产朊假丝酵母发酵培养基的优化研究

对产朊假丝酵母高产菌体量的液体发酵培养基进行了研究,结果表明其优化后的培养基为:葡萄糖40g/L,蛋白胨10g/L,KH2PO42g/L,MgSO4·7H2O0.3g/L。摇瓶发酵结果菌体干重达到6.37g/L,比基础培养基发酵结果增加了47%。     

高生物量富硒产朊假丝酵母菌株的选育

从5株优良的发酵酵母菌中筛选出耐硒和富硒能力较好的产朊假丝酵母,采用耐酸驯化和梯度浓度的耐硒驯化增加菌株的抗性。研究表明,产朊假丝酵母Ⅰ的富硒能力更好。在此基础上,经复合诱变、亚硒酸钠抗性平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,筛选出生物量和含硒量都较高的菌株D-5,再将突变株D-5进行紫外诱变,筛选出1株高生物量和高含硒量的菌株U-16,其菌株生物量为5.86 g/L,总硒量为1 575.40 μg/g,有机硒量为1 500.90 μg/g,其有机硒占胞内总硒比重的95.26%。与出发菌株相比,筛选菌株的生物量提高了67.90%,有机硒量增加了95.95%。     

产朊假丝酵母高产GSH发酵条件优化研究

对产朊假丝酵母发酵产GSH进行研究,考察了胞内GSH的抽提方法、培养基组成及补加葡萄糖对GSH产量的影响。结果显示:最佳的抽提方法为乙醇法;酵母粉与硫酸铵对胞内谷胱甘肽含量影响最大,以硫酸铵为氮源时GSH含量可达到25.48mg/g;补加葡萄糖的时间为接种后10h、补加量为16mL时。最佳条件下得到菌体干重为8.14g/L,通过摇瓶发酵GSH产量为113.45mg/L,GSH产量提高了2.89倍。     

高产核酸的热带假丝酵母诱变选育及其发酵条件优化

以热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis）HY4-17为出发菌株,采用电子束辐射技术诱变,经过初筛、复筛及遗传稳定性试验选育核酸高产菌株,通过Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验及响应面法优化培养基,并优化接种量和发酵时间以提高核酸产量。结果表明,获得一株生长快速,遗传稳定的突变菌株EBI-21,其核酸含量较出发菌株HY4-17提高了25%。最佳培养基组成为：糖蜜185 g/L,硫酸铵3 g/L,硫酸锌0.05 g/L,硫酸镁0.5 g/L,硫酸亚铁0.05 g/L,磷酸1 mL/L,pH值为4.5。在优化培养基及接种量8%,发酵时间12 h条件下,核酸产量达到1.73 g/L,较未优化前提高了80.21%,培养时间缩短了10 h。     

两阶段pH控制方式提高富硒产朊假丝酵母的性能

为了提高富硒产朊假丝酵母的性能,本文在摇瓶培养和分批培养的基础上,考察了不同pH控制方式对流加培养条件下富硒产朊假丝酵母细胞生长、谷胱甘肽（GSH）合成和有机硒转化的影响,结果发现：在12 h将pH从3.5切换至5.5（pH 3.5→5.5）的两阶段pH控制方式最有利于富硒产朊假丝酵母胞内GSH和有机硒含量的提高。在pH 3.5→5.5条件下,富硒产朊假丝酵母胞内GSH含量、有机硒含量和有机硒转化率分别达到最大值13.09 mg/g、1.88 mg/g和94.69%。通过对酵母胞内GSH合成关键酶活性、氧化还原酶活性和能量代谢物质ATP水平进行测定,发现pH 3.5→5.5两阶段pH控制方式提高了富硒酵母胞内过氧化氢酶活性,降低了丙二醛含量,为酵母进行有机硒富集与转化以及GSH合成与积累提供了合适的氧化还原环境,并最终提高了富硒酵母的性能。     

产朊假丝酵母利用有机酸的研究

在有机酸为唯一碳源的培养中培养产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)时,以L-苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸或柠檬酸为碳源的培养基经过48h后,有机酸浓度均由初始浓度5.0g/L下降到0.0g/L。以乙酸、草酸和富马酸为碳源的培养基有机酸浓度始终没有明显变化,说明产朊假丝酵母能够利用细胞外的L-苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸,不能利用乙酸、草酸和富马酸。当葡萄糖和L-苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸中的某种有机酸共同做碳源时,葡萄糖浓度均可以在32h内从20.0g/L降到0.0g/L,而各有机酸在0~24h内浓度变化不大,24~48h浓度均有不同程度的下降,说明当培养基中有葡萄糖时,有机酸的利用受到抑制。当浓度均为2g/L的L-苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸同时做碳源培养产朊假丝酵母时,乳酸大约经过40h浓度首先降到0.0g/L,L-苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸浓度在0~16h过程中没有明显变化,16~48h下降趋势明显,最后也都被菌体完全利用,说明乳酸比较容易被菌体利用,而L-苹果酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸在被菌体利用先后顺序上没有明显区别。     

高强度产甘油假丝酵母突变株的选育及其发酵性状

以一株产甘油假丝酵母为出发菌株 ,采用化学诱变 ,通过玉米浆和外加无机磷组成的磷质量浓度为 3 40mg/L的磷源选择培养基 ,得到了一株发酵时间较原菌株缩短了 8h左右 ,产甘油能力 (甘油产量约为 1 40 g/L ,甘油转化率为 5 6% )和原菌株相似的突变株 ,并研究了突变株的发酵性状 .     

