淡水环境中微塑料采样及预处理方法研究进展

微塑料是一种广泛存在的新型环境污染物,几乎存在于任何环境介质中,在海洋、河流、陆地、大气、土壤中均发现有微塑料污染.为更好地了解淡水环境中微塑料的研究情况,详细介绍了淡水系统中的微塑料采样和预处理方法,并探讨了其发展方向.其中,采样方法涉及水体、沉积物及水生生物方面;在微塑料的提取方面,比较了不同提取溶液和提取方法的优...     

淡水环境中微塑料的分布及生物毒性研究进展

塑料污染问题已经成为影响水生生态的世界性难题,微塑料作为一种新型污染物,其对水生生态安全的影响也愈发突出.对国内淡水环境中微塑料的分布状况进行归纳总结,对其分布、来源及影响因素进行分析;同时,归纳总结微塑料对淡水生物(淡水藻类,淡水浮游动物,鱼类等)的毒害作用研究进展,讨论微塑料对淡水水生生物造成的危害,对未来微塑料的...     

长江流域水体微塑料污染现状及防控措施

微塑料污染在全球范围内受到广泛关注。综述了长江流域水体中微塑料污染的已有报道,分析了长江流域水体微塑料的空间分布和污染特征,探讨了长江流域微塑料污染的危害,并提出了相应的防控措施。结果表明:长江水体微塑料污染具有较高的空间异质性,表层水微塑料丰度在几十到几万 个/m³之间,沉积物中丰度在几十到几千个/kg之间;与国内外其他流域相比,长江流域水体微塑料污染处于中等偏低的水平,湖泊和水库的微塑料丰度普遍高于河流型水体;长江流域水体微塑料以聚酯类、聚乙烯和聚丙烯为主,形态多为纤维状、碎片和薄膜状;长江流域从上游至下游水体微塑料丰度逐渐升高,且多数水体微塑料丰度呈沿岸高、中心低的分布特征。控制长江流域水体微塑料污染,需完善相关法律法规、提高污水处理能力和塑料废物的管理处置能力。     

基于CiteSpace的淡水环境微塑料研究现状及新兴趋势的可视化文献计量分析

应用可视化软件CiteSpace将Web of Science核心合集及中国知网CNKI作为数据源,以2007年1月1日—2021年7月24日发表的有关淡水环境微塑料研究的文献为分析对象,通过分析淡水微塑料研究的相关文献关键词共现、关键词聚类、突显词分析、作者合作共现及机构合作共现等内容,对淡水微塑料相关的研究现状及新兴趋势进行分析。发文量分析表明,国内外近几年对淡水微塑料研究的热度持续升高,近两年涨幅较大,主要集中于中国、美国与德国等。通过关键词共现分析、聚类分析,发现国内外关于淡水微塑料的研究方向大体上相似,其中微塑料在淡水环境中的分布、淡水微塑料在沉积物中的分布与污染特征及微塑料对淡水环境的影响等都是国内外广泛关注的热点问题。通过关键词共现分析及突显词分析,发现淡水环境中微塑料的生态风险,如对淡水生物的影响是目前淡水微塑料研究的新兴趋势。除此之外,纳米塑料也是未来重点研究方向。     

浮游藻类淡水生态环境评价应用现状

结合浮游藻类在淡水生态环境中的指示作用,介绍了浮游藻类在指示淡水生态环境特征、水体富营养化及重金属污染监测及评价作用的应用研究,阐明了建立浮游藻类生物监测体系对开展淡水生态系统评价的重要性。指出监测评价过程中面临的物理生境和生态链间的问题,从空间水文、水动力、水生植被、鱼类及藻间等方面系统综述了其对浮游藻类评价作用的影响,展望今后研究方向,以期为中国利用浮游藻类展开淡水环境评价提供理论指导。     

人工纳米材料在流动水域中的环境行为与生物效应

分析人工纳米材料潜在的环境与生态安全问题,介绍人工纳米材料在水体中的环境行为、人工纳米材料对水生生物的毒性效应的研究现状。针对当前研究的不足,提出应开展不同水动力条件下人工纳米材料环境行为和生物效应影响研究方面研究,揭示水动力作用对人工纳米材料在水体中环境行为和生物效应的影响机理,建立＂水动力条件-人工纳米材料环境行为-生物毒性效应＂之间的耦合关系,探寻水体中利于降低人工纳米材料生物毒性的适宜水动力条件,为河湖水体中人工纳米材料污染防治提供科学依据。     

长江源区水体微塑料组成及分布特征初探

微塑料作为一种新型污染物已在全球范围内引起高度关注.长江源是“中华水塔”,是我国最重要的生态功能区之一,但是对该区域微塑料的污染水平及分布尚不清楚.本研究调查了长江源区河流水体微塑料的污染状况,结果表明:在各采样点中均检测到微塑料,其丰度范围为247～2 686个/m3,平均丰度为(1 823±949)个/m3;粒径＜...     

