2020~2021年广州市售牡蛎中GII型诺如病毒污染情况调查

滤食性牡蛎是食源性诺如病毒传播的重要食品媒介。为了解广州市售牡蛎中的诺如病毒污染水平与遗传多样性特点,合理评估消费风险,本研究于2020年6月至2021年5月期间,每月从当地水产市场随机采集牡蛎样本,采用实验室前期建立的蛋白酶K处理偶联聚乙二醇沉淀小体系法,包括荧光定量RT-PCR和巢式RT-PCR技术检测贝类中病毒的污染量以及基因型分布特点。结果共检测牡蛎110只,GII型诺如病毒阳性检出率为52.7%（58/110）,病毒污染含量范围为1.56×103~1.09×106 copies/g（消化腺）。其中,春夏季节（3~8月）牡蛎中诺如病毒的阳性率为35.7%（20/56）,低于在秋冬季节（9~2月）的阳性率70.4%（38/54）;但不同季节中检出的病毒含量无显著差异,分别为春季（2.69±1.46）×105 copies/g（消化腺）,夏季（1.97±2.16）×105 copies/g（消化腺）,秋季（6.91±6.16）×104 copies/g（消化腺）,冬季为（4.83±2.99）×104 copies/g（消化腺）。部分阳性样本测序分析后显示,除1份为GII.17基因型外,其余均为GII.4基因型（n=13）,与当地的临床流行基因型呈现一致性。本研究显示广州市售牡蛎中仍存在较高的诺如病毒污染水平,需要进一步加强病毒防控工作,尤其提醒消费者在食用牡蛎时需加工充分。     

长牡蛎中类HBGAs的分型及与诺如病毒P粒子 结合特性研究

目的了解长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)消化道组织中类组织血型抗原(histo-blood group antigens,HBGAs)的类型特点,分析其与诺如病毒的结合特性,以探讨长牡蛎富集诺如病毒的机制。方法利用8种HBGAs单克隆抗体,建立长牡蛎中类HBGAs检测的ELISA方法,并分析其主要型别。同时,利用5种体外表达的GII.4型诺如病毒P粒子分析其与长牡蛎中类HBGA的结合特性。结果长牡蛎消化道组织中存在类A,H1,Lea和Ley型HBGA;55019株(2006b变异株)和97-1l株(95/96US变异株)GII.4型诺如病毒P粒子可通过类A、H1和Ley型HBGA与长牡蛎消化道组织相结合,91(Camberwell_91株)和42(Hunter_2004)株可通过类Ley型HBGA与长牡蛎消化道组织相结合,156株(sakai株)不与任何类型类HBGA结合。结论长牡蛎消化道组织中存在类A、H1、Lea和Ley型HBGA,GII.4型诺如病毒主要通过类A、H1和Ley型HBGA与长牡蛎消化道组织相结合。     

西生菜中低污染量GⅡ型诺如病毒的富集与定量检测研究

目的优化新鲜西生菜中低污染量的GⅡ型诺如病毒富集方法,比较实时荧光RT-PCR与微滴式数字RT-PCR检测方法,研究适用于新鲜西生菜中低污染量的GⅡ型诺如病毒的定量检测方法。方法选取洗脱液种类、沉淀剂种类、沉淀剂作用温度及沉淀剂作用时间4个因素进行研究,以确定较优的GⅡ型诺如病毒富集条件。结合较优的富集条件,分别采用实时荧光RT-PCR方法和微滴式数字RT-PCR方法进行定量检测。结果病毒富集方法研究表明:洗脱液为牛肉膏-甘氨酸洗脱液、沉淀剂为PEG6000+PEG8000、沉淀剂作用温度为4℃,沉淀剂作用时间为4 h为较优条件,此时富集后的平均病毒浓度最高,平均回收率可达53.43%。实时荧光RT-PCR的检测限为1.44×10~4 copies/g;而微滴式数字RT-PCR的检测限为7.86×10~2 copies/g。结论通过优化西生菜中低污染量的GⅡ诺如病毒富集方法,比较实时荧光RT-PCR方法与微滴式数字RT-PCR方法定量检测病毒的效果,建立了适用于西生菜样品中低污染量GⅡ诺如病毒的定量检测方法。     

实时荧光RT-PCR检测冷冻草莓中诺如病毒

目的：建立冷冻草莓中的GI、GII型诺如病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法,并应用于实际样品的检测。方法：对草莓样品进行前处理、病毒富集、病毒RNA的提取和纯化,然后采用实时荧光RT-PCR进行检测。结果：核酸提取方法能够有效地去除抑制因子,同时对104份送检样品进行检测,结果均为阴性。结论：所建立的核酸提取与实时荧光RT-PCR结合的检测体系适合于草莓样品中诺如病毒GI、GII型的检测。     

