奶牛乳、水牛乳与牦牛乳的挥发性风味物质分析

采用固相微萃取法分别对奶牛乳、水牛乳和牦牛乳的挥发性成分进行萃取,经气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析。结果显示,奶牛乳中共鉴定出17种挥发性物质,主要包括酮类、酸类和醛类;水牛乳中共鉴定出16种挥发性物质,主要包括酮类、芳香族及萜烯类、酸类和醛类;牦牛乳中共鉴定出37种挥发性物质,主要包括酮类、酸类、芳香族及萜烯类、酯类、醛类和内酯类。经分析,3种牛乳样品的挥发性物质组成呈现一定的属内差异性和属间相似性。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法分析羊乳和牛乳中挥发性化合物

采用顶空固相微萃取技术对羊乳和牛乳挥发性化合物进行萃取,再经气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测。从羊乳中共检出49种挥发性化合物,主要由酸类、烃类、酮类和芳香族类化合物组成;牛乳中共检出33种挥发性化合物,主要由酸类、烃类、醇类和酮类化合物组成。羊乳和牛乳中检出22种相同化合物,其中酸类7种、烃类4种、芳香族类3种、酯类2种、酮类2种、醇类1种、醛类1种和其他类2种。羊乳中的挥发性成分,尤其是挥发性酸类化合物比牛乳更为复杂。     

基于顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱法分析脱脂处理对牛乳挥发性风味物质的影响

目的 探究脱脂工艺对牛乳中挥发性风味物质影响。方法 采用顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, HS-GC-IMS)构建全脂牛乳和脱脂牛乳挥发性风味物质指纹图谱,结合主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)对其中挥发性风味物质差异进行分析。结果 全脂牛乳和脱脂牛乳中共检出50个信号峰,鉴定出26种挥发性风味物质,主要包括6种醛、10种酮、4种醇、5种酯和1种萜烯物质。牛乳在脱脂处理后1-戊醇、2-庚酮、丁酸乙酯和2-甲基乙酸乙酯的含量降低,而辛醛、正壬醛、乙酸戊酯、E-2-庚烯醛、己酸乙酯和2-辛酮的含量则增加。结论 本研究明确了脱脂后牛乳中挥发性风味物质变化,脱脂处理未改变牛乳中挥发性化合物种类,但对醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类和萜烯类化合物的相对含量均具有显著性影响。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术分析全豆腐乳中的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用技术,对全豆腐乳和传统腐乳中挥发性成分进行提取和分析。从全豆腐乳中共鉴定出63种挥发性成分,主要包括酯类21种、酸类10种、烃类9种、醇类7种、酮类7种、萜烯类4种、醛类2种、其他物质3种;在传统腐乳中也鉴定出63种挥发性成分,主要包括酯类23种、烃类12种、醇类8种、酸类8种、萜烯类4种、醛类3种、酮类2种、其他物质3种;全豆腐乳和传统腐乳中主体挥发性成分的相同程度为90%。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析冷榨和热榨葵花籽油的挥发性物质

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对冷榨葵花籽油和不同炒籽温度下的热榨葵花籽油的挥发性物质进行分析。结果表明:葵花籽油样品中共检测出59种挥发性物质,主要是萜烯类、醛酮类、烷烃类、杂环类及羧酸类物质;冷榨葵花籽油的挥发性物质主要是萜烯类、烷烃类及醛酮类物质,含量分别为38.96%、16.19%和12.20%;炒籽温度110、130、150℃下的热榨葵花籽油的主要挥发性物质的种类与冷榨葵花籽油的相似,但含量有很大区别,而170℃和190℃下的热榨葵花籽油的主要挥发性物质是吡嗪等杂环类物质和醛酮类物质。     