多氯联苯在我国环境介质中的分布

持久性有机污染物多氯联苯(PCBs)在我国环境介质中广泛分布,能够在水体、大气环境、沉积物、生物体内以及土壤中检出。总结了我国环境介质中PCBs的污染水平及其特点,评价了其存在的环境风险。结果表明:我国水体已经普遍受到PCBs污染,部分海湾、河口(如大亚湾、闽江口以及海河等)污染比较严重;我国大气PCBs污染处于中等程度,夏季大气中PCBs浓度一般高于冬季;沉积物中PCBs大多处于较低生态风险水平,但珠江三角洲等部分地区PCBs含量在不断增加,潜在生态风险较大;我国生物体和土壤中PCBs含量较低,污染生态风险较小,但部分地区生物体内PCBs含量较高,长期食用存在较大的生态风险。     

微塑料对微藻的影响研究进展

环境中的微塑料污染问题已引发了全球的关注,有关微塑料的报道研究很多,尤其是微塑料对水环境的影响研究较多。微塑料作为水环境中的新兴持久性污染物,对微藻的环境行为有一定的影响。微藻作为初级生产者,在水生生态系统中发挥着重要作用。在系统地总结国内外关于微塑料对微藻影响研究进展的基础上,简要分析了不同浓度、尺度、不同表面电荷的微塑料对微藻的环境行为影响,同时分析了微塑料与其他有毒污染物对微藻的联合毒性影响,并就微塑料对微藻影响研究的途径做出了总结与展望。     

水环境中微塑料检测实验室建设研究

塑料作为生产生活中最常见的材料,其废弃物在物理、化学、生物作用下会被分解成为微塑料。微塑料作为新污染物的一种,因其不易降解性,可长距离迁移,并通过食物链转移进入人体中,对人体的免疫系统、消化系统带来危害,给生态环境和人体健康带来极大威胁。对可能受到微塑料污染样品的采样、前处理以及检测工作是微塑料科学研究的必要环节。本文根据不同检测方法的特点,提出微塑料检测实验室的建设实践。     

A systematic review of the literature on plastic pollution in the Laurentian Great Lakes and its effects on freshwater biota

Plastic pollution is ubiquitous in freshwater systems worldwide, and the Laurentian Great Lakes are no exception. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize the current state of the literature on plastic pollution, including macroplastics (>5 mm) and microplastics (<5 mm), in the Great Lakes. Thirty-four publications were used in our systematic review. We found ubiquitous contamination of microplastics in surface water, with maximum abundances exceeding those in ocean gyres. There are also high levels of plastic contamination reported across benthic sediments and shorelines of the Great Lakes. Citizen science data reveals macroplastic across Great Lakes shorelines, with more than three million pieces of plastic litter recorded over a span of three years. We completed a second systematic review of plastic pollution and its impact on freshwater ecosystems in general to inform how plastic in the Great Lakes may impact wildlife. Among studies published in the literature, we found 390 tested effects, 234 (60%) of which were detected and 156 (40%) of which were not; almost all of the freshwater effects (>98%) were tested on microplastics. Based on a subset of these papers, we found that the shape and size of a particle likely affects whether an effect is detected, e.g., more effects are detected for smaller particles. Finally, we identify gaps in scientific knowledge that need to be addressed and discuss how the state of the science can inform management strategies.     

Microplastic contamination of sediments across and within three beaches in western Lake Superior

Microplastic pollution of the environment is ubiquitous, but the processes by which microplastics accumulate within beach sediments are not yet well understood. We isolate microplastic pollution from the sediments at three western Lake Superior beaches. Samples of both surface and subsurface sediments are considered. We find that the average microplastic contamination is 65 microplastic particles kg^?1 sediment across our sites with significant variability across beaches, but the microplastic composition is always dominated by polyester fibers. The variation across beaches does not seem to relate to the distance from suspected sources of microplastics to the lake. Within each beach, we find no significant variation of the mean microplastic concentration in the cross-shore direction or in the surface vs. subsurface sediments at the wrack line. We interpret this mean microplastic concentration in the sediment as a measure of the bulk microplastic concentration in the nearshore water at each beach. In subsurface sediments, we observe a significant difference in the variance of microplastic concentrations, and we attribute this variation to the intermittency of the extreme hydrodynamic conditions that deposit microplastics deeper into the sediment.     

