添加酿酒酵母的类Cheddar干酪生产工艺

开发具有特色风味的干酪产品是提高我国消费者对干酪接受度的重要手段.以新鲜牛乳为原料,选取蔗糖添加量、干酪发酵剂添加量、凝乳酶添加量为因素,以干酪产率、感官评定为主要检测指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验对添加酿酒酵母的类Cheddar干酪的加工工艺进行优化,并以感官评定为主要检测指标,对最佳工艺进行验证.结果表明,添加酿酒...     

复合天然抑菌膜对Cheddar干酪的保鲜效果

使用不同复合天然抑菌膜（无覆膜保鲜（空白）、酪蛋白酸钠-壳聚糖-纳他霉素膜（M1）、酪蛋白酸钠-壳聚糖-纳他霉素/溶菌酶膜（M2））对Cheddar干酪保鲜效果进行研究,在4℃冷藏条件下,对干酪感官、不同贮藏时间的水分含量、p H、滴定酸度、可溶性氮含量、融化性和油脂析出性、质构特性及SDS-凝胶电泳、微生物指标的变化进行测定。结果表明:与空白相比,M1和M2膜包装干酪的各项感官、理化指标较好,质构特性相对较优,并且M1膜包装干酪SDS-凝胶电泳图谱说明其蛋白水解程度相对较低,干酪溶液铺平板培养48 h后的菌落数（3.5×10⁴CFU/m L）少于M2膜（6.8×10⁴CFU/m L）和空白（9.2×10⁴CFU/m L）,因此,M1膜包装明显优于M2膜,并且M1膜和M2膜对Cheddar干酪均具有良好的抗菌保鲜性,可有效延长Cheddar干酪的贮藏期。      

类Cheddar豆乳干酪工艺参数的优化

研究了类Cheddar豆乳干酪的生产工艺并对其工艺参数进行了优化,对影响产品质量的主要因素进行了研究。通过正交试验,对发酵剂、豆乳、凝乳酶、CaCl2的最适添加量、凝乳时间和凝乳效果进行了研究和探讨。结果表明,添加豆乳20%、发酵剂3%、凝乳酶0.03%(活力为9 000 u/g)、CaCl20.06%时凝乳效果较好,在质构上与纯牛乳Cheddar干酪无明显差异。     

成熟温度和时间对Cheddar干酪成熟特性的影响研究

通过对不同成熟参数下Cheddar干酪蛋白分解、质构、pH及感官评价的分析,探讨了成熟参数对Cheddar干酪的影响,并得出研究条件下的最优成熟温度和时间,分析了Cheddar干酪在成熟过程中的游离氨基酸变化情况。     

干酪介电特性与成熟期及成熟度相关性分析

以半硬质契达干酪为研究对象,对同一加工样品在9℃贮存成熟,分别对成熟期0、15、30、45、60、90、120、150、180 d的干酪样品进行了介电特性和成熟度指标的测定,包括干酪样品总氮(total nitrogen,TN)含量、p H 4.6可溶性氮(soluble nitrogen,SN)含量及三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCA)溶液中SN含量的测定。测试频率选定为500、915、1 500、2 000 MHz,对测试结果进行了统计分析,建立了干酪介电特性与成熟度指标之间的相关性。结果表明:随着成熟期的延长,干酪水分含量略有减少、水分活度明显降低、p H值先降低后升高、成熟度指数p H 4.6-SN/TN和12%TCA-SN/TN均随成熟期延长而增大;介电常数ε’在所选的测试频率下与成熟期和成熟度指数的变化均呈线性相关关系;介电损耗因数ε’’在所选测试频率范围内,随成熟期的延长和成熟度的增大呈现总体下降趋势,与成熟期和成熟度在500 MHz和915 MHz频率条件下线性相关性极显著(P0.01),而在高频1 500 MHz和2 000 MHz条件下线性相关性不显著;损耗角正切值变化不明显,表明在测试频率范围介电常数ε’和介电损耗因数ε’’的变化方向一致,同时变化幅度相近。     