基于SPME-GC-MS技术结合电子鼻电子舌分析不同热处理牛乳风味的差异

目的 探究不同热处理牛乳即巴氏杀菌乳、超高温瞬时（UHT）灭菌乳和蒸汽浸入式（INF）杀菌乳的香气品质差异。方法 利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法（SPME-GC-MS）对三种热处理牛乳的挥发性风味组分进行鉴定,并结合电子鼻和电子舌对不同热处理牛乳的风味进行更直观的区分。结果 GC-MS技术共检测出热处理牛乳中53种挥发性风味化合物,主要是由13种醛类、10种脂肪酸类、9种醇类、7种酮类和3种内酯类组成。其中巴氏杀菌乳以辛酸、癸酸等脂肪酸类和壬醛、癸醛等醛类为主;INF杀菌乳中以辛酸、癸酸、乙酸等脂肪酸类为主,其次是辛醛、壬醛等醛类和糠醇、2-乙基-1-己醇等醇类;UHT灭菌乳则是以2-庚酮、2-壬酮和2-十一酮等酮类为主,其次是辛酸、己酸等脂肪酸类和丙醛、壬醛等醛类,然后是δ-癸内酯和δ-十二内酯等内酯类。电子鼻对不同热处理牛乳有明显不同响应,主成分分析（PCA）前两主成分可以很好地区分不同热处理牛乳的挥发性风味物质,传感器W5S、W1S、W1W和W2S对牛乳气味影响最大。电子舌结果表明不同热处理牛乳在鲜味和口感浓厚程度上差异显著,且PCA分析前两主成分可以完全区分不同热处理牛乳...     

新疆库尔勒香梨果醋香气萃取条件优化研究

采用HS-SPME/GC-MS联用方法对经发酵优化后的新疆库尔勒香梨果醋挥发性香气成分进行了初步分析,初步建立了库尔勒香梨果醋挥发性香气组分分析的方法。结果表明:采用50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头,在磁力搅拌条件下,萃取温度为45℃,添加电解质的量为0.2g/mL,萃取时间为20min时梨醋中的挥发性风味物质能最大程度地挥发、吸附;经HS-SPME/GC-MS分析,从梨醋中共检测出来的挥发性成分有35种,主要包括4种烷烃类、3种醛类、2种酮类、8种醇类、7种酸类、9种酯类以及2种其他物质,其中,酯类、醇类和酸类占已鉴定出总挥发性成分的73.6%,分析效果良好。     

SDE-GC-O-MS鉴定浓香葵花籽油香气活性物质

采用同时蒸馏萃取法（SDE）萃取浓香葵花籽油中的挥发性风味物质,利用气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻技术（GC- O-MS）对香气活性物质进行分离鉴定。SDE的最佳萃取条件为：二氯甲烷40 mL,加油量40 g,水添加量 200 mL,萃取时间3 h。经GC-MS分析共鉴定出96种挥发性风味物质,主要为醛类（29.29%）、杂环类（29.10%）、萜烯类（26.79%）、醇类（3.08%）、烯烃类（1.78%）、酮类（1.47%）、烷烃类（0.57%）、酯类（0.43%）和酸类（0.25%）。GC-O鉴定出24种香气活性物质,主要包括吡嗪类物质,赋予浓香葵花籽油烤香味;萜烯类物质,赋予其包括松针味的植物清香。     

黄刺玫花和果实挥发油成分分析

以水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取黄刺玫花和果的挥发性成分,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其化学成分进行分析鉴定,以峰面积归一化法进行了定量分析。结果从黄刺玫花挥发油中共鉴定出27种化合物,占花总挥发性物质的85.629%。花挥发油中主要物质为烷烃化合物,占56.743%;其次是酚酸类物质17.821%;醇类1.932%,酯类1.510%,烯烃类0.864%。果实挥发油中共鉴定出24种化合物,占果实中总挥发性物质的86.699%,其中烷烃类39.207%,酮类28.565%,酯类6.814%,醇类5.572%,胺类1.716%,苯1.595%,醛0.772%。     

发酵剂对熏马肠挥发性风味化合物的影响

通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)测定熏马肠中的挥发性风味物质。从5个不同样品中共鉴定出106种风味物质,包括烃类、醇类、酯类、酸类、醛类、酮类、酚类、呋喃类、含氮类等化合物。其中烃类、醇类、酸类、酮类、酚类化合物含量较高,空白组和发酵剂组熏马肠中挥发性风味化合物的种类和含量都存在着一定的差别。     

Headspace analysis of volatile flavour compounds of teleme cheese made from sheep and goat milk

The headspace compounds of teleme cheese made from sheep's milk, goats' milk or mixture of sheep's and goats' milk (50:50) were analysed during ripening by static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A total of 21 major compounds were identified, including aldehydes (7), alcohols (5), ketones (4), and acids (2). All types of cheeses contained approximately the same volatiles at different concentrations. The total volatile compounds (TVC) increased during ripening. Cheeses made from sheep's milk showed the highest level of TVC, whereas cheeses made from goats' milk showed the lowest one.     

