低温碱法脱酯制取低酯果胶的研究

以商品柑橘高酯果胶为原料,重点探讨了低温碱法脱酯对果胶质量的影响。以果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度(DE值)、特性粘度等指标为考察依据。结果表明,低温下(5℃)碱法脱酯可将影响果胶品质的β-消去反应控制在较小程度,所得产品特性粘度能最大程度保持。柑橘高酯果胶碱法脱酯的最佳工艺条件为:pH 9.0,控制5℃低温处理30 min,该条件所得果胶半乳糖醛酸含量为81.387%,DE值为38.95%,指标达到低酯果胶产品的标准。     

果胶碱法脱酯工艺影响因素的研究

以商品柑橘高酯果胶为原料制取低酯果胶.重点探讨了低温碱法脱酯时间对果胶质量和得率的影响并比较了异丙醇、甲醇沉淀果胶的效果.以果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度(DE值)、黏度、得率等为分析对象.结果表明,低温下(4℃)碱法脱酯可将影响果胶品质的β-消去反应控制在较小程度,所得产品黏度能最大程度得到保持.柑橘高酯果胶碱法脱酯的最佳工艺条件为pH 9.0,控制温度在4℃,处理30 min,沉淀果胶用异丙醇,该条件所得果胶半乳糖醛酸含量为86.57%,DE值为47.98%,得率为81.5%,指标达到低酯果胶产品的标准.     

不同分子量和不同酯化度苹果果胶的研究

对不同分子量和不同酯化度(DE值)苹果果胶进行研究.采用醇沉法制备苹果果胶,然后分别用酸解法制备不同分子量果胶,用碱法脱酯制备不同DE值果胶.用高效液相色谱法测定果胶分子量,用滴定法测定果胶酯化度.结果表明:随酸解和脱酯时间的延长,果胶分子量和DE值逐渐降低.     

果胶的酰胺化技术研究

以商品柑桔高酯果胶为原料,对其进行酰胺化处理,研究低温条件下酰胺化作用的氨水浓度和脱酯时间对产品质量的影响,以果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度(DE值)、酰胺取代度(DA值)、特性粘度等指标为考察依据。结果表明,低温下(5℃)高浓度氨水(4N)脱酯可将影响果胶品质的β-消去反应控制在较小程度,所得产品特性粘度较高,酰胺化程度(DA值)较大;而低浓度氨水(1N)处理则得到酰胺化程度较低的产品。这两种方式配合短时间脱酯(40min)都可制得半乳糖醛酸含量,DE值,DA值等指标符合EU(欧盟)关于酰胺化果胶标准的产品。     

响应面法优化α-淀粉酶酶解高粱淀粉工艺及动力学研究

以葡萄糖值(DE)为考察指标,利用单因素试验和响应面法研究时间、温度、p H及酶与底物比(E/S)对α-淀粉酶酶解高粱淀粉的影响。利用Lineweaver-Burk和Wilkinson统计法求解米氏常数(K_m)和最大反应速度(V_m),建立相应动力学模型。结果表明:α-淀粉酶酶解高粱淀粉制糖工艺为:时间130 min,温度40℃,p H 7.0及E/S=0.04 U/mg。在此条件下,DE验证值为(38.019±0.226)%。在p H 6.0,50℃条件下,K_m=28.888 mg/m L,V_m=0.156 mg/(m L·min)。在30~50℃范围内,E_a=4.448 k J/mo L,ΔH=65.187k J/mol。该研究为高粱淀粉工业制糖提供理论依据。     

响应面法优化荸荠淀粉酶解工艺及动力学研究

以葡萄糖当量值(DE)为考察指标,利用单因素和响应面法对α-淀粉酶酶解荸荠淀粉工艺进行优化,并计算相应酶解动力学参数。结果表明:α-淀粉酶酶解荸荠淀粉优化工艺为:时间88min、温度53℃、E/S=0.12U/mg和p H7.7。在此条件下,验证实验DE为(53.393%±0.899%)。在p H7.0,60℃条件下,Km=47.298mg/m L,Vmax=0.335mg/(m L·min),Ea=11.995k J/mol,△H=71.882k J/mol。     