NaCl添加量及pH对马铃薯泥品质特性的影响

该试验以蒸制熟化的马铃薯泥为对象,利用电子眼、应变控制流变仪、物性测试仪、扫描电子显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、核磁共振分析系统等,研究NaCl添加量（0%、0.5%、1.0%,m/m,以薯泥计）及pH（6、7、8）对马铃薯泥色泽、流变学特性、质构特性及微观结构等的影响规律。结果表明：随NaCl添加量的增加,马铃薯泥弹性由81.86%减小到79.40%、硬度由551.72 g增大到784.28 g,网络结构受到一定的破坏。随pH的增加,与pH为6时相比,马铃薯泥的弹性由81.44%减小到75.96%、硬度呈先降低后升高的趋势,稳定性减弱;当pH为6时,马铃薯泥弹性最大（81.44%）,硬度较小（528.84 g）,形成了致密的凝胶网络结构。综上所述,在不添加NaCl、pH为6时,马铃薯泥具有最佳的加工特性。该研究可为采用NaCl及调节pH制备适用于主食及休闲食品加工的高品质马铃薯泥提供理论依据。     

玉米胚芽蛋白Cheddar干酪生产工艺的优化

以玉米胚茅蛋白为添加辅料,研究了玉米胚芽蛋白添加量、Ca^2＋浓度、切割大小、盐浓度四个工艺参数对玉米胚芽Cheddar干酪品质的影响,利用响应面分析法确定了最佳工艺参数。结果表明,胚芽蛋白添加量为4．28％,Ca^2＋浓度为0．04％,切割大小为9．05mm3,盐浓度为1．62％时,生产的玉米胚芽Cheddar干酪具有干酪特有的滋味和气味,软硬适度、香味醇厚、营养丰富。     

水分添加量对肉粉肠品质特性的影响

本文探究了不同加工工艺条件下肉粉肠中淀粉糊化度(Degree of Starch Gelatinization,DSG)的变化及对其产品品质特性的影响.结果表明,随着水分添加量的增加,肉粉肠的DSG和乳化稳定性显著增加(P<0.05),而蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05),肉粉肠中水分分布也证实了上述结果.与此同时,随着...     

NaCl添加方法对Mozzarella干酪成分及品质的影响

以3种不同的NaCl添加方法:(1)在热烫拉伸机中用热盐水对干酪进行热烫拉伸(热盐水拉伸),f2)向切碎的凝块中拌撒干盐(直接拌盐),(3)将成型后的新制干酪用一定浓度的冰盐水腌制(冰盐水腌制1,制作M0zzarella干酪,并对3种干酪的主要成分、质构特性功能特性以及对微生物污染的控制进行比较,得出冰盐水腌制方法制作的Mozzarella干酪在质构特性、防止微生物污染方面具有较大的优势,更适合干酪的加工.     

Ca~(2+)质量分数和切割大小对Cheddar干酪质构及蛋白质水解的影响

研究了Ca2+质量分数和切割大小对cheddar干酪质构及蛋白质水解的影响.通过对产品质构的物性分析及对蛋白分解情况的测定,最终确定了最佳的Cheddar干酪的工艺参数.结果表明,CaC12的用量为0.015%(质量分数),切割大小6～8mm3其干酪的品质最佳.     

脂质体微胶囊化中性蛋白酶在Cheddar干酪快速成熟中的应用

尝试通过添加不同剂量的脂质体微胶囊化中性蛋白酶来加快Cheddar干酪的成熟;测定了不同成熟期内干酪的pH值、可溶性氮含量以及干酪的质构的变化,经过综合感官分析,确定了最适添加量。结果表明,添加脂质体微胶囊中性蛋白酶加快了干酪的成熟,其中,0.01%的添加量既加快了干酪成熟,又没有导致干酪在风味、质构等品质方面的缺陷。     

Milk Plasmin Activity Influence on Cheddar Cheese Quality during Ripening

Up to six-fold increase in plasmin activity in milk did not significantly (p<0.05) affect the composition (moisture, protein, NaCl) of cheese, although a slight increase in moisture and decrease in protein content of the cheese was noted. Proteolysis in cheese increased with plasmin activity, resulting in improved flavor and overall quality of the cheese after 3 and 6 months ripening. Consistently, increasing the plasmin activity in milk about three-fold resulted in cheese of superior sensory quality.     

