烟台产区‘赤霞珠’转色后指标的变化研究

研究2016年和2017年不同成熟度下‘赤霞珠’葡萄皮和葡萄籽中的总酚、黄烷醇和花色苷含量的差异,并分析不同成熟度葡 萄指标之间的相关性。通过主成分分析（PCA）,对不同成熟度葡萄品质进行研究,确定烟台产区‘赤霞珠’葡萄的最佳采收期。 结果表 明,随着采收时间的推移,‘赤霞珠’葡萄的还原糖含量、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比呈不断上升趋势,总酸含量不断下降;葡萄果皮中 的总酚和黄烷醇含量呈先上升后下降趋势且呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,花色苷呈不断上升的趋势;葡萄果籽中的总酚、黄烷醇含量均 呈先下降后上升趋势且呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。 烟台产区‘赤霞珠’葡萄的最佳采收时间在转色后5周左右。     

葡萄成熟度对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒酚类物质及抗氧化能力的影响

以新疆天山北麓石河子产区的4种不同成熟度‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实所酿葡萄酒为样本,对葡萄酒中的酚类物质组成和抗氧化活性进行测定,分析样品的差异性及相关性,探究葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化活性的影响。通过对酚类物质含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力的测定,结果表明,葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化能力有较大影响。花色苷含量随着葡萄成熟度的上升呈现增高趋势,黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇含量呈现下降趋势。抗氧化能力的不同主要是由酚类物质差异导致。黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇类物质对DPPH自由基清除率影响较大;花色苷乙酰化物质会使低成熟度的葡萄酒呈现出与高成熟度葡萄酒相似的铁离子还原能力。     

石河子产区三个地块的‘赤霞珠’葡萄成熟期间品质的变化

为了探寻不同土壤含沙量对于‘赤霞珠’葡萄成熟期间品质变化的影响,本试验选取石河子产区种植‘赤霞珠’葡萄的三个地块,分別编号5-1、5-2和5-3,定期测定pH值、总酸、总糖、色度、花色苷、总酚和单宁等指标。结果表明:至采收期,总酸和pH值由高到低的排列顺序为5-35-25-1,色度和花色苷的积累特点为5-25-15-3,果实总糖、果皮总酚和单宁的变化趋势均为5-25-35-1。总体上,5-2地块有利于‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实特征物质的积累,土壤含沙量对‘赤霞珠’葡萄成熟期间的品质改善有重要影响。     

原料冷冻处理对‘黑比诺’葡萄酒品质的影响

葡萄酒品质很大程度上取决于葡萄原料的质量。为探究酿酒葡萄果实冷冻前处理对葡萄酒品质指标,尤其酚类物质含量的影响,以红色酿酒葡萄品种‘黑比诺’为试验材料,对原料进行常温处理和﹣24℃冷冻处理,在酒精发酵结束后检测葡萄酒的常规理化指标和酚类物质含量。结果表明,原料冷冻处理对‘黑比诺’葡萄果肉中的糖和酸等溶出物影响很小,对源自果皮的成分有显著影响,可提高‘黑比诺’葡萄酒中的干浸出物、单宁、总花色苷、总酚、单体酚和简单花色苷含量,从而显著提升葡萄酒质量。因此,原料冷冻处理可以作为提高葡萄酒品质的前处理措施,推荐用于小规模精品葡萄酒的生产。     

外源激素对‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实品质的影响

为提升贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄果实品质，大约转色前1周对‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实喷施水杨酸、吲哚乙酸、茉莉酸甲酯及其相互组合，研究其对果实品质的影响。结果表明，所有外源激素处理均可提高葡萄果实的可溶性总糖和葡萄糖含量；喷施茉莉酸甲酯及分别与水杨酸、吲哚乙酸的组合均提高了果实中的蔗糖含量；喷施吲哚乙酸及其组合，以及水杨酸+茉莉酸甲酯组合可提高果实中的单宁含量；喷施茉莉酸甲酯能有效提升果实中的总花色苷含量。应用主成分分析综合评价得出，喷施水杨酸+茉莉酸甲酯组合处理的‘赤霞珠’果实品质表现最好。     

