Bacillus pumilus HN-10抗菌肽P-1对粉红单端孢的抑菌机理

Bacillus pumilus HN-10抗菌肽P-1是一种对粉红单端孢（Trichothecium roseum）具有很强抑菌作用的肽,但其抑菌机理尚不明确。本研究从细胞膜通透性、蛋白合成和核酸合成3 方面研究其抑菌机理。通过大分子释放量和电导率研究抗菌肽P-1对粉红单端孢细胞膜通透性的影响;经胞内蛋白含量测定及胞内蛋白十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析研究抗菌肽P-1对蛋白合成的影响;采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和荧光光谱分析抗菌肽P-1对粉红单端孢DNA的凝胶阻滞作用及与溴化乙锭（ethidium bromide,EB）竞争性结合作用,并通过DNA和RNA相对含量来研究粉红单端孢核酸合成是否受到抑制。结果表明：抗菌肽P-1可引起粉红单端孢细胞膜通透性增加,胞内电解质和大分子物质外泄;同时,菌体蛋白合成受到抑制,尤其对分子质量在43.0～97.4 kDa之间的蛋白最为明显;抗菌肽P-1对DNA没有明显阻滞作用,但其能与EB竞争性结合DNA,使核酸合成受到抑制,导致菌体代谢紊乱,影响蛋白质的正常表达,进而起到抑菌作用。     

海带内生菌HSN2胞外蛋白对粉红单端孢霉的影响

HSN2是分离自海带的具有抑菌活性的内生细菌,其蛋白具有抑菌活性。为确定该胞外蛋白对粉红单端孢霉的抑制效果,采用体外拮抗法检测其对粉红单端孢霉菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,并研究在苹果伤口中注入的蛋白对粉红单端孢霉的抑制作用和预防效果。结果表明:HSN2胞外蛋白对粉红单端孢霉菌丝生长和孢子萌发具有抑制效果;苹果体内研究表明,HSN2胞外蛋白浓度越大,伤口腐烂直径越小,浓度达1 000μg/m L时,对粉红单端孢霉引起的腐烂抑制效果最佳;越早接入胞外蛋白的苹果,其腐烂程度越小。该试验结果为将HSN2胞外蛋白开发为新型抗菌剂提供了试验依据。     

番茄采后病原鉴定及百里香精油生物活性研究

对引起保护地番茄采后腐烂的4株病原真菌进行形态和分子水平鉴定。以ITS1和ITS4为引物扩增ITS区r DNA片段。经Gen Bank进行BLAST分析,依据邻接法法构建系统发育树,确定4个菌株中SF-1为串珠镰刀菌,SF-2属细极链格孢,SF-3为灰葡萄孢霉,SF-4为粉红单端孢霉。百里香精油对该4株真菌的抑菌活性:4种病原真菌中SF-3和SF-4对百里香精油最敏感,在熏蒸条件下其EC50值分别为22.84μL/L和27.87μL/L。在精油浓度相同时,熏蒸方式较接触方式可获得有更高的抑菌活性。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究百里香精油对灰葡萄孢霉和粉红单端孢霉的抑制作用,结果表明,对照菌丝光滑,饱满,而经百里香处理的灰葡萄孢霉菌丝表面形态受到严重破坏,发生皱缩,有不正常缢缩,且有大量渗出物,而粉红单端孢霉表面形成许多结节,菌丝粗细不均匀。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌抑菌肽的分离鉴定及其抑菌谱表征

以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,对诱变优化总抑菌活性提高后的解淀粉芽孢杆菌发酵产物,建立酸沉、有机溶剂萃取,DEAE-Sepharose-Fast Flow阴离子交换层析,反相高效液相分离、纯化方案。对纯化产物通过液相色谱-质谱分析发现两种抑菌成分,一种为已见报道的含有C_(13)~C_(15)的Surfactin同系物;另一种为氨基酸序列为L-V-N-PP-T,分子质量为639.75 Da的抑菌肽。经ProtParam软件分析,该6肽的等电点为5.52,GRAVY为0.100,脂溶性指数为113.33。将此6肽与APD数据库已报道的抑菌肽对比,同源性最高的仅为37.5%,由此推断此6肽为新型抗菌肽。对Surfactin与6肽的抑菌谱分析,发现二者对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌均有抑菌作用。     