High Pressure Treatment of Milk and Effects on Microbiological and Sensory Quality of Cheddar Cheese

The effect of cycled high pressure treatment of milk on the yield, sensory, and microbiological quality of Cheddar cheese was investigated. Cheddar cheeses were made from pasteurized, raw, or pressure treated milk according to traditional methods. Flavor scores from trained dairy judges were not different for pasteurized and pressurized milk cheeses (P≤0.05). Percent moisture and wet weight yields of pressure treated milk cheeses were higher than pasteurized or raw milk cheeses (P≤0.05). Microbiological quality of pressurized milk cheeses was comparable to pasteurized milk cheeses. Texture defects were present in pressurized milk cheeses and were attributed to excess moisture. High pressure treatment of milk shows promise as an alternative to heat pasteurization prior to cheesemaking.     

NaCl含量对Mozzarella干酪品质的影响

Mozzarella干酪中NaCl的含量影响Mozzarella干酪的品质。本试验采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,三个奶酪槽中凝乳磨碎后分别加NaCl为1%、2%、3%。研究干酪中NaCl的浓度对Mozzarella干酪的品质的影响。结果表明随着干酪中NaCl的浓度的增加,油脂析出性显著降低(p<0.05),干酪的蛋白质水解显著降低(p<0.05),干酪中NaCl的浓度对Mozzarella干酪的融化性,硬度及弹性没有显著的影响。     

Rheological Properties of Cheddar Cheese as Influenced by Fat Reduction and Ripening Time

Fat reduction in Cheddar cheese resulted in an increase in viscoelasticity as evidenced by increases in G’and G”. Proteolysis during ripening led to softening of all cheeses and thus decreases in G’and G” for cheeses containing 34, 27, and 20% fat. Cheese with 13% fat showed a decrease in G’upon ripening, but no change in G”. This lack of change in viscous behavior may be important to the texture of reduced-fat Cheddar cheese and overall acceptability. Dynamic rheological testing was helpful in understanding rheological behavior associated with fat reduction in cheese.     

Rapid Prediction of Composition and Flavor Quality of Cheddar Cheese Using ATR–FTIR Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT:  Multiple methods are required for analysis of cheese flavor quality and composition. Chromatography and sensory analyses are accurate but laborious, expensive, and time consuming. A rapid and simple instrumental method based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was developed for simultaneous analysis of Cheddar cheese composition and flavor quality. Twelve different Cheddar cheese samples ripened for 67 d were obtained from a commercial cheese manufacturer along with their moisture, pH, salt, fat content, and sensory flavor quality data. Water-soluble components were extracted from the cheese, dried on zinc selenide FTIR crystal and scanned (4000 to 700 cm⁻¹). Infrared spectra of the samples were correlated with their composition and flavor quality data to develop multivariate statistical regression and classification models. The models were validated using an independent set of ten 67-d-old test samples. The infrared spectra of the samples were well defined, highly consistent within each sample and distinct from other samples. The regression models showed excellent fit ( r > 0.92) and could accurately determine moisture, pH, salt, and fat contents as well as the flavor quality rating in less than 20 min. Furthermore, cheeses could also be classified based on their flavor quality (slight acid, whey taint, good cheddar, and so on). The discrimination of the samples was due to organic acids, amino acids, and short chain fatty acids (1800 to 900 cm⁻¹), which are known to contribute significantly to cheese flavor. The results show that this technique can be a rapid, inexpensive, and simple tool for predicting composition and flavor quality of cheese.     