树形对酿酒葡萄产量和品质的影响

以‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’‘西拉’‘黑比诺’为试材,调查倾斜式单干水平蔓（SS）与倾斜式单干双水平蔓（SD）树形对不同葡萄品种果实产量、基础理化指标、酚类物质以及香气物质的影响。结果表明,相比于SS树形,SD树形可显著提高4个葡萄品种的果实产量,可显著提高‘黑比诺’果实糖类物质含量,提高‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’总酚、类黄酮、黄烷三醇、单宁、总花色苷等物质总含量以及‘美乐’‘黑比诺’香气物质含量;可显著降低‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’‘西拉’糖类物质含量,‘西拉’‘黑比诺’总酚、类黄酮、黄烷三醇、单宁、总花色苷等物质总含量以及‘马瑟兰’‘西拉’香气物质含量。以上结果表明,两种树形对不同葡萄品种的基础理化指标、酚类物质以及香气物质影响不一,糖酸、酚类物质以及香气物质含量不仅受树形影响,还与品种有关。     

外源脱落酸处理对葡萄果实及葡萄酒中抗氧化成分的影响

以天津蓟州区栽培的"美乐"和"赤霞珠"葡萄为试验品种,分别在其始熟期的初、中和末期3个阶段利用外源脱落酸(200 mg/L)处理果实,采用分光光度法测定葡萄和葡萄酒中酚类总含量和抗氧化活性,利用液质联用技术分析花色苷的含量和组成.研究结果表明:始熟期的外源脱落酸处理对成熟果实的质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和pH值,以及葡萄籽的酚类含量和抗氧化活性没有显著影响,但对葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类物质含量和活性具有显著影响.在始熟期中期(30％ ～50％果实转色)以前,对果实喷施外源脱落酸可以显著提高葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性.始熟期外源脱落酸处理使"美乐"和"赤霞珠"果实的酚类总含量分别提高了14％ ～39％和73％ ～172％,花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性分别提高了18％ ～143％和88％ ～178％;外源脱落酸处理使葡萄酒的3个指标(酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性)分别提高了17％ ～69％、18％ ～36％和21％ ～46％,而这些影响可以有效改善葡萄酒的感官品质和营养价值.外源脱落酸处理时期的精准控制可以提高酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化作用,进而提高葡萄酒品质和营养价值.     

土壤质地对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酚类物质积累及葡萄酒色泽稳定性的影响

为探讨土壤质地对酿酒葡萄品质及葡萄酒储藏过程中色泽稳定性的影响,以‘赤霞珠’为试材,在蓬莱产区砂壤土和粘壤土葡萄园中进行采样,对葡萄果实中总酚、类黄酮、花色苷以及陈酿过程中颜色特征的变化进行分析。结果表明,砂壤土产‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实中总酚、类黄酮以及花色苷的含量显著高于粘壤土;砂壤土产葡萄酒花色苷含量显著高于粘壤土,而且陈酿过程中聚合指数更高,颜色氧化衰败速率相对较低,更有利于陈酿期间葡萄酒色泽稳定性的提高。总之,砂壤土土质疏松,具有良好的透气性和排水性,更有利于葡萄果实的生长发育以及酚类物质的积累,葡萄及葡萄酒品质相对更好,也更耐储藏。     

陕西合阳地区红色酿酒葡萄果实品质研究

本文以红色酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’‘品丽珠’‘美乐’‘黑比诺’及‘马瑟兰’为试材,在陕西省合阳县气候条件下研究了葡萄成熟过程中浆果的还原糖、总酸的变化趋势,并测定了成熟果实的可溶性固形物、果皮总酚、果皮单宁和花色苷含量,以及穗质量、果梗率、出汁率、种子含量、果穗尺寸、粒质量、果穗紧密度、果实病害与卫生情况。研究表明,5个供试品种成熟果实糖含量以‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’较高,‘马瑟兰’次之,‘黑比诺’‘品丽珠’较低。总酸含量为5.0 g/L左右,成熟系数均大于20。果皮总酚、总花色苷、总单宁含量较高,其中‘赤霞珠’‘品丽珠’‘马瑟兰’的表现较好。总体来看,‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’和‘马瑟兰’可作为陕西合阳地区的推荐种植品种,采收时间以8月31日—9月4日为宜。研究结果将为合阳地区酿酒葡萄的种植示范和推广提供参考。     

