Effects of trypsin‐hydrolyzed wheat gluten peptide on wheat flour dough

BACKGROUND: Gluten peptide was prepared by trypsin hydrolysis and characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The effects on non‐frozen and frozen doughs of trypsin‐hydrolyzed gluten peptide (THGP) and its combination with ascorbic acid or KBrO₃ were investigated. RESULTS: Molecular analysis of THGP showed a decrease in the high‐molecular‐weight and an increase in the low‐molecular‐weight sodium dodecyl sulfate‐soluble fractions, compared with those of control wheat gluten. The addition of 8% THGP decreased the mixing time and tolerance of the dough, both with and without ascorbic acid or KBrO₃. However, the maximum resistance and extensibility of the rested dough containing 8% THGP, with and without ascorbic acid or KBrO₃, were not significantly different from those of the control dough. The addition of 8% THGP significantly increased the loaf volume of bread baked from non‐frozen dough when combined with 60 ppm ascorbic acid or 30 ppm KBrO₃, but it had a significant effect both with and without ascorbic acid or KBrO₃ on frozen‐dough bread. A large difference in volume was observed between breads made with and without THGP at the oven‐spring, rather than at proofing. CONCLUSION: The addition of 8% THGP increased the loaf volume of bread made from freeze‐damaged dough and this effect increased when THGP was combined with 60 ppm ascorbic acid. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Short-time Breadmaking Systems. Effect of Formulation, Additives, Temperature, and Flour Quality

An optimum formula for short-time breadmaking included flour (100%), yeast (5%), sugar (3%), salt (1.5%), shortening (3%), oxidant (100 ppm ascorbic acid and 60 ppm KBrO₃), and optimum water. The minimum fermentation time for good volume was 15 min. Ambient temperature greatly affected baking performance, and formula changes would be required to produce optimum short-time bread at different temperatures. Baking the same flours by both short- and long-time baking methods gave poor correlations between loaf volumes and oxidant requirements.     

Effect of endoxylanases on dough properties and making performance of Chinese steamed bread

Two kinds of endoxylanase (XYL), one is a solid-phase enzyme (S-XYL) and the other a liquid-phase enzyme (L-XYL), were used to test their effect on the properties of dough and the quality of Chinese steamed bread (CSB). The textural properties of wheat dough made with the two enzymes were investigated. Parameters from the texture profile analysis (TPA) were determined after mixing the dough at 0th, 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th min, respectively. Both enzymes decreased farinograph parameters. They also influenced mixograms including decreasing time to peak and peak height. It was apparent that the decrease in hardness of the dough by adding S-XYL and L-XYL, respectively was more than that of the control sample and the sample with added yeast. It was found that the longer the time of fermentation, the lower the hardness of the dough. The mixing time was reduced by adding L-XYL by about 27.5%. The fermentation time was decreased by adding S-XYL or L-XYL. The addition of S-XYL and L-XYL on CSB resulted in increased specific volume, spread ratio and decreased crumb softness. A decreasing trend in L* value, a slightly increasing tendency in a* value and a slightly decreasing trend in b* value exist in crumb colour.     

Improved physicochemical and fermentation properties of frozen dough with bacterial cellulose

Effects of a novel category of hydrocolloid (Bacterial cellulose, BC) on physicochemical and fermentation properties of frozen dough were studied to address the reduction in baking performance due to refrigeration. The addition of BC reduced free thiol content and inhibited the de-polymerisation degree of glutenin macropolymers, resulting in enhanced emulsifying activities of frozen dough, when the amount was added up to 0.1 g 100 g⁻¹of wheat flour (dry basis). Further supplement hurt these attributes due to competition for water molecules. However, increasing the addition of BC significantly enhanced its protective effect on yeast activity, which in turn improved the fermentation properties of frozen dough. After 8 weeks of storage at −18 °C, 31% of yeast survived in with the protection of BC. When BC was added at a ratio of 0.1 g 100 g⁻¹ of wheat flour, the improved frozen dough showed maximum volume of gas which was 2.7 times higher than that of the control after 3 h of fermentation. Baking performances confirmed the effect of BC as bread crumbs containing intermediate addition of BC rose optimally during proofing and baking, which contributed to the higher specific volume, less firm and more tender crumb texture of bread. These results suggested that BC might act as an effective additive to improve the shelf-life stability of frozen food during long periods of frozen storage.     