草莓中诺如病毒和甲肝病毒的多重实时荧光逆转录PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立草莓中诺如病毒GI、诺如病毒GII和甲肝病毒等3种食源性病毒的多重实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法,并应用于实际样品检测。方法对草莓样品进行前处理、病毒富集、病毒RNA提取和纯化后,先采用单重实时荧光RT-PCR进行检测,随后进行多重实时荧光RT-PCR反应条件优化,建立多重实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法并分析其特异性和灵敏度。结果所采用的病毒富集和核酸提取方法可以实现病毒的有效富集和抑制剂的去除,建立的多重实时荧光RT-PCR方法特异性强(100%),对草莓样品中诺如病毒GI、诺如病毒GII和甲肝病毒的检测灵敏度分别为56.2 RT-PCR50/20 g、31.6 RT-PCR50/20 g和31.4 CCID50/20 g。同时对50份样品进行检测,结果均为阴性。结论所建立的检测方法快速、灵敏、特异性强,适用于草莓产品中诺如病毒GI、诺如病毒GII和甲肝病毒的同时检测。     

北京市市售牡蛎中诺如病毒污染对居民健康影响的初步定量风险评估

目的通过建立针对北京市居民从零售到餐桌的牡蛎-诺如病毒暴露模型,对北京市居民通过市售牡蛎暴露诺如病毒的风险开展初步定量评估。方法利用北京市市售牡蛎中诺如病毒的356条定量检测数据,模拟北京市居民牡蛎消费情景,建立暴露评估模型,结合文献发表的基于暴发数据推导的剂量-反应关系模型,对居民通过生食牡蛎后发生诺如病毒感染的健康风险及其影响因素进行评估。结果 GI型和GII型诺如病毒阳性样品的污染水平分别为2.62×104个病毒拷贝/g(95%CI:3.73×103~1.54×105)和5.02×104个病毒拷贝/g(95%CI:8.13×103~2.52×105)。对血清分泌受体阳性的人群,生食1个可能受GI型和GII型诺如病毒污染的牡蛎的发病风险分别为0.93(95%CI:0.73~0.98)和0.95(95%CI:0.80~0.99);对血清分泌受体阴性的人群,生食1个可能污染GI型和GII型诺如病毒牡蛎的发病风险分别为0.37(95%CI:0.04~0.64)和0.57(95%CI:0.07~0.99)。风险的估计值与诺如病毒阴性样品的赋值相关,相关系数为0.49。不确定性分析显示,现有检测方法的检出限高于半数感染及致病剂量,是评估结果不确定性的主要来源。结论北京市居民通过生食牡蛎发生食源性诺如病毒感染的风险很高;提高病毒拷贝定量检测技术的灵敏度,降低检测方法的检出限水平是降低评估结果不确定性的主要途径。     

GI.5和GII.4诺如病毒P蛋白的克隆表达及与长牡蛎类HBGAs的结合特性

为明确人诺如病毒（human norovirus,HuNoV）与长牡蛎类组织血型抗原（histo-blood group antigens,HBGAs）的结合特性,本实验运用大肠杆菌表达系统,克隆表达了基因簇I.5(genogroupI.5,GI.5)和GII.4HuNoVP蛋白,采用酶联免疫吸附测定研究HuNoVP蛋白与唾液HBGAs和长牡蛎类HBGAs的结合特性。结果表明,GII.4 HuNoV与唾液A型、B型、AB型和O型HBGAs均有较好的结合,而GI.5 HuNoV与B型HBGAs结合较弱,与O型HBGAs具有明显的结合优势。GI.5和GII.4 HuNoV在长牡蛎鳃、消化腺和外套膜中均可富集,其中在消化腺中富集最多,二者主要与类A型和H1型HBGAs结合,GII.4 HuNoV与类Lea型、Leb型、Lex型和Ley型HBGAs有不同程度的结合,而GI.5 HuNoV与类Leb型HBGAs仅微弱结合,与类H1型HBGAs具有明显结合优势。综上,不同型别HuNoV与HBGAs的结合特性不尽相同,GII.4 HuNoV具有广谱结合特性,GI.5 HuNoV具有选择结合特性。     