产朊假丝酵母1807高产培养基的优化

以产朊假丝酵母1807为试验菌株,通过单因素及正交试验对其培养基进行了优化。最优培养基组成(g/L)为:葡萄糖100、(NH4)2SO421、尿素10、酵母粉2.0、MgSO41.1、K2HPO41.0、KH2PO40.50。250 mL三角瓶装液量100 mL,接种量10%,摇床转速160 r/min,温度30℃,时间18 h。葡萄糖利用率91.09%,产得干酵母16.29 g/L。对于廉价原料降解出的葡萄糖为碳源的高产酵母培养基配比来说,具有一定广泛参考价值。     

产甘油假丝酵母酸性磷酸酯酶突变株的选育及其性质研究

运用化学诱变法从高产甘油的工业生产菌株产甘油假丝酵母（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｇｌｙｃｅｒｏｌｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ）ＷＬ２００２－５（Ｈ－）筛选获得两类酸性磷酸酯酶突变株．一类为阻遏型酸性磷酸酯酶缺失突变株;另一类为对磷调节不敏感的部分去阻遏调节突变株,并研究了它们的发酵性能     

产朊假丝酵母生长条件的优化

通过安瓿管复壮的产朊假丝酵母,用YPD培养基进行生长曲线的测定,得出12h是此种酵母菌的生长最优条件。对产朊假丝酵母进行单因素条件筛选,包括培养温度、摇床转速、碳氮比,实验得出温度在30℃、转速180r/min、碳氮比(葡萄糖和蛋白胨的质量比)为3∶1时菌体密度最高。通过采用L9(34)正交实验设计确定各因素对酵母菌生长的影响,优化条件为培养时间13h、温度30℃、转速160r/min、碳氮比约3∶1,此时菌体密度最高。     

基于两阶段氨基酸添加的谷胱甘肽发酵高产方法

为提高产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis SZU 07-01)发酵生产谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的产量,分别考察L-蛋氨酸和L-半胱氨酸在GSH分批发酵和流加发酵中的作用,结果发现L-蛋氨酸提升了酵母细胞在生长期的GSH合成能力,而L-半胱氨酸显著提高了细胞生长结束后的GSH产量。在此基础上,提出了两阶段氨基酸添加策略,即在分批发酵初始时(0 h)添加60 mmol/L L-蛋氨酸,在流加发酵过程中细胞干质量达到最大值时(第27小时)一次性添加30 mmol/L L-半胱氨酸。最终,GSH产量和胞内GSH含量进一步提高,分别达到1 247.1 mg/L和24.1 mg/g。该两阶段氨基酸添加策略在GSH发酵高产中的成功应用,对其他类似化合物的高效生产具有一定的借鉴意义。     

产朊假丝酵母富硒及产谷胱甘肽的培养工艺

为生产高生物活性（高谷胱甘肽、高有机硒含量）的富硒产朊假丝酵母,在100 L发酵罐规模水平研究了菌体培养、无机硒的添加工艺,结果表明指数连续流加是富硒酵母最佳的培养方法,在补料的同时添加125 mg/L的无机硒（Na₂SeO₃）和3 mmol/L的半胱氨酸,菌体浓度、胞内谷胱甘肽浓度及无机硒转化率分别达到72 g/L、1080 mg/L和86%,胞内有机硒含量达到1493 μg/g,研究结果对富硒酵母大规模工业化生产具有一定的实践指导意义。      

Production of Candida utilis biomass as aquaculture feed

Fish offal-peat compost was hydrolysed and the resultant liquid extracts used as substrate in the cultivation of the yeast Candida utilis. The yeast was able to grow in this culture medium, attaining a growth yield of approximately 260 g biomass kg^?1 total carbohydrate consumed. The biomass produced had a good amino acid composition, with a protein content of 520 g kg^?1, and a relatively low lipid content. Dry yeast was used as a feed component in the diet of cultivated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in which it substituted well for other, traditional sources of protein.     