A novel steamed bread making process using salt‐stressed baker’s yeast

The process of applying salt‐stressed baker’s yeast during southern style Chinese steamed bread dough preparation was examined. Baker’s yeast was stressed in 7% salt solution then mixed into dough, which was then evaluated for dough fermentation producing gas, dough expansion, texture profile analysis (TPA), colour, specific volume, spread ratio and sensory analysis. The results of this study pointed out salt‐stressed baker’s yeast produced significant amount of gas and dough expansion, particularly after 40 min of salt stressing. The texture of steamed bread was softer (463.08 g) than control (541.35 g) (P < 0.05), greater in specific volume (3.15 cm³ g^?1) than control (2.89 cm³ g^?1) (P < 0.05), had a lower spread ratio (1.45) than control (1.74) (P < 0.05) and a significantly improved sensory properties for taste (90.6) than control (81.6) (P < 0.05) were obtained.     

酵母对青麦油条面团发酵特性及其品质的影响

以无铝油条预混粉及青麦粉制作青麦油条,采用发酵仪和流变仪对不同种类酵母（H-1即发干酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus,耐高糖,简称H-1）、H-2即发高活性干酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-3799,耐高糖,简称H-2）、L-1高活性干酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. willanus,低糖,简称L-1）、L-2即发干酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus EC-1118,低糖,简称L-2））,不同青麦粉添加量（0%、3%、6%、9%、12%）油条面团的发酵特性和流变特性进行研究,并对此面团制作成油条的比容、感官品质和质构特性进行分析。结果表明：4?种酵母中H-2酵母面团的发酵特性参数（产气量、持气率、面团开始漏气时间）最好,弹性模量与黏性模量较大,黏弹性较好;加入青麦粉后,H-2酵母制作的油条比容较大,感官评分较高,硬度、咀嚼性较小,弹性较大;在青麦粉添加量为6%制作油条时,油条比容和质构指标适中,感官评分与普通油条相差不大,碳水化合物及膳食纤维含量较高。因此,选择H-2即发高活性干酵母发酵、添加6%青麦粉制作的油条品质较好,营养丰富。     

D-Erythroascorbic Acid in Bakers'Yeast and Effects on Wheat Dough

Extraction of hydrated and freeze-dried bakers’yeast yielded ～ 50 μg erythroascorbic acid (EAA) and 5 μg ascorbic acid (AA)/g dry yeast as determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. D-EAA (82 ppm based on flour) slightly increased the flow of dough as rest time increased. Gluten isolated from a flour-water dough containing 82 ppm D-EAA or 100 ppm Lcysteine stretched at a faster rate than control gluten. EAA like AA did not change dough development time. Unlike AA, EAA showed neither oxidizing effect on dough and gluten nor improving effects on bread.     

EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE, HEMICELLULASE AND ASCORBIC ACID ON DOUGH AND BREAD QUALITY

ABSTRACT

In this study, glucose oxidase alone or its combinations with hemicellulase or ascorbic acid were used in bread making. Glucose oxidase alone mainly decreased dough extensibility. It produced stiffer and less extensible dough. Combinations of glucose oxidase–hemicellulase presented lower extensibility and were more resistant to extension than glucose oxidase alone. When glucose oxidase–ascorbic acid combinations were used, the softening degree significantly decreased, regardless when added the lowest glucose oxidase in combination with ascorbic acid. Glucose oxidase–ascorbic acid combinations significantly modified dough resistance. The glucose oxidase alone significantly increased specific loaf volume. The Dallman value of loaves made with glucose oxidase alone was found higher than for control. The most dramatic effect of additives on specific loaf volume was observed when glucose oxidase–hemicellulase combinations were added. This effect has been ascribed to redistribution of water from the hemicellulose to gluten, which would render the gluten more extensible. Specific loaf volume showed a significant enhancement when glucose oxidase–ascorbic acid combinations were added, but this effect was not as good as glucose oxidase–hemicellulase. The effects of glucose oxidase and its combinations with ascorbic acid and hemicellulase on dough rheology and bread quality are highly dependent on the amount of enzyme and the original wheat flour quality.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

In practice, appropriate combinations of glucose oxidase with hemicellulase can be used as improvers in bread making, depending on their combination levels. This study will show the way to new research about glucose oxidase, ascorbic acid and hemicellulose.