3 种产量水平下酿酒甜葡萄果实品质的差异

以湖南省怀化市刺葡萄品系中的甜葡萄（Vitis davidii Foex. cv. Tianputao）品种为试材,设置3 个产量水平,分别为1 300 kg/667 m2（L1）、1 900 kg/667 m2（L2）、2 500 kg/667 m2（L3）,分别测定各产量水平下葡萄的总酸、还原糖、单体花色苷和非花色苷单体酚类物质等主要品质指标,并对果实品质进行主成分分析。结果表明：两年的甜葡萄总酸含量随产量增大而增加,还原糖含量则随产量增大而降低;2014年花色苷总量表现为L1含量最高,2015年则为L2含量较高,其中基本花色苷总量均表现为L3处理的葡萄含量最低;从两年的非花色苷单体酚类物质总量和黄酮醇类物质含量看,L2葡萄含量最高,其次是L1,L3的葡萄含量最低。结论：主成分分析可看出两年间3 种产量下的甜葡萄分布趋势一致且品质具有差异性,结合两年酚类物质含量看,1 900 kg/667 m2产量下的甜葡萄含量较高。     

新疆产区酿酒葡萄果实中有机酸的比较分析

以新疆4个小产区赤霞珠葡萄果实及天山北麓产区4种红色酿酒葡萄果实(品丽珠、西拉、小味尔多、马瑟兰)为原料,研究了不同产区、品种间有机酸含量的差异。采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC),对赤霞珠果实生长周期4种有机酸(草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸)变化情况进行分析。结果表明,随着葡萄成熟度增加,赤霞珠果实中有机酸总含量呈现下降趋势,草酸和柠檬酸含量较低,变化不明显;新疆4小产区的赤霞珠葡萄果实中有机酸总含量在3.97~7.96mg/g范围内且存在明显差异(p<0.05),产于天山北麓五家渠产地的赤霞珠有机酸总含量最高达7.96 mg/g,其中草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸分别为0.55 mg/g、4.66 mg/g、2.47 mg/g,产于伊犁河谷67团产地的赤霞珠有机酸总含量最低3.97 mg/g;通过对同一产地不同酿酒葡萄果实有机酸物质进行主成分分析,发现西拉、马瑟兰的酒石酸相对含量较高,赤霞珠的草酸和柠檬酸相对含量较高,品丽珠、小味尔多的苹果酸相对含量比较高。试验表明赤霞珠的有机酸含量在不同产区存在一定差异,同时不同品种在同产地的有机酸积累特性也各不相同,以期为新疆产区酿造中"糖高酸低"的研究提出一些思路。     

Influence of shriveling on berry composition and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Shanxi vineyards

BACKGROUND: Berry shrivel (BS), a berry development disorder, appears soon after veraison. It occurs worldwide and affects the quality of grape berries and wine. However, it had not been reported in China until recently. This study aimed to investigate the changes in berry composition and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Xiangning Valley, Shanxi Province, China, during BS. RESULTS: Shrinkage contributed to an increase in the concentration of basic grape ingredients such as sugar and acid. An appropriate degree of shrinkage was apparently helpful in improving the phenolic content and increasing the antioxidant activity, but the berries that continued to shrivel showed a low antioxidant activity. Further, the results indicated distinct differences between the berries harvested from the southern side of the canopy and those harvested from the northern side, presumably due to variations in sunlight exposure. CONCLUSION: Moderate BS was beneficial since it increased berry quality and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Shanxi vineyards. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on phenolic characteristics of red <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> grapes and wines

The effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on phenolic characteristics of grapes and wines were investigated in Vitis vinifera cvs. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon. Exogenous ABA treatment at veraison significantly improved phenolic contents, mainly anthocyanins and flavonols, and antioxidant properties of the grape skins, but had no effects on total phenolics and antioxidant activities in the seeds or on basic fruit qualities. The wines made from ABA-treated grapes were also consequently enhanced in total phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonols and antioxidant activities. The proportions of methylated anthocyanins in the skins and acylated anthocyanins and derived pigments in the wines were decreased to some degree by exogenous ABA treatment. No distinct relationships were observed between ABA concentrations and phenolic characteristics, and the effects were observed even with 200 mg/L ABA. The results revealed that exogenous ABA applied at veraison offered opportunities to improve phenolic contents and nutritional values of grape skins and wines.     

