龙抬头式泄洪洞水力特性试验研究与数值模拟

为探索采用数值模拟研究龙抬头式泄洪洞水力特性的可行性,以黄河小浪底水利枢纽2~#龙抬头式泄洪洞作为研究对象,结合1∶40正态水工模型,利用RNG k-ε湍流模型,从泄流能力、洞顶余幅、断面流速、测压管水头、水流空化数、挑流射程及冲坑深度等方面对设计与校核两种洪水位条件下龙抬头式泄洪洞的水力特性进行了研究,并将模拟值与试验值进行对比。研究结果表明,模拟值与试验值吻合,利用数值模拟探究龙抬头式泄洪洞水力特性是可行的。泄洪洞洞内水流平稳,且洞顶余幅大于25%,即不存在明满流交替的不良流态。在校核洪水位时,流量系数模拟值与试验值都高于设计值,泄流能力能达到防洪设计要求。渥奇段和挑流段的水流空化数较小,有发生空蚀破坏的可能,需采取适当减蚀措施;高速流体在不平整的水工模型表面可能引起局部负压,应关注表面施工问题。研究所得成果可为泄洪洞设计、施工提供参考和理论依据。     

高水头明流泄洪洞三维数值模拟

导流洞改建为龙抬头式泄洪洞是一种常见的改建形式,其局部水流流态十分复杂。研究一种高水头龙抬头式明流泄洪洞,采用RNG k~ε模型和标准壁面函数模拟紊流,利用几何重构的VOF模型追踪自由水面;对某龙抬头式泄洪洞在设计洪水位闸门全开情况下进行了三维流场数值模拟。将沿程水面高程、底板压力及掺气空腔长度的计算结果与模型试验数据进行对比验证,两者吻合良好,从而为工程设计提供参考。     

龙抬头泄洪洞水力特性研究

结合某泄洪洞改建工程,利用三维紊流模型对不同进口高程的龙抬头泄洪洞水力特性进行比较研究。首先,利用龙抬头泄洪洞水工模型试验结果验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。然后,针对四种进口高程的龙抬头泄洪洞,从泄洪洞泄流能力、水头损失及水流流态等方面进行了比较。结果表明,在保证各曲线段光滑平顺的前提下,进口高程对泄洪洞、水头损失及流态的影响不大。研究成果可为泄洪洞的设计提供依据。     

龙抬头式泄洪洞水工模型试验分析

龙抬头式泄洪洞是小浪底水利枢纽工程的主要泄水建筑物。针对高速水流产生的不良水力学问题,采用几何比尺为1∶40的水工模型,根据重力相似准则,对设计和校核两种洪水位工况下小浪底库区右岸2号龙抬头式泄洪洞的泄流方案进行了试验研究。结果表明:龙抬头式泄洪洞泄流能力满足要求;龙抬头式泄洪洞侧墙空化数均大于0.3,洞身侧墙区域未发生严重的空蚀破坏;下游河道的挑流射程较远,形成的冲坑深度对大坝基础影响较小;挑流消能会对大坝的右岸山体产生冲刷与掏空效应,需要对山体坡面采取抗冲刷措施。     

龙抬头式泄洪洞水流数学模型及其应用

本文给出了一个实用、有效的三维泄洪洞水流数值模型。对泄洪洞进口段采用势流模型，对明流段则考虑了阻力与边界层发展的影响，提出了一种既适合内部边界层区，又适合外部边界层区的数值计算方法，使之能合理地模拟龙抬头式泄洪洞的水流特性。验证计算及工程应用表明，该数值模型具有较高的精度，能满足工程要求。     

茸草水库“龙抬头”式泄洪洞设计

分析了茸草水库有压泄洪洞与无压泄洪洞的设计方案，介绍了“龙抬头”式泄洪洞设计思路。     

龙抬头水电站泄洪洞水力特性研究

针对青海省某大型水电站龙抬头泄洪洞工程,采用计算流体力学软件Flow-3D,应用RNG k-ε紊流模型、VOF方法,对泄洪洞整体水力特性进行三维数值模拟研究,得到泄洪洞闸室、龙抬头段、挑坎等部位水流流态、壁面压强、水流流速等水力参数。将部分数值模拟结果同整体水工模型试验实测结果进行比较,两者吻合良好。数值模拟及试验成果显示,泄洪洞闸室合理设置突扩突跌设施可有效掺气、利于减蚀,龙抬头段水流流态平稳无突变、壁面无负压;而且,扭曲斜切挑坎有利于挑射水流归槽,可避免水流冲刷对向河岸,泄洪洞体型设计合理。研究表明,数值模拟与理论研究结果接近,可靠度较高,可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

判别泄洪洞反弧段发生空蚀的水力特性标准

 搜集了国内外已建工程龙抬头式泄洪洞的运用情况共22例， 对其中一些工程发生空蚀破坏的原因、条件进行了综合分析。提出可以用泄洪洞作用水头、反弧末端平均流速及反弧段水流空化数等3项水力特性的界限值， 作为判别龙抬头式泄洪洞反弧段是否会发生空蚀的水力特性标准。     

龙抬头泄洪洞水力特性的数值模拟

以某水电站泄洪洞为研究对象,结合大比尺水工模型试验,采用RNG k-ε数值模型,利用VOF法追踪自由液面,对龙抬头泄洪洞的流场进行了三维水力特性的数值模拟,并提出2种增加掺气设施的修改方案。结果表明:数值模拟结果与水工模型实测值吻合较好,该方法可以较好地模拟三维流场;增加掺气设施后可以有效地减轻下游反弧段的空蚀破坏。     

高水头岸边泄洪洞水力特性的数值模拟

为了探索采用数值模拟的方法来研究高水头岸边泄洪洞水力特性的可行性，用Fluent商用计算软件，对某电站岸边泄洪洞进行了数值模拟研究，得到了泄流能力、压强沿程分布、水流空化数、通气设施进气量、空腔形态及挑距等，并将部分计算结果与模型试验结果进行了比较，两者符合较好，表明采用数值模拟的方法研究龙落尾式泄洪洞的水流是可行的。但是，数值模拟暂时不能正确的反映掺气水深及洞顶余幅。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.