蛋清肽的结构及活性研究

蛋清蛋白质活性肽经交联葡聚糖凝胶色谱纯化,通过液相色谱四极杆线性离子阱串联质谱确证3种活性肽的一级结构,氨基酸序列分别为Arg-Val-Pro-Ser-Lea-Met,Thr-Pro-Ser-Pro-Arg和Asp-Leu-Gln-Gly-Lys.Fmoc固相合成法合成相应肽序列,经制备液相色谱纯化纯度分别为98.73%、98.77%、96.68%.利用分析型高效液相色谱分别测定3种肽的血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性,结果表明Asp-Leu-Gin-Gly-Lys的活性较高,血管紧张素转化酶活性抑制率为35%.     

牛乳铁蛋白肽衍生物的设计及其在毕赤酵母中表达与活性分析

本文利用抗菌肽数据库以及蛋白质分析软件等工具,根据抗菌肽结构与功能的关系,对牛乳铁蛋白肽衍生肽(LfcinBD)的结构进行优化设计。将设计得到的LfcinBD基因片段与pPIC9K质粒构建重组表达载体,线性化后电转化毕赤酵母细胞GS115,利用甲醇诱导表达。实验对发酵上清液进行了分离纯化和活性测试,SDS-PAGE电泳检测到了目标蛋白的有效表达。实验还对优化设计得到的牛乳铁蛋白肽衍生肽与同等发酵条件下产生的天然牛乳铁蛋白肽的抑菌活性进行了对比分析,结果证明该衍生肽对金黄色葡萄球菌有更强的抑菌活性。研究表明经色氨酸Trp替换的牛乳铁蛋白肽中第10,14位氨基酸获得的牛乳铁蛋白肽衍生肽具有很好的抑菌活性,实验为进一步探究牛乳铁蛋白肽衍生肽生物活性的改进奠定了基础。     

宣威火腿中抗菌肽的分离、纯化及鉴定

为探究干腌火腿中生物活性多肽的抗菌活性及其组成,选取产自中国云南省曲靖地区的宣威火腿为材料,通过缓冲液浸提的方法提取火腿中的多肽成分。以粗提多肽对单增李斯特菌和O157型大肠杆菌的生长抑制情况为指标进行抗菌性评价,同时结合离子交换色谱、尺寸排阻色谱等技术对宣威火腿粗多肽进行分离与纯化,并选取其中抑菌活性较强的组分进行氨基酸序列测定。抑菌实验发现宣威火腿粗多肽具有显著抑制单增李斯特菌和O157型大肠杆菌生长的效果;经过逐级分离纯化得到的各组分具有不同的抑菌活性。其中组分7活性最强,对大肠杆菌和李斯特菌的抑菌率分别为98%和56%。通过Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS肽序列鉴定,最终得到抑菌活性较强的多肽序列,分别为QYYNGEEHVRFDSDVGEYR、LRNLPNLEVLDLGTNFI、FASFEAQGALANIAVDK。将鉴定得到的3条多肽化学合成后进行抑菌实验发现,合成多肽均具有较好的抑菌效果,对O157型大肠杆菌的生长抑制效果均显著高于单增李斯特菌。研究结果表明宣威火腿中含有抑菌效果的肽类成分,从而为阐释宣威火腿多肽的功能特征提供理论依据。     