Phenolics composition and antioxidant activity of wine produced from spine grape (Vitis davidii Foex) and Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata Michx.) fruits from South China

Wines made from 3 spine grape (Vitis davidii Foex) genotypes-Junzi 1# (JZ 1#), Junzi 2# (JZ 2#), and Liantang (LT)-and Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata Michx., CR) were evaluated for their phenolics composition and antioxidant activities by several assays, including 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS scavenging capacity, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, and metal-chelating capacity). The results showed that CR wine had higher contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins than the 3 spine grape genotype wines and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) wine. Among the 3 varieties of spine grape wines, JZ 1# had higher contents than the 2 other genotypes. Moreover, the total monomeric anthocyanins in JZ 1# was about 4.5-fold higher than those in CS wine and CR wine. A significance analysis demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity (as measured by the ABTS scavenging capacity and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) of CR wine was significantly higher than that of the control and spine grape wines. With respect to metal-chelating capacity, the CR wine was the strongest amongst all the wine samples tested, followed by JZ 1#. This indicates that CR and JZ 1# wines can potentially be considered as wild fruit wines with abundant phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Spine grape (Vitis davidii Foex) and Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata Michx.) are 2 species of important wild plants in South China. However, they have not yet been effectively developed and utilized. Recently, some researchers attempted to convert their juice to wine. We anticipate that this research will provide sufficient experimental evidence for their good antioxidant activity and potential for further development and utilization.     

Comparison of enzymes involved in sugar metabolism from Shang-24 (Vinifera quinguangularis) and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vinifera vinifera) at veraison

Background and Aims:  Sugar is a main contributor to the quality of grape berries, but little is known about the characteristics of sugar metabolism in Chinese wild grapes. Here, enzymes related to sugar metabolism were investigated in berries of both Shang-24 ( Vitis quinguangularis Rehd), a wild grape native to China, and Cabernet Sauvignon ( V. vinifera L.).
Methods and Results:  Analyses using high performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometer showed that Shang-24 contained lower levels of glucose and fructose, compared with Cabernet Sauvignon, but had higher activities of enzymes related to sugar hydrolysis, particularly soluble acid invertase (SAI) and β-amylase. Analyses of enzyme kinetics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot revealed that SAI and β-amylase in Shang-24 had low K_m values and that high levels of both enzymes were present. Furthermore, a novel peptide of SAI of 105 kDa was detected in Shang-24 along with a peptide of 60 kDa that also was present in Cabernet Sauvignon.
Conclusions:  It is thus suggested that biochemical characteristics of SAI and β-amylase in Shang-24 differ from those in Cabernet Sauvignon, and the novel peptide may be related to high activity of SAI in Shang-24.
Significance of the Study:  These data provide an essential basis for further study of the genetic regulation of sugar and its metabolism in grape berries.     

避雨栽培对酿酒葡萄果实品质和香气物质的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄“赤霞珠”为试材,研究避雨栽培对葡萄果实基本品质和香气物质的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培模式相比,避雨栽培可以增加葡萄果实还原糖、总酚和单宁的含量,但降低了果实总花色素含量。常规栽培和避雨栽培的葡萄果实中分别检测出26 种和31 种香气物质,包括高级醇、酯类、脂肪酸、萜烯和降异戊二烯类等。与常规栽培相比,避雨栽培的葡萄果实香气物质总量提高了59.22%,提高的香气物质种类包括高级醇、酯类、醛类、酸类及挥发性酚类物质,其中,乙酸乙酯、2-己烯醛、己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇含量显著升高,而己酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、辛酸、癸酸是避雨栽培果实中检测到的独有特征香气成分。因此,避雨栽培种植模式有助于葡萄果实品质的提高和香气物质的合成。     

葡萄种间杂交一代果穗果粒性状的遗传

以华东葡萄、瘤枝葡萄、毛葡萄等中国野生种葡萄为亲本,与欧洲葡萄酿酒品种杂交,共计12 个杂交组合,323～375 株杂种苗。对杂交后代果穗重量、百粒重、含糖量、含酸量的遗传变异进行了分析探讨。     

延迟采收对酿酒葡萄类黄酮物质的影响

以梅鹿辄和赤霞珠葡萄为实验材料,研究延迟采收对葡萄类黄酮物质的影响。结果表明：延迟采收后酿酒葡萄果粒质量和果粒纵径均降低,可溶性固形物的含量增加,可滴定酸含量降低。梅鹿辄果皮中共检测出19 种花色苷、6 种黄烷醇和15 种黄酮醇,延迟1 周后,黄烷醇和黄酮醇含量增加,相较于对照分别增加了69%和1.67%,延迟2～3 周后黄烷醇和黄酮醇含量降低;而延迟采收后,花色苷含量下降。赤霞珠果皮中共检测出15 种花色苷、4 种黄烷醇和15 种黄酮醇,花色苷、黄烷醇和黄酮醇的含量在延迟3 周后显著增加,相较于对照分别增加了22%、102%、80%。