Optimization of nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based fingerprinting methods to characterize goat milk powder

This study is the first to provide a comprehensive characterization of the liquid and volatile fractions of whole goat milk powder (GMP). Robust nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)- and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based chemical fingerprinting methods were optimized and implemented. The untargeted ¹H-NMR analysis resolved 44 metabolites in the liquid fractions of GMP. The NMR fingerprinting technique effectively identified metabolites coming from the aliphatic, sugar, and aromatic regions that can be important in defining the technological properties and quality of the GMP. The untargeted headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry fingerprinting was able to detect a total of 50 volatiles including alkanes, ketones, alcohols, aromatics, alkenes, aldehydes, esters, acid, and sulfur compounds. The GMP was dominated by volatiles in the alkane group, while only a few esters were detected. Goat milk is a premium product and vulnerable to fraudulent activities such as adulteration or counterfeit. Therefore, proper characterization and identification is a crucial first step to verify its authenticity and quality.     

速溶豆粉、牛奶粉及羊奶粉挥发性成分的比较

对速溶豆粉、牛奶粉和羊奶粉的挥发性成分进行鉴定并比较,分析三者挥发性成分的差异。结果表明,速溶豆粉中共鉴定出42种挥发性物质,牛奶粉中共鉴定出48种挥发性物质,羊奶粉中共鉴定出47种挥发性物质,主要包括醇类、醛酮类、烃类、酸类、酯类和其他类等物质。三者中烃类、醛酮类和酯类物质的种类和含量均较高。速溶豆粉检出的醇类和酸类物质含量最高;牛奶粉中检出的烃类和酯类物质含量最高;羊奶粉中检测到的醛酮类和其他类物质含量最高。聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,癸醛、(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、1-十二烯、正癸酸、丙位辛内酯、2-正戊基呋喃、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚是速溶豆粉的关键挥发性物质;壬醛、δ-癸内酯、十二烷、丁位十二内酯、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、1-十三烯是牛奶粉的关键挥发性物质;1-戊醇、庚醛、2-庚酮、二甲基砜、3-辛烯-2-酮、壬醛、γ-十二内酯等挥发性物质是羊奶粉的关键挥发性物质。这些物质是导致速溶豆粉、牛奶粉和羊奶粉风味差异的主要物质。     

Volatile Flavor Compounds of Sweetened Condensed Milk

ABSTRACT: The volatile compounds of sweetened condensed milk (SCM) were investigated to explain their contribution to SCM flavor. Commercially processed SCM was diluted with water and the volatiles were isolated by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction under reduced pressure. Commercial liquid milk was used for comparison. The odor concentrate was analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and then fractionated by silica gel TLC and preparative GC to determine the contributors to SCM flavor. Major volatile compounds were 10 fatty acids, 14 lactones, 10 ketones, 13 hydrocarbons, 8 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, and 8 miscellaneous compounds. δ-Decalactone and δ-dodecalactone were the principal contributors to SCM flavor although the other lactones may contribute as well.     

顶空固相微萃取和同时蒸馏萃取法分析猪肉汤的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)和同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取清炖猪肉汤中挥发性成分,结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)进行分析,结果共检测出77种挥发性化合物,其中烃类和醛类最多,均有22种,其次是醇类17种和酸类6种,另外酯类、酮类和杂环类分别有4、3、3种。HS-SPME法和SDE法分别鉴定出42种和49种挥发性组分。两种提取方法相比较,采用SPME法提取到醛类的种类明显多于SDE法,而烃类、醇类和酯类的种类明显少于SDE法。SDE法适合对高沸点、低挥发性物质的分离;SPME法具有快速简便、不使用溶剂和样品检测非破坏性等优点,适合易挥发性化合物的检出。只有将两种方法结合起来,才能得到对产品的挥发性物质的综合评价。     

A study of volatile flavour substances in Dalmatian traditional smoked ham: Impact of dry-curing and frying