     

The influence of a baker's yeast pre-inoculum on bread-dough leavening

In order to investigate the influence of a pre-inoculum on the fermentation performance of compressed baker's yeast used for bread-dough leavening, pre-inocula were made by adding compressed baker's yeast to a premix-sugar broth and cultivating it for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The pre-inocula were added separately to the dough and the gas production measured with the aid of a fermento-manometer. The pre-inoculum cultivated for 120 min presented the highest increase (43·6%) in maximum gas produced (P_max) after 90 min of dough fermentation. The possibility of reducing lag time during dough fermentation, by using a cost-effective pre-inoculum, was assessed and results showed a significant (P ≤ 0·05) increase in gas production which could be highly beneficial to the bread industry.     

木聚糖酶对冷冻面团和馒头品质的影响

本实验研究了木聚糖酶对冻藏1d、7d、14d的冷冻面团和馒头品质特性的影响;并采用差示量热扫描仪(DSC)测定了冷冻面团的可冻结水(冰)含量,讨论了木聚糖酶改善冷冻面团品质的热力学机制。研究结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,面团的发酵力、酵母存活率、馒头比容、抗老化能力均呈现一定的下降趋势;在相同的冻藏时间下,木聚糖酶对面团的发酵特性和馒头品质改善作用明显;木聚糖酶含量为80mg.kg_-1时,可冻结水(冰)含量最低;添加木聚糖酶后,冰晶颗粒更加细小均匀。这说明适量的木聚糖酶能够有效地降解水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖,使更多的水分保留在面筋网络结构中,从而抑制低温面筋网络结构和酵母细胞的破坏作用,改善馒头品质。     

鲢鱼酶解产物和鱼胶原肽对冷冻面团品质的影响

通过对比分析经0～6次冻融循环处理后面团的酵母菌存活率、发酵力保存率、醒发时间以及焙烤性质研究了鲢鱼酶解产物和鱼胶原肽对冷冻面团品质的影响。结果表明:添加鲢鱼酶解产物和鱼胶原肽的面团经6次冻融循环后,酵母菌的存活率分别为78.95%和61.80%,发酵力保存率分别为59.06%和46.67%,面团醒发时间分别为330 min和318min,均明显优于空白组;冻融后的面团与新鲜面团相比,焙烤的面包比容和弹性减小,添加了鲢鱼酶解产物和胶原肽不仅可缓解冷冻面团这一缺陷,还可改善面包色泽。结果证明了鲢鱼酶解产物和鱼胶原肽具有良好的酵母菌抗冻保护活性。     

酶制剂与酵母复合膨松剂在油条制作中的应用

该研究以油条为例探究食品酶制剂和酵母用作传统油炸面制品膨松剂的可行性。通过膨胀率、比容、感官评定等检测方法对常用面制品膨松剂的效果、食品酶制剂与酵母复配的效果进行了评估,并对复配效果最佳的组合进行发酵过程分析。结果发现常用面制品膨松剂中明矾膨松效果最好,油条最大膨胀率为8.73倍。以酵母为基础膨松剂进行改良,利用蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、木聚糖酶、葡萄糖氧化酶与酵母复配,结果发现淀粉酶效果最好,在添加量为0.50 g/kg的情况下膨胀率达到了7.65倍。对淀粉酶酵母组合膨松剂进行发酵过程分析,发现面团最佳发酵时间为2.5 h,面制品中碳水化合物大幅度降解为还原糖,含量达到5.25%。这种新型复合膨松剂成分由食品酶和食品微生物组成,无铝元素添加,在保证膨松效果的前提下实现了安全健康的目的。     

Studies on baking of high alpha-amylase flours: effect of pH,salt and L-cysteine . HCI in the dough