2018—2022年淄博市市售双壳贝类中诺如病毒检测分析

目的：分析淄博市市售双壳贝类中诺如病毒检测结果,了解其污染情况,为开展食品中诺如病毒风险评估及采取有效防控措施提供数据支持。方法：采集2018—2022年淄博市市售双壳贝类样本155份,提取病毒核酸并采用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应分别进行诺如病毒GI型和GII型检测。结果：2018—2022年采集市售双壳贝类155份,检出诺如病毒阳性29份,总阳性检出率为18.71%。GII型阳性检出率（10.97%）高于GI型阳性检出率（4.52%）,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,不同季度检出率差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,第一季度检出率最高（50.00%）。结论：淄博市市售双壳贝类中存在诺如病毒污染现象,以GII型为主,第一季度检出率最高,需加强监测,开展相关风险评估,以降低诺如病毒引起的食源性疾病负担。     

含4 种食源性病毒检测靶标多联装甲RNA的制备、纯化与定值

基于Qβ噬菌体装甲RNA制备平台构建同时含有诺如病毒（norovirus,NoV）、甲肝病毒（hepatitis A virus,HAV）、轮状病毒（rotavirus,RV）、星状病毒（astrovirus,AstV）检测靶标RNA的多联装甲RNA（multiplex armored RNA,AR-MulV）,并进行纯化与初步定值。结果表明,重组质粒在大肠杆菌中成功表达,表达产物大小约为14.1 kDa;制备的AR-MulV经纯化后无杂蛋白与残留重组质粒,电镜下可见大量结构形态完整的病毒样颗粒,大小约为25 nm。初步定值结果显示,AR-MulV中GI型NoV、GII型NoV、HAV、RV和AstV检测靶标RNA的含量分别为（1.24±0.2）×107、（2.54±0.6）×107、（2.24±0.3）×107、（2.96±0.5）×107 copies/μL和（3.19±0.4）×107 copies/μL。本研究基于Qβ噬菌体装甲RNA制备平台成功制备同时包含4 种食源性病毒标准方法检测靶标的多联装甲RNA,为食源性病毒的分子检测以及多重实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链式反应阳性质控样品的研发提供新思路。     

福建省养殖环节牡蛎中诺如病毒污染状况分析

目的 了解福建省养殖环节牡蛎中诺如病毒(Norovirus)污染状况及基因分型,进一步定量分析诺如病毒污染水平,为食品中诺如病毒污染监测及安全风险评估提供数据支持.方法 2017年8月—2018年9月,于福建省某养殖基地采集牡蛎样品共244份,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法对样品中诺如病毒进行检测,确定其污...     

Norovirus recognizes histo-blood group antigens on gastrointestinal cells of clams, mussels, and oysters: a possible mechanism of bioaccumulation

Outbreaks of norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis are often associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalves such as oysters, clams, and mussels. Crassostrea virginica oysters trap the Norwalk virus through the intestinal type A-like histo-blood group antigen (HBGA), a possible mechanism of bioaccumulation responsible for NoV outbreaks. In this study, we tested binding and inhibition of binding in three species of oysters and one species each of clams and mussels with NoVs, representing four HBGA receptor-binding patterns. Our results indicated that all three oyster species expressed type A- and type O-like HBGA in their gastrointestinal tissue. Similar type A-like antigens also were found in mussels and clams, but only some of them express the O-like antigens. Both genogroups I and II recombinant norovirus-like particles (rNoVLPs) bound to gastrointestinal homogenates from oysters, mussels, and clams, and the binding was inhibited by preincubation of the rNoVLP with HBGA-specific monoclonal antibodies or with types A or O HBGA-positive human saliva. Co-localization of rNoVLPs and HBGA on gastrointestinal epithelial cells of oysters, mussels, and clams was also observed by immunofluorescent microscopy. Finally, the binding of rNoVLP to oyster gastrointestinal homogenates was inhibited by incubation with HBGA analogs. This study significantly expands our understanding that multiple HBGAs are expressed in oyster, mussel, and clam gastrointestinal tissues, which could be the major mechanism of bioaccumulation of NoVs by these bivalves. Our results also suggest that this bioaccumulation could be reversed by incubation with HBGA analogs, a possible important new strategy for depuration.     

Genetic variation in the conservative gene region of Norovirus genogroup II strains in environmental and stool samples

Noroviruses (NoVs) have been one of leading etiological agents for infectious gastroenteritis over the world. Gastroenteritis caused by NoVs is prevalent in winter season, and the contamination of the water environment with NoVs in the epidemic cold season is frequently reported. In contrast, the number of gastroenteritis patients and NoVs in the water environment are reduced during the nonepidemic summer season, and the year-round fate of NoVs has remained to be elucidated. In this study, we collected nucleotide sequences of NoV genogroup II (GII) from domestic sewage, sewage sludge, treated wastewater, river water, and stool samples of gastroenteritis patients in geographically close areas. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained NoV gene revealed that six out of seven isolates from environmental samples and 10 out of 11 isolates from stool samples belong to genotype 3 (NoV GII.3) or 4 (NoV GII.4), which have been prevalent throughout the world. Genetic distances between the conservative gene region of NoV GII.4 variants implied that genetically diverse strains are likelyto occur in environmental samples. The evaluation of the evolutionary change of NoV gene obtained from environmental samples would make it possible to elucidate the year-round fate of NoVs.     