枯草芽孢杆菌菌株B_3抗菌肽的分离纯化与鉴定

针对1株分离自甘肃河西盐碱土壤的具有产抗菌肽潜质的枯草芽孢杆菌B_3菌株(Bacillus subtilis B_3),拟构建一种有效的抗菌肽分离纯化方法,旨在为获得该抗菌肽纯品及其结构信息,并为抗菌肽制备及其制品检测提供方法参考。采用由阳离子交换层析、疏水层析和尺寸排阻层析单元组成的串联柱层析系统对B_3菌株液态发酵产物进行初步分离,对不同时段的收集液做抑菌实验,比较评价分步层析效果;再通过反相HPLC进一步分离纯化后用质谱分析检测,以获得具有抑菌活性多肽的分子质量及结构信息。经串联层析法分离的具有抑菌活物质是一种小分子富脯氨酸抗菌肽,其氨基酸序列Pro-Tyr-Ile-Pro-Gln-Pro-Arg-Pro-Pro-His-Pro-Arg-Leu,分子质量为1 567.86 Da,等电点为10.84。经美国国立生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI)数据库比对,发现其为一种未报道的多肽。经抑菌活性检测表明,该抗菌肽对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和沙门氏杆菌(Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica)均有抑菌作用,其最小抑菌质量浓度均为0.020 312μg/mL。同时,该抗菌肽表现出较强的耐热性、耐酸碱性和光照稳定性,是一种对供试靶标菌具有抑菌活性的新抗菌肽。     

粉红单端孢病害对厚皮甜瓜贮藏期挥发性物质的影响

本文通过果腔顶空法结合色谱及色-质联用仪分析监测“银帝”厚皮甜瓜挥发性物质在常温贮藏条件下的变化,研究粉红单端孢病害侵染对其挥发性物质释放量的影响。结果表明,粉红单端孢Trichotheciumroseum侵染会促使甜瓜的挥发性物质提前释放,但不同挥发性物质成分的变化趋势不同。     

青稞蛋白降血糖肽的纯化、 结构鉴定及体外降血糖和抗氧化活性

原料取青稞蛋白，通过单因素和响应面试验，以α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性为主要测定指标，筛选最适蛋白酶及最佳工艺条件。采用超滤和Sephadex G-15凝胶层析技术对水解肽进行分离纯化。通过液质联用获得具有较高降血糖活性的肽序列并对其氨基酸序列进行分析。结果表明：水解最适蛋白酶为胰蛋白酶，最佳水解条件参数为加酶量为12 000 U/g、底物质量浓度为3 g/100mL、酶解时间为5 h。该条件下水解液α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性达70.96%。水解液经过超滤获得最佳组分E-4，Sephadex G-15凝胶层析得到最优组分E-43，其对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的半抑制浓度值(IC50)分别为0.26、6.74 mg/mL；其对ABTS+、DPPH自由基清除能力的半抑制浓度值分别为2.62、4.23 mg/mL。经液相色谱－串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定，其氨基酸序列为Gly-Phe-Ser-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Lys、Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Ala-Arg，荷质比m/z为348.67、329.68，分子质量为695.32 u、657.36 u，具有降血糖和抗氧化活性的两条八肽中N端均为亲水氨基酸，C端均为碱性氨基酸，且均含亲水、疏水和碱性氨基酸。     

Purification and identification of an ACE-inhibitory peptide from walnut protein hydrolysate

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase. It plays an important physiological role in regulating blood pressure in human bodies. ACE-inhibitory peptides inhibit the activity of ACE, thereby decreasing the tension of blood vessels and the blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. ACE-inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins due to their safety properties and beneficial effects on human health have attracted more and more attentions on their ACE-inhibitory activity. In the present study, a novel ACE-inhibitory peptide, P-1a1, was homogeneously purified from walnut protein hydrolysate by ultrafiltration, consecutive column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The purified peptide was characterized by Edman degradation, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrophotometer and a liquid-phase peptide sequencer. The amino acid sequence of P-1a1 was determined to be LPGRPPIKPWPL. The potent ACE-inhibitory peptide showed a high ACE-inhibitory activity with the IC₅₀ value of 128.98 μg/mL (95.2 μmol/L). The purified peptide could be used in functional food products as a bioactive component with good ACE-inhibitory activity.     