苹果渣果胶提取工艺优化及碱法降酯效果评价

以苹果渣为原料,分别采用正交试验和响应面分析的方法,优化提取低酯果胶的工艺条件。结果表明,提
取果胶的最佳条件为提取温度95 ℃、提取时间120 min、料液比1∶20（g/mL）、提取水解体系pH 1.5,该条件下高
酯果胶得率为6.07%,且4 个因素对高酯果胶得率的影响强弱为料液比＞提取体系pH值＞提取温度＞提取时间。碱
法脱酯降甲酯度的最佳条件为处理温度15 ℃、处理时间25.33 min、体系pH 9.87,在此条件下,低酯果胶的得率为
5.14%,3 个因素对低酯果胶得率的影响强弱为处理体系pH值＞处理时间＞处理温度。碱法降甲酯度效果的最佳条
件为处理温度15 ℃、处理时间30.64 min、处理体系pH 10.14。在此条件下,果胶酯化度为38.26%,3 个因素对果胶
酯化度的影响强弱为处理体系pH值＞处理温度＞处理时间。     

黑曲霉果胶酯酶在毕赤酵母中异源表达、性质分析及脱酯工艺优化

果胶酯酶作为一种食品酶制剂,因其能够将高酯果胶的甲酯基脱去生成低酯果胶而受到广泛关注,但目前国内尚无自主研发的商品果胶酯酶。为了促进果胶酯酶的应用,该研究合成了密码子优化后的黑曲霉果胶酯酶基因,并实现了其在毕赤酵母X33中成功表达。3 L发酵罐高密度发酵96 h后,得到的发酵液上清液中果胶酯酶的活力为85.12 U/mL,是摇瓶水平的7倍,也是目前果胶酯酶表达的最高水平。对重组果胶酯酶进行分离纯化和酶学性质研究,结果表明,重组果胶酯酶的最适pH和最适温度分别是pH 5.0和55℃,K_m和V_max分别是13.8 mmol/L和9.04μmol/(L·min)。该酶的温度稳定性较好,在55℃处理40 min,剩余活力仍保持在60%以上;其pH耐受范围广,在pH 3.5～6.5下处理120 min,仍保持60%以上的剩余活力。以高酯果胶为底物,对该果胶酯酶的脱酯条件进行优化,优化得到的脱酯工艺参数为：30 g/L果胶、加酶量65.4 U/g、脱酯温度50℃、初始pH 5.5、脱酯时间60 min。在此条件下果胶的酯化度从70.8%降至13.6%。该...     

全棉秆脱果胶动力学研究

对全棉秆NaOH和Na2C2O4脱果胶动力学进行了实验研究。实验结果表明, NaOH和Na2C2O4的脱果胶反应均属于一级反应。在80℃、90℃、95℃条件下, Na2C2O4的脱果胶反应速率比NaOH的快;100℃条件下, NaOH的脱果胶反应速率比Na2C2O4的快。Na2C2O4的脱果胶反应活化能为50.90 kJ/mol, NaOH的脱果胶反应活化能为79.63 kJ/mol, 表明Na2C2O4的脱果胶能力要好于NaOH。     

利用果胶酯酶制备低酯果胶工艺研究

研究高酯果胶脱酯工艺的最佳条件;利用果胶酯酶对商品高酯果胶进行脱酯,采用L934正交试验法研究确定酶用量、脱酯温度、pH及脱酯时间对脱酯效果的影响.利用果胶酯酶进行脱酯的最佳工艺参数为:果胶酯酶0.06 g,脱酯温度45℃,脱酯pH 7,脱酯时间70 min,所得果胶甲氧基含量为4.96%.利用酶法制备低酯果工艺简单,脱酯效率较高.     

A light scattering study on the effects of pH on pectin aggregation in aqueous solution

Light-scattering measurements were carried out on pectins in aqueous solutions of pH ranging from about 4 to 2. The following pectin samples were used: three low methoxyl pectins which were demethylated by ammonia, acid and enzyme (all with a nearly similar methoxyl content from 6.1 to 6.2%), and pectin-NF with 12.04% methoxyl groups and sodium poly-galacturonic acid. When the pH of a 0.05% pectin solution containing 0.1 M NaCl was brought to pH 2 by adding HCl, the mol. wt and radius of gyration increased markedly, thus indicating that pectin molecules aggregate when the pH is lowered.     

