新疆特殊条件下面板堆石坝和沥青混凝土心墙坝设计施工技术进展

本文根据新疆近三十年来土石坝中面板堆石坝、沥青混凝土心墙坝建设特点及发展趋势,结合新疆高严寒、高海拔、高地震、深厚覆盖层的特殊环境及地质条件,归纳整理了面板堆石坝中利用天然砂砾石筑坝、坝体结构设计、抗震设计、止水型式、高趾墙应用以及沥青混凝土心墙坝的应用发展、力学性能与应力应变、冬季施工等设计施工关键技术进展;对坝基深厚覆盖层防渗处理措施进行了阐述,总结了筑坝技术上已经取得的成就,提出了今后应该关注的问题。     

碾压式沥青混凝土心墙工程特性研究现状与对策

沥青混凝土由于良好的防渗性能与变形适应性,在土石坝中得到了越来越广泛的应用,其工程特性有别于常规混凝土与一般岩土体,包括温度敏感性、耐久性、抗震特性、抗水力劈裂特性等。为突破沥青混凝土心墙坝150m坝高的技术瓶颈,解决深厚覆盖层、高寒、强震等条件下直接修建高沥青混凝土心墙坝的筑坝技术难题,消除热沥青施工引起的环境污染问题,长江科学院自20世纪90年代开始,对三峡茅坪溪防护坝、黄金坪水电站、拉洛水利枢纽工程及Karot水电站等沥青混凝土心墙进行了系统研究,研制了静力、动力、蠕变三轴温控装置,并很好地应用到科研,在碾压式沥青混凝土心墙工程特性方面取得了大量成果。在总结水工沥青混凝土国内外的研究现状的基础上,重点讨论了碾压式沥青混凝土心墙的5个关键问题,以及长江科学院在沥青混凝土方面的研究进展与成果,可为类似复杂条件下沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝的设计、施工及运行管理提供依据。     

洞塘水库碾压式沥青混凝土心墙土石坝设计与实践

洞塘水库采用碾压式沥青混凝土心墙土石坝,很好地处理了软基建坝、坝体防渗和筑坝材料问题。实践证明坝型选择和沥青混凝土心墙土石坝的设计是成功的。该坝是西南地区建成的第一座碾压式沥青混凝土心墙土石坝,为沥青防渗技术在水利水电工程中的推广和应用积累了宝贵的经验。     

巴基斯坦苏基克纳里水电站沥青混凝土心墙坝抗震动力分析研究

巴基斯坦苏基克纳里（SK）水电站位于高地震、深厚覆盖层区域,拦河坝采用沥青混凝土心墙坝。采用有限元方法对该工程沥青混凝土心墙坝进行地震动力分析,研究坝体不同部位在地震作用下的地震响应情况,着重分析坝体核心部位在地震作用下的应力分布与变形趋势,为类似高地震、深厚覆盖层条件下沥青混凝土心墙坝设计提供借鉴。     

新疆中型水库坝型与枢纽布置的关键技术应用实践

针对新疆高严寒、高地震、高海拔、深厚覆盖层、多泥沙、缺少水文资料、生态环境脆弱的独特筑坝环境条件,多个工程开展了大量的探索与实践。在坝型选择上形成了以当地材料坝中碾压式沥青心墙砂砾石坝、混凝土面板砂砾石坝为主的坝体结构型式,体现了砂砾石坝体变形较小、投资较省的特点。在枢纽布置上结合地形特点及地质条件形成了灵活多样的泄水建筑物消能型式,"两洞合一"、"多洞合一"等都有不同的应用。枢纽建设与水资源合理利用中,为实现人与自然和谐相处,切实保护生态环境,大坝鱼类保护设施因地制宜,从早期的增殖站发展到现在的鱼道、升鱼机、集运鱼船等。智能化筑坝、水电站"以阀代井"、超深防渗墙、沥青心墙坝砾石骨料应用等若干关键技术的进步又促进了坝型选择与枢纽布置的优化,为类似环境条件下的筑坝技术提供了宝贵经验。     

乌斯通沟水库坝型比选分析

新疆乌斯通沟水库坝址区年内温差和昼夜温差均很大,冬季寒冷,夏季酷热,存在两岸山体地形起伏较大、地质条件复杂、深厚覆盖层、施工时段受气候影响大等问题,坝型选择制约因素较多。本文从地形地质条件、基础开挖及防渗、建筑材料、坝体抗震性能、施工条件、工程安全维修条件和工程投资等方面,对沥青混凝土心墙砂砾石坝和钢筋混凝土面板砂砾石坝进行综合技术经济比较。结果表明,沥青混凝土心墙砂砾石坝防渗工程量小,防渗、抗震性能好,与两岸坝肩搭接容易,心墙在坝体内抗老化性能好,施工时段受气候影响较小。因此,乌斯通沟水库选择沥青混凝土心墙砂砾石坝作为建设坝型。     