弱酸胁迫提升富硒产朊假丝酵母性能及其作用机理

以一株耐亚硒酸钠的产朊假丝酵母为研究对象,考察了该菌株在不同p H环境下的富硒和谷胱甘肽（GSH）合成能力及抗氧化性能。结果表明,在弱酸胁迫（p H3.5）条件下,富硒产朊假丝酵母胞内有机硒和GSH含量均达到最高水平,分别为1.08 mg/g和18.48 mg/g。通过对酵母胞内γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性以及丙二醛含量进行测定,发现弱酸胁迫不仅有利于增强GSH的合成能力,也有助于提高酵母细胞的抗氧化能力。该研究结果为发酵法制备高性能富硒产朊假丝酵母提供了可行的技术参考。      

提高产朊假丝酵母富硒能力的工艺条件研究

在5L发酵罐水平上研究不同培养条件对富硒产朊假丝酵母细胞生长、谷胱甘肽合成和富硒能力的影响,通过分批发酵试验确定较优的培养方案:在发酵培养的第18小时加入20mg/L亚硒酸钠,发酵罐转速450r/min,L-蛋氨酸的添加浓度10mmol/L.该条件下,酵母细胞干重为11.32g/L,胞内谷胱甘肽和有机硒含量分别达到11.5mg/g和1352μg/g,该方案为高性能(高胞内谷胱甘肽含量、高有机硒含量)富硒产朊假丝酵母的高效制备奠定了基础.     

Reconstitution of lactate proton symport activity in plasma membrane vesicles from the yeast Candida utilis

Lactic acid transport was studied in plasma membrane vesicles from the yeast Candida utilis IGC 3092 which were fused with liposomes containing cytochrome c oxidase. After the addition of an electron donor system, these hybrid membrane vesicles were able to generate a proton-motive force of about −150mV, inside alkaline and negative. In vesicles prepared from lactic acid-grown cells, the uptake of labelled lactic acid, at pH 6·2, under energized conditions, was expressed by a kinetics consistent with the involvement of a mediated transport system. This carrier exhibited a substrate specificity pattern identical to the one found for the lactate-proton symport in intact cells. The transport of labelled lactic acid was accumulative and strongly sensitive to the effects of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, consistent with the involvement of the proton-motive force in acid uptake, hence with the presence of a proton symport for lactate. Dissipation of the transmembrane electric potential by valinomycin did not have a significant effect on lactate accumulation, whereas abolishing the transmembrane pH gradient (ΔpH) by nigericin prevented the accumulation and led to a rapid efflux of the accumulated acid. The data support that the ΔpH is the main component of the proton-motive force involved in the transport of the acid and its accumulation. The lactate-proton symport stoichiometry was 1:1, being independent of the pH. Vesicles prepared from glucose-grown cells did not display the capacity to transport and accumulate lactate. However, activity for the carrier was also reconstituted in vesicles obtained from glucose-grown cells after incubation in buffer containing lactic acid. These results were consistent with those obtained in intact cells, which demonstrated that the lactate-proton symport of the yeast C. utilis is inducible.     

高生物量富硒产朊假丝酵母培养基优化

对富硒产朊假丝酵母发酵培养基进行优化,获得高生物量富硒酵母。从6种发酵培养基中确定G改良培养基为最佳培养基。利用Plackett-Burman设计法从影响富硒产朊假丝酵母生长的12个因子中筛选出葡萄糖、蛋白胨、KH2PO4、CuSO4添加量这4个关键因子。再利用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法确定关键因子的最佳水平及交互作用。试验得出各关键因子的最优组合为葡萄糖30 g/L、蛋白胨17 g/L、KH2PO4 6.5 g/L、CuSO4 0.01 g/L。结果表明,培养基优化后酵母生物量为12.01 g/L,有机硒含量为1 337.46 μg/g,谷胱甘肽为134.27 mg/L。将培养基中亚硒酸钠添加量由25 μg/mL提高至30 μg/mL,酵母生物量为11.21 g/L,有机硒为1 673.32 μg/g,谷胱甘肽为126.80 mg/L。     

Isolation of the YAP1 homologue of Candida utilis and its use as an efficient selection marker

The industrially important yeast Candida utilis is widely used in the production of food and medical materials, but its practical host-vector system has not been well developed. In order to construct a food-grade host-vector system, we isolated the YAP1 homologue, CuYAP1, of C. utilis IAM4264 and evaluated its use as a selection marker in transformation. A DNA probe was obtained by PCR using degenerate primers and the CuYAP1-encoding 438 amino acid protein was isolated by hybridization. Although the amino acid identity of Yap1 and CuYap1 was 28.7% as a whole, the characteristic bZip region and two cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) showed a higher homology. CuYAP1 was inserted in a CuGAP1 expression cassette of the C. utilis ARS vector pRI177, and C. utilis AHU3053 was transformed with this plasmid. A number of transformant colonies grew in the presence of cycloheximide, which indicated that CuGAP1-CuYAP1 is an effective selection marker. The transformant also showed higher resistance to other agents, including cadmium and fluconazole. The overexpression of CuYAP1 in S. cerevisiae also resulted in increased resistance to various types of drugs.