离子交换法提取木瓜皮中果胶的动力学研究

以木瓜皮为原料,分别研究了离子交换树脂法和酸提法提取果胶的动力学模型,获得速率常数和表观活化能,经过有效性检验和模型预测能力验证,模型均能很好预测果胶提取的动力学过程。离子交换法提取果胶的活化能Ea为23.68kJ/mol,与酸提法获得的37.88kJ/mol相比明显降低,离子交换树脂法提取木瓜皮中果胶明显优于酸提法。在树脂用量为5%、料液比为1∶30(g/mL)、浸提液pH值为1.5条件下,离子交换树脂法提取木瓜皮中果胶的最佳浸提温度为80℃,动力学分析优化最佳结果,得Tmax=117.3min,果胶得率达17.47%,与试验结果相吻合。     

离子交换树脂分离碱性溶液中橙皮苷的动力学和热力学

橙皮苷是有着许多生理活性的生物类黄酮。本研究通过静态吸附实验,对D296树脂分离碱性水溶液中高浓度橙皮苷的工艺条件、吸附性能、反应动力学和热力学进行了探讨。结果表明,pH为11.5、浓度为2.43g/L的橙皮苷水溶液适于用小粒径的D296树脂在60℃下浓缩;吸附过程符合Freundish等温吸附式;60℃时树脂与橙皮苷反应的速率常数k为0.5167h-1,且随温度的降低而降低,反应活化能Ea为23.45kJ/mol;在60℃反应平衡时,吸附过程的表观交换反应平衡常数Ke、自由能变化ΔG0、反应热ΔHm0和熵值ΔS0分别为7336.15g2/L2、-24.63kJ/mol,69.69kJ/mol和0.28kJ/mol。因此,交换反应能自发进行,是吸热和熵增加的反应。     

猕猴桃果胶的黏度特性与流变性分析

采用冷冻干燥和热风干燥方法制备出猕猴桃果胶(kiwifruit pectin,KP),得到KP1和KP2两种成分,二者的pH值分别为3.16和3.39,主要含有半乳糖醛酸。以羧甲基纤维素钠(carboxy methyl cellulose-Na,CMC-Na)为参照系,采用MCR301旋转流变仪研究4因素(pH值、质量浓度、温度和剪切速率)对KP溶液流变性的影响。结果表明,KP1和KP2溶液黏度较低,在1.0 m Pa·s上下,溶液pH值和质量浓度对其影响有限。研究KP1和KP2溶液黏度与温度倒数1/T间的对数关系并观测到,10~30℃区间内其黏度随温度升高而下降,与CMC-Na溶液黏度变化相似。但40~50℃时其溶液黏度和流动性不完全遵循Arrhenius方程,究其原因,KP1和KP2活化能Ea分别为10.075 kJ/mol和4.510 kJ/mol,它们对温度的敏感性低,而导致其黏度和流动性发生改变。幂律方程对KP1和KP2溶液黏度和剪切速率的关系拟合,二者流动指数n均小于1,符合幂律定律对非牛顿流体特征的解释。因此,KP1和KP2溶液具有较典型的剪切稀化现象和流变性,可归属于非牛顿流体。但KP是一种低黏度果胶,故Arrhenius方程不能有效诠释KP溶液黏度与温度变化的规律。     

PECTIC SUBSTANCES AND FIRMNESS OF CUCUMBER PICKLES AS INFLUENCED BY CACL2, NACL AND BRINE STORAGE1

The effects of brine treatments (CaCl₂ and NaCl) and storage on pectic substances and texture of cucumber pickles were examined. Firmness of cucumber pickles was closely associated with the solubility characteristics and degree of esterification (DE) of pectic substances. Brining, storage, time of CaCl₂ addition and concentration of NaCl and CaCl₂ were all observed to influence the characteristics of pectic substances. Important to preventing softening was maintenance of pectic substances not extractable (NXP) by conventional methods, i.e., by water (WSP), the chelator sodium hex-ametaphosphate (CSP), and dilute alkali (OHSP). Erosion of NXP consistently resulted in increased levels of CSP and reduced firmness. Reducing the amount of demethylation of pectins was also associated with maintaining firmness. Although the DE declined rapidly during brining, tissues from treatments that enhanced firmness had pectic substances with the highest DE. CaCl₂ added to brine at the beginning of fermentation was most effective in preventing the demethylation of pectins and solubilization of NXP. In contrast, delayed addition of CaCl₂ and storage in low NaCl concentration (5% or less) caused greater pectin demethylation, erosion of NXP with concomitant increases in CSP and tissue softening.     