深覆盖层上修建沥青混凝土心墙坝

龙湾水库大坝座落在45m厚的深厚覆盖层上,且左右坝基存在不均匀沉陷问题,坝址处30km范围内无防渗土料,通过技术经济比较,坝型选定碾压式沥青混凝土心墙坝,工程目前已建成。本文将沥青混凝土心墙坝设计中的一些技术问题提出,旨在探索同类工程较成熟的设计经验。     

新疆某碾压式沥青混凝土心墙坝设计

某碾压式沥青混凝土心墙砂砾石坝建在新疆高寒地区,介绍了该沥青混凝土心墙轴线、心墙厚度、过渡层厚度的确定及心墙与坝基防渗体的连接方式,并对其进行了坝体三维有限元应力应变静力分析。结果表明:相对于浇筑式沥青混凝土心墙、土料心墙等坝型,碾压式沥青混凝土心墙坝宜选择较厚的过渡层,以利于心墙施工控制;心墙厚度主要取决于坝体高度和坝壳料可能的变形情况。经综合评价,该坝变形协调性良好,应力分布基本合理,沥青混凝土心墙不会发生水力劈裂和拉裂破坏,坝体结构布局较为合理。     

碾压式沥青混凝土防渗技术应用与探讨

KZJ大坝是在新疆寒冷地区建成的首座碾压式沥青混凝土心墙砂砾石坝。结合其设计和施工
过程,介绍了该坝体结构与防渗体布置,心墙与坝基防渗体的连接和坝基处理。基于大坝完建期观测
资料和坝体三维有限元应力应变静力计算结论,分析了大坝施工对运行状态的影响,并研究了沥青混
凝土心墙坝在寒冷地区的施工可行性,旨在为新疆水利水电工程推广应用碾压式沥青混凝土心墙防渗
技术积累经验。     

碾压式沥青混凝土心墙施工技术

碾压式沥青混凝土心墙技术已广泛用于地处高纬度、高严寒地区的水库堆石坝的防渗加固。文章通过该技术在新疆某水库工程中的应用,介绍了碾压式沥青混凝土心墙的施工技术要点及注意事项。     

生物预处理技术在嘉兴地区给水厂的应用比较

对嘉兴地区主要给水厂近年来应用立体弹性填料、LT型悬浮球填料、YS型悬浮填料、卵石填料等的生物预处理工艺从填料及配套设施、工艺运行参数、运行效果、成本等方面进行了比较.认为弹性填料生物预处理更适用于低浊(50 NTU以下)、低氨氮(1.5 mg/L以下)原水,LT型悬浮球填料生物预处理适用于低中浊(100 NTU以下)、低中氨氮(2.5 mg/L以下)原水,YS型悬浮填料生物预处理及"SAF"滤池对低浊、中高氨氮(2.5 mg/L以上)原水有较好的适应性.最后探讨了弹性填料存在的短流、积泥,悬浮填料存在的部分填料流化不均匀,富氧的生物工艺单元内水生动物泛滥等问题.     

中国部分河口及其近海水域缺氧现象研究

对长江、珠江等河口及其近海水域缺氧现象与影响因素进行研究,结果表明,主要分布于长江与珠江河口及其邻近海域的缺氧现象,夏季(6—8月)达到最盛,秋冬季消失;长江口的缺氧区域主要位于30.75°N~32°N,122.5°E~123.25°E附近海域,具有南北2个缺氧中心;珠江口缺氧程度相对较轻,缺氧区域主要在广州黄埔区河段至虎门水域和伶仃洋;辽河、钱塘江、海河等河口区域也时而出现零星的缺氧现象;水体缺氧受控于多项环境要素,物理层化作用是缺氧产生的最初诱因之一,陆源污染物的分解则是重要的耗氧负荷;各河口区特征各异,潮汐、洋流、营养盐、叶绿素a等要素对缺氧区的范围、程度和持续时间影响程度不一。     

无资料流域水文预报(PUB计划)研究进展

无资料流域水文预报，简称为PUB(Predictions in Ungaugecl Basins)，从2003年7月开始成为国际水文科学学会新的国际水文十年计划主题．文中首先简述了PUB计划的主要研究内容，然后回顾了国际和国内已有的PUB研究进展，最后展望了对水文学发展有重要意义的几个PUB前沿研究，包括不确定性研究、对水循环各个环节因素的预报和对无资料流域水文过程的预报。     

Changes in urban stream channels in Zimbabwe

Although channel change has been documented downstream of urban areas there have been few previous studies which have focused upon the spatial variation of erosion and upon examples of such channel change in tropical areas. In the Avondale stream basin, which includes part of Harare the capital of Zimbabwe the way in which the channel network has evolved from the extensive dambo system in the period 1891 to 1984 is reconstructed showing that drainage density which was initially between 0.35 and 0.80 km km^?2 has increased to 3.15 km km^?2 including stormwater drains. Characteristics of erosion of the modified urban channels are described and the downstream reaches indicate an average channel widening of 1.7 times involving average rates of bank erosion of 0.33 m per year. Peak discharge is estimated from channel characteristics to be increased to two times former values and it is concluded that channel type and the relationship of channel change to the accommodation of peak discharges requires further research.     