Volatiles from Dalmatian prosciutto were isolated by solvent extraction (SE), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and nitrogen purge and steam distillation (NPSD) and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. In all, 46 compounds were identified by SDE and SE (including fatty acids, aldehydes, phenols, esters, ketones and others), while 81 compounds were identified by NPSD (headspace volatiles including phenols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, esters and heterocyclic compounds). Regarding the impact of dry curing period on the volatiles, an increase in the percentages of aldehydes and esters during the ripening of the prosciutto was observed. Quantitative percentage differences among fried and raw samples were particularly evident in respect of aldehydes (SDE and SE). The NPSD method provided additional information of the volatiles from fried ham, since the pyrazines and most of the lower aldehydes that are important thermally derived flavour compounds were only isolated by NPSD (not by SE and SDE).     

Characterization of Volatile Compounds in Microfiltered Pasteurized Milk Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and GC×GC-TOFMS

Volatiles of milk were characterized by solid-phase microextraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry not only separated the 52 compounds that co-elute in conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, but also identified 107 compounds that were first reported in milk. These volatiles included aliphatic hydrocarbons (69), aromatic hydrocarbons (42), ketones (28), esters (16), aldehydes (14), alcohols (14), acids (14), nitrogenous compounds (9), ethers (8), and sulfo compounds (3). Five dominant volatiles were hexanoic acid (193.57 ng/mL milk), methoxy-phenyl-oxime (114.83 ng/mL milk), octanoic acid (109.38 ng/mL milk), 4,5-dimethyl-1-hexene (101.48 ng/mL milk), and 2-Pentanone (99.74 ng/mL milk). This proposes an improvement methodology for determining the volatiles of dairy products.     

GC-MS对不同奶味香精成分分析及香气变化规律

利用GC-MS分析方法,比较了自制的天然酶解奶味香基和不同奶味香精的组成成分及香气变化规律。复配香精A、复配香精B、复配香精C、复配香精D、天然发酵香精E、自制酶解香基F中分别鉴定出18、22、30、15、30、14种组分,组分种类包括酸类、内酯类、脂肪酸酯类、芳香及杂环类、酮类、醇类、烃类等7种类型。不同复配香精之间的区别主要是酸类、内酯类和脂肪酸酯类之间的比例和数量有所不同,进口天然香精E各组分分布较均衡且含有较多的芳香及杂环类,自制酶解香基F的酸类比例较大以及特征性香气成分含量少。增加香气成分的种类,均衡各香气成分间的分布,可从一定程度上提高香气品质。     

顶空-固相微萃取两种传统面酱挥发性成分的气相色谱-质谱联用分析

采用顶空固相微萃取和气-质联用(GC-MS)技术,对2种传统面酱(M1和M2)中的挥发性成分进行提取、分析。从M1中鉴定出53种挥发性化合物,占色谱流出峰总面积的77.408%,包括醛类6种,酯类5种,酸类14种,烃类2种,醇类2种,杂环类化合物12种,酮类2种,其他化合物10种。从M2中鉴定出48种挥发性化合物,占色谱流出峰总面积的64.455%,包括醛类6种,酯类8种,酸类6种,烃类4种,醇类5种,杂环类化合物9种,酮类4种,其他化合物6种。     

Volatile composition and sensory properties of industrially produced Idiazabal cheese

The volatile composition and sensory properties of industrially produced Idiazabal cheeses made from ewes’ raw milk (RM) or pasteurised milk (PM) and with addition of different starter cultures were compared. Cheeses were analysed at 90 and 180 d of ripening. Acids were the major volatile compounds in RM cheeses. Methyl ketones were the major volatile compounds in PM cheeses at 90 ripening days. However, the content of acids strongly increased with ripening whereas the content of ketones decreased in PM cheeses. The concentration of esters was higher in RM cheeses than in PM cheeses. No differences were found in the content of alcohols. Most aldehydes, hydrocarbons, terpenes and furans identified were minor volatile compounds in both RM and PM cheeses. In RM cheeses, characteristic sensory attributes for the aroma of Idiazabal cheese were present at 3 months, whereas in PM cheeses those desirable sensory attributes did not appear until 6 months of ripening.