Microplastic and other anthropogenic microparticles in water and sediments of Lake Simcoe

Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm in size) have been reported in ecosystems worldwide and have been shown to cause adverse negative impacts on organisms. This study provides the first report of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles in the surface waters and sediments of Lake Simcoe in Ontario, Canada, a popular recreational and fishing lake. Surface waters (low volume grabs and manta trawls) and sediments were sampled from eight sites to determine microparticle abundances and character (size, morphology, material identity). Concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.7 particles/L in surface water grab samples, 0.4–1.3 particles/m³ in manta trawl samples, and 8.3–1070 particles/kg in sediment samples. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed that 72% of particles were anthropogenic, with 64% unambiguously identified as microplastics. However, confirmed microplastic concentrations were approximately 6–7 times lower than unadjusted counts in sediments, demonstrating the importance of verifying and adjusting reported values. Fibers were only quantified and characterized in surface water grab samples and sediments, and were the most common morphology, accounting for 82% and 89% of anthropogenic particles, respectively. Fragments were most common in manta trawl samples (75%, excluding fibers) and consisted predominantly of polyethylene (41%) and polypropylene (22%). The influence of proximity to urban centers and prevailing winds on the distribution of microplastics was apparent in surface water manta trawls. Microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles are present in Lake Simcoe but at lower abundances than at locations impacted by larger population centers in other large freshwater lakes such as Lakes Ontario and Erie of the Great Lakes.     

淡水养殖污染负荷估算方法刍议

综述了淡水养殖污染负荷估算的方法:化学分析法、竹内俊郎法及其同类方法、物料平衡法、湖泊和水库的箱式模型法。分析了淡水养殖污染负荷估算模型的应用,提出对估算污染负荷量应在分类别、分阶段、分区域估算基础上进行综合评估。建议探索复杂生态环境下淡水养殖污染负荷综合估算法,研究药品投入、底泥的沉积和释放等因素的影响,以增强其适用性和实用价值。正确估算水产养殖的氮磷污染负荷,对取得水产养殖收益和保护水环境有指导意义。     

城市水源污染的预防和生态治理综述

根据城市污水性质和水生态系统现状 ,分析了城市水污染的成因 ,讨论了预防城市环境污染的方法 ,介绍了自然处理系统、以土壤为基础的处理系统、湿地处理系统等废水处理机制。     

泥沙颗粒生长生物膜后沉降的实验研究(Ⅱ)——沉降速度计算

泥沙生长生物膜后相应的物理特性将会发生改变，本文主要探讨泥沙颗粒在微生物生命活动的影响下沉降特性的改变情况。通过将官厅水库的泥沙分为六组，使用天然水和营养液的混合液对泥沙进行培养，用来模拟富营养水体中泥沙颗粒特性的发展变化情况。对于生长生物膜后的絮体颗粒在各个不同培养时间的沉降运动，实验采用先进的图像采集观测系统进行拍摄采样，并利用图像分析测量颗粒大小和沉速的变化，推导了生长生物膜后的颗粒沉速计算公式。研究表明生物膜极大的改变了颗粒的表面特性，使得颗粒下沉阻力增大，与同等大小无生物膜粘连的泥沙颗粒相比沉速明显减小。     

Water quality assessment of a tropical coastal lake system using multivariate cluster,principal component and factor analysis

Statistical techniques represent a reliable tool for classifying, modelling and interpreting surface water quality monitoring data, particularly for lakes. The complexity associated with the analysis of a large number of measured variables, however, is a major problem in water quality assessments. Multivariate analysis, such as cluster analysis and factor analysis (FA), was utilized in this study for the analysis of water quality data (including water discharges and 28 water quality parameters) for Akkulam–Veli Lake, a tropical coastal lake system in Kerala, India. This lake is partially divided into two sub‐systems, namely Veli Lake and Akkulam Lake. Akkulam Lake exhibits freshwater characteristics, in contrast to Veli Lake, which exhibits saline water characteristics because of its close proximity to the sea. Thus, studying this lake provides insights into water quality variations in both a freshwater and saline water lake in a tropical region. Water quality patterns and variations in Akkulam–Vela Lake over three seasons, including pre‐monsoon (PRM), monsoon (MON) and post‐monsoon (POM), also were studied, utilizing multivariate techniques. The organic pollution factor played a significant role on lake water quality during PRM. The influence of organic pollution tends to decrease during MON and POM, a particular situation faced by urban lakes in tropical regions. Polluted stretches in a lake system during different seasons can easily be ascertained by hierarchical cluster analysis. Further, the factors affecting a lake system as a whole, as well as for a particular sampling site, can easily be identified by FA. Improved water quality can be observed during POM. Akkulam and Vela lakes exhibit a wide variation in water quality during all seasons, a finding that corroborates a water flow obstruction from Akkulam Lake to Veli Lake because of the bund existing between the two lakes. The location of the bund is identified as the major reason for different hydrochemical processes in A–V Lake.