地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响

利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作切达干酪和切达干酪类似物,分析干酪成熟过程中各蛋白水解指标的变化规律,以揭示地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响。结果表明,CDF组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶所制切达干酪）、CD3组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶但未添加发酵剂制成的干酪类似物）和CCF组（添加商品凝乳酶所制切达干酪）干酪蛋白含量、pH 4.6-可溶性氮、12%三氯乙酸-可溶性氮、5%磷钨酸-可溶性氮、总游离氨基酸含量均随着成熟时间延长呈显著增加趋势,并且成熟期间CDF组干酪均显著高于CCF组干酪（P＜0.05）;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳分析表明,CDF组干酪α-酪蛋白水解程度较大;pH 4.6-可溶性肽段分析表明,随着干酪的成熟,总肽含量呈先增加后下降趋势,但疏水性肽与亲水性肽的比值呈持续下降趋势,在成熟第6个月时,CDF组、CD3组和CCF组干酪疏水性肽与亲水性肽比值分别为2.668、2.822、3.788。主成分分析表明,3 组干酪的蛋白水解程度与成熟度呈正相关,与疏水性肽和亲水性肽的比值呈负相关。以上结果表明,利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作的干酪蛋白水解度更高,但其疏水性肽比例较小,研究结果可为地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶在干酪生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

益生性植物乳杆菌对切达干酪挥发性风味形成的影响

将分离自西藏灵菇的益生性植物乳杆菌1-2通过在杀菌乳中添加活菌数8.0、9.0（lg（CFU/mL））和在排乳清后添加于凝乳块8.0（lg（CFU/g））的方式分别加入到切达干酪中,考察植物乳杆菌活菌数量、添加方式和成熟时间对干酪挥发性风味物质组成的影响。利用固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测出对照组干酪的风味物质26种,益生菌干酪组风味物质30种,添加植物乳杆菌1-2可产生乙苯、十二烷、己醇和丙酮4种挥发性风味物质。成熟时间对干酪风味的影响最大,随成熟时间的延长,益生菌干酪组中苯含量显著增加,而对照组干酪在成熟12周时才检测到苯。益生菌添加量和添加方式对干酪挥发性风味的影响相似,丁酸受益生菌活菌数和添加方式的影响最大,益生菌干酪组成熟12周时,丁酸含量最高达对照组的3.96倍（P＜0.05）。在杀菌乳中添加益生菌活菌数8.0（lg（CFU/mL））组和9.0（lg（CFU/mL））组干酪中挥发性风味物质含量有显著差异,但在杀菌乳中添加高活菌数9.0（lg（CFU/mL））和在排乳清后添加低活菌数8.0（lg（CFU/g））于凝乳块中对干酪挥发性风味的形成具有相似的影响。本研究结果为改进益生菌干酪的加工工艺和风味品质提供了实验依据。     

藏灵菇胞外多糖的理化性质及其在切达干酪中的应用

藏灵菇KW1在SDM培养基、37 ℃条件下发酵产胞外多糖（exopolysaccharide,EPS）达624.82?mg/L,经分离纯化及单糖分析测定,明确此多糖由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,相对物质的量比1∶3.02∶2.12∶1.59∶3.04。红外光谱结果显示该EPS表现出典型的多糖吸收峰模式;扫描电镜显示,藏灵菇KW1?EPS微观结构中分布着许多球形结构和片状结构,且表面比较光滑;原子力显微观察表明,EPS具有一定聚集现象,呈现出膜状、簇状结构。将藏灵菇KW1?EPS应用于发酵剂菌株培养以及切达干酪制作中,结果表明EPS对发酵剂菌株生长有促进作用,并且随着添加量的增加,这种作用先增强后减弱。同时EPS的加入能提高干酪得率、持水能力以及成熟期间的活菌数。采用气相色谱-质谱联用从干酪中检测出69?种挥发性物质,香气活性值显示共有17?种风味物质对EPS干酪整体风味有贡献,其中丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯是关键性风味物质。本研究可为藏灵菇EPS在发酵乳制品中的应用提供一定技术参考。