榛仁降脂活性肽分离纯化及结构鉴定

采用超滤、Sephadex G-25、Sephadex G-15、反相高效液相色谱及质谱对榛仁分离蛋白降脂活性肽进行分离纯化及结构鉴定,并通过测定3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中脂质积累、总胆固醇及甘油三酯水平,筛选出具有较高降脂活性的肽段。结果表明,经Sephadex G-15分离得到的C3组分的胰脂肪酶抑制、胆固醇胶束吸附及细胞降脂活性均显著高于其他组分。进一步经质谱解析筛选出的肽段Phe-Leu-Leu-Pro-His（FLLPH）与模型组相比,可抑制26.31%的总脂形成,降低32.67%胆固醇和23.87%甘油三酯水平。FLLPH具有较好的降脂活性,本研究可为榛仁降脂活性肽的开发提供理论参考。     

油菜抗菌肽基因BnCRP1的克隆表达和活性分析

通过生物信息学的方法,充分利用甘蓝型油菜组织转录组测序数据和已有的抗菌肽数据库,筛选获得一个核苷酸长度为102 bp,编码34个氨基酸长度的新型抗菌肽基因BnCRP1,BnCRP1抗菌肽序列中有9个半胱氨酸,半胱氨酸含量超过27%,是一种新型的植物来源的半胱氨酸富集类抗菌肽(Cystin rich protein CRPs),在抗菌肽分类中属于打结素类抗菌肽(Knottin-like Peptides)。抑菌活性检测结果表明抗菌肽BnCRP1对细菌和真菌都具有较强的抑菌活性。拟南芥离体叶片涂抹接菌实验证实,BnCRP1能够显著增强植物对腐生营养型真菌核盘菌的抗性,能够作为生防制剂用于菌核病的防治中,还可以作为一个新基因源用于植物基因工程,以培育抗病转基因植物。本研究为利用生物信息手段和基因工程技术大规模鉴定新植物来源抗菌肽提供参考。     

酶解大豆蛋白抗氧化肽的分离纯化与鉴定

对前期优化的碱性蛋白酶最优酶解条件下的大豆蛋白抗氧化肽进行进一步分离、纯化及鉴定。采用高效强阴离子交换柱（HiTrap Q HP）、快速弱阴离子交换柱（HiTrap DEAE-FF）和制备液相色谱方法,对酶解液进行分离纯化,获得高纯度的抗氧化肽SHP-1。通过液相色谱-串联质谱（liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）测定抗氧化肽SHP-1的分子质量,为741.41 Da;采用氨基酸分析仪对抗氧化肽SHP-1的组成进行分析,表明抗氧化肽SHP-1是由5 种氨基酸组成。通过LC-MS/MS对抗氧化肽SHP-1氨基序列进行解析并与大豆蛋白数据库比对,确定抗氧化肽SHP-1氨基酸序列为IPPGVPY,来自于大豆球蛋白G4亚基。     

Purification and characterization of a novel aspartic protease from basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus sp. S-2

An aspartic protease (Cap1) was purified from basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus sp. S-2 (FERM ABP-10961) using HiTrap DEAE FF column and HiTrap Q HP column chromatography with azocasein as a substrate. Cap1 has a molecular mass of 34 kDa on SDS-PAGE. It was stable up to 50°C with maximum activity at 30°C. Maximum proteolytic activity was observed at pH 5.0. Cap1 was stable in the pH range 3.0-7.0. Its enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by pepstatin A, an inhibitor of aspartic proteases, indicating that Cap1 is an aspartic protease. Cap1 hydrolyzed protein substrates, including BSA, hemoglobin, α-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein. It showed activity on synthetic substrates, such as MOCAc-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ile-Leu-Phe-Phe-Arg-Leu-Lys(Dnp)-D-Arg-NH? and MOCAc-Ala-Pro-Ala-Lys-Phe-Phe-Arg-Leu-Lys(Dnp)-NH?. Hydrolysis of the oxidized insulin B chain followed by amino acid sequencing analysis of the cleavage products revealed that 9 of its 30 peptide bonds were hydrolyzed by Cap1. This result was similar to that observed with pig pepsin A and human pepsin A. Cap1 also exhibited milk-clotting activity. We cloned the cDNA of CAP1 gene, which contained a 1254 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 417 amino acid residues. Homology search in the NCBI database revealed that the amino acid sequence of Cap1 showed less than 39% identity to other known proteins. Therefore, we proposed that Cap1 is a novel aspartic protease.     