The effect of varying concentrations of sodium chloride (0 to 2.5%), pH (5.8 to 4.2) and KBrO₃ (75 ppm) with and without addition of L-cysteine ± HCI (25 to 75 ppm) on the baking of flours with high content of alphaamylase (108 to 540 SKB/100 g) was compared with a normal flour. Decreasing the pH of dough to 4.2 and increasing the salt concentration to 2.5% reduced the loaf volume and gluten recoveries considerably. Decreased pH also reduced the mixing tolerance of dough, which was counteracted by increased salt content of normal and high alpha-amylase flours. A combination of low pH, salt and L-cysteine ± HCI and 75 ppm of KBrO₃ without sugar in the dough of higher alpha-amylase flour produced a satisfactory loaf by eliminating bulk fermentation.     

Effects of hydroperoxide in lipid peroxidation on dough fermentation

The effects on dough fermentation of hydroperoxides produced by lipid peroxidation through lipoxygenase induction were studied. The mechanism by which hydroperoxides accelerated dough fermentation was also investigated. Dough with lipoxygenase had a significantly increased amount of hydroperoxides after 90 min of fermentation, while dough without lipoxygenase had less generation of hydroperoxides until 30 min, after that time hydroperoxide generation decreased gradually. A hydroperoxide concentration of 30–40 mM had the greatest effect on accelerating dough fermentation. In the dough with hydroperoxides, the maximum expansion rate occurred with a 1% yeast concentration and a gluten concentration of 60%. The mechanism of dough fermentation using lipid peroxidation by lipoxygenase induction is discussed in detail. Gluten is formed from gliadin and glutenin. Gluten was denatured by hydroperoxides, which makes the gluten molecule grow larger (molecular weight of approximately 53 kDa). Fermentation is promoted by this phenomenon. This information provides new information for the bread-making industry.     

复合改良剂对面团流变学特性影响

将硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)、瓜尔豆胶、L-抗坏血酸(VC)等改良剂按一定比例直接加入小麦面粉中并混合均匀,通过正交试验分析各种改良剂对面团粉质特性及拉伸特性影响。方差分析结果表明,硬脂酰乳酸钠添加量为0.7%、瓜尔豆胶添加量为0.2%、L-抗坏血酸添加量为0.012%时,面团稳定时间、拉伸力及拉伸面积均显著改善。稳定时间由3.6min提高到11.7min(P＜0.01),拉伸力由102.90g提高到190.96g(P＜0.05),拉伸面积由1884.9g·mm提高到2684.1g·mm(P＜0.05)。复合改良剂加入面粉能很好的改善面团流变学性质。     

油炸胡萝卜方便面生产工艺及其抗氧化性

以小麦面粉和胡萝卜为原料,探究胡萝卜添加量及面团饧发时间、油炸温度和油炸时间工艺条件对胡萝卜油炸方便面感官品质的影响。并以过氧化值(POV)、酸价(AV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)为指标探究不同胡萝卜添加量对油炸方便面抗氧化的影响。结果表明,当胡萝卜添加量为4%时,油炸方便面的感官评分最高,为(51.38±2.34)分;胡萝卜油炸方便面最佳工艺条件为:面团饧发时间20 min,油炸温度150 ℃,油炸时间90 s。抗氧化试验结果表明,在10 d的贮藏过程中,添加4%以上的胡萝卜,可有效控制油炸方便面的过氧化值和酸价在标准范围之内,添加胡萝卜的油炸方便面的硫代巴比妥酸值均明显低于空白组。因此,将胡萝卜添加到油炸方便面中,在改善风味的同时还起到一定的抗氧化作用。     

Production of microbial exopolysaccharides in the sourdough and its effects on the rheological properties of dough

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are exogenous microbial metabolites which are secreted mainly by bacteria and microalgae during growth. In addition to natural polysaccharides present in cereal grains flour and dough, microbial flora is usually involved in production of polysaccharide on sourdough fermentation. Total polysaccharides (microbial and flour) were extracted from sourdough and dough samples dehydrated and were added at the rate of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% (w/w flour based) on the dough to investigate its effects on the rheological properties of the dough. Addition of polysaccharides to the dough increased the water absorption and decreased the dough softening after 20 min. Resistance to extension after 45, 90 and 135 min resting time was decreased by increasing the percentage of the added polysaccharides. Longer fermentation time for each level of polysaccharides led to greater stability. No significant differences were observed in the extensibility of dough. The overall effects of different levels of added polysaccharides resulted in a decrease in resistance to extension ratio of the samples. Energy input decreased in all cases. It seems therefore that addition of polysaccharides may be useful when bread is to be made with stronger flour and longer fermentation time is needed.     

