli harbours mtDNA haplotypes that could have been lost or not sampled in Lake Victoria, or could have arisen in situ. Lipochromis maxillaris appears to have undergone a recent demographic expansion. The pairwise F_STs indicated that only the comparison between X. phytophagus and A. nubila led to a non‐significant F_ST value. All other comparisons were significant at the 0.01 level, indicating the genetic distinctiveness of the haplochromines in the satellite lake. This could suggest that the lake harbours ‘pure’ relict populations of the haplochromines and therefore that Lake Kanyaboli can be considered a ‘genetic reservoir’. Gut content analysis of the six haplochromine species revealed that eight different food items were consumed. No single species fed exclusively on a single food item, but certain food items contributed higher proportions of the fish diet for each fish species. Resource partitioning therefore could be discerned within this haplochromine community. Thus, Lake Kanyaboli and similar satellite lakes provide an opportunity for conservation of both genetic and trophic diversity threatened by introduction of exotics in the Lake Victoria basin. Lake Kanyaboli should be recognized and conserved as important evolutionary significant units for Lake Victoria region haplochromine species.     

广东丘陵区小型河流生态需水量多种方法估算

目前国内河流生态需水量研究多针对干旱半干旱地区和生态已退化的河流,而较少研究南方河流,对广东丘陵地区中小型河流研究更是匮乏。广东水资源相对丰富,但水资源开发强度不断增大,加上水质污染,河流生态退化已成为亟需解决的问题。根据泗合水双桥水文站1980~2010年日径流和实测断面资料,采用6种常用方法计算了泗合水的生态需水量,并分析计算结果。结果表明,NGPRP法、最小月平均流量法、逐月最小生态径流法的结果相对较为理想,但全年采用同一个生态需水量不符合广东河流汛期水量充足生物繁育栖息地要求高,而非汛期河流水量少生物越冬栖息地要求低的自然规律。将汛期和非汛期的径流独立排频,分别计算两个时段的生态需水量,其结果可满足河流径流和生物繁育的自然规律。研究为估算广东丘陵地区河流生态需水量提供了思路和方法。     

淮河区跨省中小河流治理对策研究

围绕“以流域为单元推进中小河流系统治理”的目标,通过深入剖析淮河区跨省河流治理现状及存在问题,结合新阶段治水思路,从落实组织形式及任务分工,统筹协调不同省份治理标准、设计流量及水位、治理模式等方面,提出了跨省中小河流治理方案及主要措施,为高质量推动淮河区跨省中小河流治理提供参考。