Generating Kinetic Data for Use in Design and Evaluation of High Temperature Food Processing Systems

The kinetics of sucrose (pH 2.5), Blue#2 (pH 11.3) and Blue#2 (pH 9.5) were determined for high food processing temperatures. A traditional batch kinetic data generation and a novel continuous flow method were examined. The novel method consisted of a tubular flow reactor designed to establish the time-temperature equivalent points for any process. Activation energy values determined for the continuous method were 46.0, 27.2 and 52.3 kJ/mol for sucrose, Blue#2 (pH 11.3) and Blue#2 (pH 9.5), respectively. Values utilizing the traditional batch (capillary tube) generation method yielded 94.6, 58.2 and 74.5 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on these results, a new thermal evaluation technique is proposed for describing difficult to define continuous flow systems.     

微波辅助萃取柠檬皮中果胶动力学及热力学研究

采用离子液体氯化1- 丁基-3- 甲基咪唑水溶液为萃取剂,对微波辅助萃取柠檬皮中果胶的动力学及热力学进行研究。以Fick 扩散第二定律为理论基础,采用分离变量法建立果胶提取动力学方程,并推算出速率常数k、活化能Ea、焓变ΔH0、熵变ΔS0 和自由能变ΔG0 等动力学和热力学函数值。     

Demethylation of Pectic Substances: Relationship to Methylesterase Activity during Brine Storage of Cherries

Residual pectin methylesterase activity (60% of initial activity) was present in cherry fruit stored 12 mo in brine. The specific activity of pectin methylesterase increased during the first 4 mo (195% of initial specific activity) but remained relatively stable thereafter. Methanol concentration increased (+144.5%) indicating that pectic substances underwent continuous demethylation during 12 mo storage. Pectin deesterification was probably of enzymatic origin since notable chemical deesterification occurred only at a pH lower than that found in fruit during storage. Residual pectin methylesterase activity introduces the possibility of improving fruit texture by manipulating physico-chemical conditions prior to blanching and candying.     

Thermal Chlorophyll Degradation Kinetics of Mint Leaves Puree

Thermal degradation kinetics of chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’ and total chlorophyll in mint leaves puree were investigated as function of pH (4.5–8.5) and processing temperature (80–145°C), respectively. Mint puree was processed at 80°to 100°C at pH 4.5, while that at pH 5.5 to 8.5 was processed at 105°to 145°C. Chlorophyll degradation followed the first order reaction kinetics. Good agreement was found between estimated and experimental chlorophyll retention in all cases (R² > 0.86; MRQE < 0.27). Activation energies ranged from 6.45 to 47.67 kJ/mol. Reaction rate and activation energy data indicated that chlorophylls were more stable at alkaline pH. Transition state theory was applied to estimate the enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy of activation. Enthalpy (ΔH^#) ranged from 3.14 to 44.66 kJ/mol, while entropy (ΔS^#) ranged from ?0.157 to ?0.266 kJ/(mol K). The overall free energy change was 105.76 kJ/mol. Results indicated that, the compensation effect did not exist for chlorophyll degradation in mint puree during thermal processing.     

Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Chlorophyll in Pureed Coriander Leaves

Coriander leaves are widely used in cooking throughout the world. Thermal degradation kinetics of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll in coriander leaf puree was investigated at varying levels of pH (4.5–8.5) and processing temperature (80–145°C). Coriander puree at pH 4.5 was processed at 80° to 100°C, whereas that at pH 5.5 to 8.5 was processed at 105° to 145°C. Chlorophyll degradation followed first-order reaction kinetics. Good agreement was found between estimated and experimental chlorophyll retention in all cases (R ² > 0.80). Activation energies ranged from 6.57 to 96.00 kJ/mol. Reaction rate and activation energy data indicated that chlorophylls were more stable at alkaline pH. Transition state theory was applied to estimate the enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of activation. Enthalpy of activation (ΔH ^#) ranged from 3.46 to 91.99 kJ/mol, whereas entropy of activation (ΔS^#) ranged from −0.265 to −0.047 kJ/(mol K). The overall free energy change was 107.55 kJ/mol. Results indicated that, the compensation effect did not exist for chlorophyll degradation in coriander puree during thermal processing.