北京某学校雨水利用设计

以北京市某中学为例,介绍一种学校雨水利用的方法。根据校区水量平衡计算结果,对利用校园内汇集的雨水作为冲厕、绿化和景观用水等进行设计;采取相应的技术措施,对雨水径流的污染进行控制,保障所利用雨水的水质达到要求,并采用生态净化的方式,使学校景观水体循环起来。虽然雨水利用工程投资较高,但其社会和环境效益显著。     

水利高性能计算的进展

针对水利信息化对精细模拟与高性能运算提出的愈来愈高的要求,在简单介绍高性能计算的硬件、软件环境及其在水利上的几个应用实例后,着重介绍了并行有限元法、并行边界元法的一些进展以及网格技术的最新进展。指出从网络到网格是高性能计算发展的最新方向,应以网格平台支持、促进水利信息化进程。     

中国内地水库淤积的差异性分析

为了解水库的淤积现状,根据115座具有代表性的中国内地水库淤积资料,对这些水库按类型和区域进行统计分析,结果表明,中小型水库比大型水库淤积严重,不同流域水库淤积的空间差异明显,黄河中下游地区水库淤积比例最大,西南地区水库年均淤积率最大。截止到2003年,根据代表性水库淤积的计算结果推算出中国内地水库的平均淤积比例约为20%,库容年均淤积率为0.76%,相当于每年损失1座库容近42.3亿m3的超大型水库。     

Trends in ecological river engineering in Korea

Ecological river engineering can be defined as the design and implementation of river works and river restoration works for the benefit of human society. It also guarantees the sustainable ecological functions of a river, such as its habitats and self-purification of its water. It is currently in the beginning stages in Korea, utilizing scientific knowledge on the processes of aquatic ecosystem degeneration and a methodology for solving the ecological problems in artificially altered rivers currently under development. The changes in river management and work practices in Korea may be best explained with a chronologically progressing sequence of ‘Natural’, ‘Disaster-prevention’, ‘Occupied’, ‘Park’, and ‘Close-to-nature’ rivers. Since the 1960s, the focus on river management and work has shifted from flood control only, to both flood control and riverine habitat conservation and restoration. Five research topics have been selected for this article, and the progress of each research area is briefly described with a representative picture in each topic. They are as follows: (1) flow resistance due to vegetation, (2) environmental flow, (3) floodplain vegetation modeling, (4) small dam removal, and (5) river restoration. For the future prospects of research on ecological river engineering in Korea, a necessity of further research on floodplain vegetation recruitment and succession, which can explain the so-called ‘white river’ and ‘green river’, is underlined, among others. Finally, two ongoing large research programs on river ecosystem restoration, of which are sponsored by the Government of Korea, are briefly introduced, followed by the introduction of a near-prototype experiment facility recently completed mainly for research on ecological river engineering.     

吉林省2001年汛期降水量趋势预测

本文根据历年6－9月降水量距平值累计曲线和历年6－9月降水量特征值变化，对我省今后汛期全省各地区降水趋势及降水量进行了预测，可供有关部门参考。     

Lake—Wide Seasonal Changes in Limnological Conditions in Lake Michigan in 1976

Data collected on lake-wide cruises in 1976 were used to study seasonal and vertical variations in water temperature, transparency, chlorophyll a, and nutrients in Lake Michigan. Data were analyzed according to subsets corresponding to the northern and southern open lake. Comparisons (t-tests) of data from the open lake indicated that the average water temperature was cooler and average water transparency was greater in the northern lake than in the southern, but with the exception of total phosphorus, average nutrient concentrations did not differ between the northern and southern parts. It was found that physical-chemical characteristics of nearshore and Straits of Mackinac stations differed significantly from open lake stations. Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the open lake were related to seasonal and vertical changes in silica and nitrate nitrogen. The spring phytoplankton bloom occurred before the lake was strongly stratified thermally. After thermal stratification was well developed, epilimnetic concentrations of chlorophyll a decreased, probably due to some combination of nutrient limitation and zooplankton grazing, and maximum chlorophyll a concentrations were found below the thermocline. Epilimnetic silica concentrations decreased after thermal stratification and diatoms were replaced in the phytoplankton assemblage by green and blue-green algae in late summer. Total phosphorus averaged only 8 μg/L on a lake-wide basis and thus only small but significant reductions in absolute concentration can be expected from phosphorus control programs. However, over a period of several years, these small reductions in concentration may be difficult to verify from total phosphorus measurements which have relatively large sampling errors and variances.