Real-time PCR quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters using an alternative matrix

This study examined the relationship between levels of total Vibrio parahaemolyticus found in oyster tissues and mantle fluid with the goal of using mantle fluid as a template matrix in a new quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) gene for the enumeration of total V. parahaemolyticus in oysters. Oysters were collected near Mobile Bay, Ala., in June, July, and September and tested immediately after collection and storage at 26 degrees C for 24 h. Initial experiments using DNA colony hybridization targeting tlh demonstrated that natural V. parahaemolyticus levels in the mantle fluid of individual oysters were strongly correlated (r = 0.85, P < 0.05) with the levels found in their tissues. When known quantities of cultured V. parahaemolyticus cells were added to real-time PCR reactions that contained mantle fluid and oyster tissue matrices separately pooled from multiple oysters, a strong linear correlation was observed between the real-time PCR cycle threshold and the log concentration of cells inoculated into each PCR reaction (mantle fluid: r = 0.98, P < 0.05; and oyster: r = 0.99, P < 0.05). However, the mantle fluid exhibited less inhibition of the PCR amplification than the homogenized oyster tissue. Analysis of natural V. parahaemolyticus populations in mantle fluids using both colony hybridization and real-time PCR demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) but reduced correlation (r = -0.48) between the two methods. Reductions in the efficiency of the real-time PCR that resulted from low population densities of V. parahaemolyticus and PCR inhibitors present in the mantle fluid of some oysters (with significant oyster-to-oyster variation) contributed to the reduction in correlation between the methods that was observed when testing natural V. parahaemolyticus populations. The V. parahaemolyticus-specific real-time PCR assay used for this study could estimate elevated V. parahaemolyticus levels in oyster mantle fluid within 1 h from sampling time.     

Statistical analysis of attack rate in norovirus foodborne outbreaks

Norovirus (NoV), which causes foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks, is one of the important viruses in public health. We statistically analyzed the attack rate in foodborne outbreaks caused by NoV. The attack rate in 95 oyster-associated outbreaks was significantly higher than that in 195 food handler-associated outbreaks (P=0.007). The difference in the number of NoV genotypes implicated is considered to be an important factor for this difference. The attack rate in 20 outbreaks associated only with GII/3 was higher than that in 143 other outbreaks (P=0.247), while the attack rate in 27 outbreaks associated only with GII/4 was lower than that in 136 other outbreaks (P=0.004), suggesting that GII/4 NoVs cause asymptomatic infection more frequently than do other NoV genotypes. Our results suggest that differences in implicated foods, susceptibility of the host to NoV infection, and pathogenicity of NoVs may influence the attack rate in NoV foodborne outbreaks.     

Depuration and Relaying: A Review on Potential Removal of Norovirus from Oysters

Pollution of coastal waters can result in contamination of bivalve shellfish with human enteric viruses, including norovirus (NoV), and oysters are commonly implicated in outbreaks. Depuration is a postharvest treatment involving placement of shellfish in tanks of clean seawater to reduce contaminant levels; this review focuses on the efficacy of depuration in reducing NoV in oysters. There have been many NoV outbreaks from depurated oysters containing around 10³ genome copies/g oyster tissue, far exceeding the median infectious dose (ID50). Half of the published NoV reduction experiments showed no decrease in NoV during depuration, and in the remaining studies it took between 9 and 45.5 d for a 1‐log reduction—significantly longer than commercial depuration time frames. Surrogate viruses are more rapidly depurated than NoV; the mean number of days to reduce NoV by 1 log is 19, and 7.5 d for surrogates. Thus, surrogates do not appear to be suitable for assessing virological safety of depurated oysters; data on reduction of NoV infectivity during depuration would assist evaluations on surrogate viruses and the impact of methods used. The longer persistence of NoV highlights its special relationship with oysters, which involves the binding of NoV to histo‐blood group‐like ligands in various tissues. Given the persistence of NoV and on‐going outbreaks, depuration as currently performed appears ineffective in guaranteeing virologically safe oysters. Conversely, relaying oysters for 4 wk is more successful, with low NoV concentrations and no illnesses associated with products. The ineffectiveness of depuration emphasizes the need for coastal water quality to be improved to ensure oysters are safe to eat.