Molecular Oxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species in Bread-making Processes: Scarce,but Nevertheless Important

In bread making, O₂ is consumed by flour constituents, yeast, and, optionally, some additives optimizing dough processing and/or product quality. It plays a major role especially in the oxidation/reduction phenomena in dough, impacting gluten network structure. The O₂ level is about 7.2 mmol/kg dough, of which a significant part stems from wheat flour. We speculate that O₂ is quickly lost to the atmosphere during flour hydration. Later, when the gluten network structure develops, some O₂ is incorporated in dough through mixing-in of air. O₂ is consumed by yeast respiration and in a number of reactions catalyzed by a wide range of enzymes present or added. About 60% of the O₂ consumption in yeastless dough is ascribed to oxidation of fatty acids by wheat lipoxygenase activity. In yeasted dough, about 70% of the O₂ in dough is consumed by yeast and wheat lipoxygenase. This would leave only about 30% for other reactions. The severe competition between endogenous (and added) O₂-consuming systems impacts the gluten network. Moreover, the scarce literature data available suggest that exogenous oxidative enzymes but not those in flour may promote crosslinking of arabinoxylan in yeastless dough. In any case, dough turns anaerobic during the first minutes of fermentation.     

Mapping of Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites in fermenting wheat straight-dough reveals succinic acid as pH-determining factor

Fermenting yeast does not merely cause dough leavening, but also contributes to the bread aroma and might alter dough rheology. Here, the yeast carbon metabolism was mapped during bread straight-dough fermentation. The concentration of most metabolites changed quasi linearly as a function of fermentation time. Ethanol and carbon dioxide concentrations reached up to 60 mmol/100 g flour. Interestingly, high levels of glycerol (up to 10 mmol/100 g flour) and succinic acid (up to 1.6 mmol/100 g flour) were produced during dough fermentation. Further tests showed that, contrary to current belief, the pH decrease in fermenting dough is primarily caused by the production of succinic acid by the yeast instead of carbon dioxide dissolution or bacterial organic acids. Together, our results provide a comprehensive overview of metabolite production during dough fermentation and yield insight into the importance of some of these metabolites for dough properties.     

乳酸菌对酵母菌发酵多谷物杂粮面包品质的影响

目的:探讨添加乳酸菌粉对酵母菌发酵多谷物杂粮面包品质的影响。方法:检测添加不同比例（0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%、0.12%）乳酸菌粉发酵多谷物杂粮面团的pH、发酵体积和流变特性指标变化,同时检测添加乳酸菌粉后杂粮面包硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性指标,以及面包比容、感官品质和风味指标的变化。结果:添加乳酸菌发酵使多谷物杂粮面团pH降低;添加0.03%~0.12%混合乳酸菌粉发酵60 min面团体积增加50.00%~88.12%,均高于单一酵母菌发酵（增加48.51%）;添加乳酸菌粉降低了面团储能模量（G'）和损耗模量（G"）值,添加量0.06%时G'和G"值分别降低33.33%和30.00%,降低幅度最小;添加0.06%乳酸菌粉,可显著降低面包硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性（P<0.05）,显著提高面包弹性（P<0.05）,改善面包质构特性,面包比容比单一酵母菌发酵增加24.88%,面包形态、质地、纹理结构、风味和口感均具有较好的改善,感官品质显著提高（P<0.05）,感官评分超过80分。酵母菌联合乳酸菌发酵复配杂粮面包,共检测出65种挥发性风味物质,化合物种类多于小麦面包43种,风味物质强度高于单一酵母菌发酵杂粮面包。结论:添加乳酸菌粉对酵母菌发酵多谷物复配杂粮面包品质改善具有积极作用。