Antilisterial activity of dromedary lactoferrin peptic hydrolysates

The aim of this study was to explore the antibacterial peptides derived from dromedary lactoferrin (LFc). The LFc was purified from colostrum using a batch procedure with a cation exchange chromatography support and was hydrolyzed with pepsin to generate peptic digest. This peptic digest was fractionated by cation exchange chromatography, and the antilisterial activity of LFc, peptic digest, and obtained fractions was investigated using the bioscreen method. The growth of Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 and LRGIA 01 strains was not inhibited by LFc and its hydrolysates. Two fractions of dromedary lactoferrin peptic hydrolysate were active against both strains. A tandem mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that the 2 active fractions comprised at least 227 different peptides. Among these peptides, 9 found in the first fraction had at least 50% similarity with 10 known antimicrobial peptides (following sequence alignments with the antimicrobial peptide database from the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha). Whereas 9 of these peptides presented homology with honeybee, frog, or amphibian peptides, the 10th peptide, F₁₅₂SASCVPCVDGKEYPNLCQLCAGTGENKCACSSQEPYFGY₁₉₂ (specifically found in 1 separated fraction), exibited 54% homology with a synthetic antibacterial peptide (AP00481) derived from human lactoferrin named kaliocin-1. Similarly, the second fraction contained 1 peptide similar to lactoferrampin B, an antibacterial peptide derived from bovine milk. This result suggests that peptic hydrolysis of LFc releases more active antimicrobial peptides than their protein source and thus provides an opportunity for their potential use to improve food safety by inhibiting undesirable and spoilage bacteria.     

酪蛋白非磷肽中一种ACE活性抑制肽的分离和鉴定

酪蛋白经碱性蛋白酶Alcalase水解后,加入乙醇提取出的酪蛋白非磷肽(CNPPs)对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的活性有很强的抑制作用。采用凝胶过滤色谱Sephadex G-15和反相高效液相色谱(RP—HPLC)对CNPPs进行分离纯化,通过高效液相色谱/电喷雾电离质谱联用分析和氨基酸组成分析鉴定出一种抑制ACE活性肽,其氨基酸序列为Ser-Trp,ACE半抑制浓度为92.8μmol/L。     

鲫鱼鱼鳞抗菌多肽的制备纯化及其抑菌活性

以鲫鱼鱼鳞为原料,对其预处理后采用柠檬酸浸提酶解等工艺得到鱼鳞抗菌多肽粗酶解液,经透析后,再依次经Sephadex G-15、Sephadex G-50凝胶过滤层析和纤维素DEAE-52阴离子交换层析对其进行分离纯化,最后得到具有较强抑菌活性的鲫鱼鱼鳞抗菌多肽,并对其进行分子质量分析以及对多种细菌、霉菌的抑菌活性和最小抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）测定。结果表明：经分离纯化后得到的具有抑菌活性的蛋白组分AcIII,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示为单一条带,表明其已达到电泳级纯,其分子质量约为20.1 kDa,抑菌活性测定结果表明鲫鱼鱼鳞抗菌多肽具有很好的广谱抗菌活性,对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、假单胞菌和希瓦氏菌的MIC为16 μg/mL,对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的MIC为32 μg/mL。     

Characterisation of antibacterial peptide fractions extracted from pomelo nucleus co-incubated with Lactobacillus

Pomelo have been widely reported for its unique flavour and high nutritive value, whereas the antibacterial activity of pomelo nucleus peptides was still poorly understood. We characterised a co-incubation system of pomelo nucleus and Lactobacillus amylolyticus L6 to identify peptides of high application value. We first analysed the structure of pomelo nucleus peptides (GP) and co-incubated peptides (C-GP) by scanning electron microscopy, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and amino acid analysis. The results showed that the molecular weights, 89% of peptide sequences, and amino acid composition were different in the C-GP compared with the GP fraction, and the spatial structures were quite diverse; the C-GP peptide fraction presented irregular, amorphous and interwoven flocs. Notably, only C-GP had antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.50 μg/mL). Further assessment of the mechanism suggested that the hydrophobic groups in the C-GP peptide fraction were inserted into the hydrophilic sites on the surface of the E. coli cell membrane, leading to the formation of holes and bending. These findings suggest the potential value of pomelo nucleus as a nutrient source.