基体温度对中频磁控溅射制备的氧化锌镓薄膜性能的影响

利用中频磁控溅射方法,溅射Ga2O3含量为5.7 wt.%的氧化锌镓陶瓷靶材,在不同的基体温度下制备了ZGO薄膜。研究了基体温度对ZGO薄膜的晶体结构、电学和光学性能的影响。结果表明:基体温度对薄膜的晶体结构、近红外反射率和透射率曲线以及薄膜的导电性能有较大影响。当基体温度为400℃,溅射功率密度为2.93 W/cm2,氩气压力为0.5 Pa时,薄膜的电阻率低达4.5×10-4Ω.cm,方块电阻为13Ω,平均可见光(λ=400 nm~800 nm)透射率高于90%。     

室温下高速沉积AZO薄膜的研究

在室温下,采用射频磁控溅射技术以较大的功率密度(7W/cm2)沉积了一系列掺铝氧化锌(AZO)透明导电薄膜,探索了溅射压强对沉积速率及薄膜性能的影响。结果表明,当工作压强为2.0Pa时,高速(67nm/min)沉积得到的薄膜的电阻率为2.63×10-3Ω.cm,可见光平均透过率为83%,并且在薄膜表面有一定的织构。     

室温下射频磁控溅射制备ZnO:Al透明导电薄膜及其性能研究

采用射频磁控溅射技术,在室温下,以ZnO:Al2O3(2%Al2O3(质量比))为靶材,在石英玻璃基底上,采用不同工艺条件制备了ZnO:Al(AZO)薄膜。使用扫描电子显微镜观察了薄膜的表面形貌,X射线衍射分析了薄膜的结构,四探针测量仪得到薄膜的表面电阻,轮廓仪测量了薄膜厚度,并计算了电阻率,最后采用分光光度计测量了薄膜的透过率;研究了溅射功率、溅射气压与薄膜厚度对薄膜电阻率及透过率的影响。结果表明:所制备的AZO薄膜具有(002)择优取向,并且发现薄膜厚度对薄膜的光电性能有明显影响,溅射气压和溅射功率对薄膜电学性能有较大影响,但是对薄膜透过率影响不大。当功率为1kW、溅射气压0.052Pa、AZO薄膜厚度为250nm时,其电阻率为8.38×10-4Ω·cm,波长在550nm处透过率为89%,接近基底的本底透过率92%。当薄膜厚度为1125 nm时薄膜的电阻率降至最低(6.16×10-4Ω·cm)。     

室温下射频磁控溅射制备ZnO∶Al透明导电薄膜及其性能研究

采用射频磁控溅射技术,在室温下,以ZnO∶Al203(2％Al2O3(质量比))为靶材,在石英玻璃基底上,采用不同工艺条件制备了ZnO∶Al(AzO)薄膜.使用扫描电子显微镜观察了薄膜的表面形貌,X射线衍射分析了薄膜的结构,四探针测量仪得到薄膜的表面电阻,轮廓仪测量了薄膜厚度,并计算了电阻率,最后采用分光光度计测量了薄膜的透过率;研究了溅射功率、溅射气压与薄膜厚度对薄膜电阻率及透过率的影响.结果表明:所制备的AZO薄膜具有(002)择优取向,并且发现薄膜厚度对薄膜的光电性能有明显影响,溅射气压和溅射功率对薄膜电学性能有较大影响,但是对薄膜透过率影响不大.当功率为1kW、溅射气压0.052 Pa、AZO薄膜厚度为250nm时,其电阻率为8.38×10-4Ω·cm,波长在550 nm处透过率为89％,接近基底的本底透过率92％.当薄膜厚度为1125 nm时薄膜的电阻率降至最低(6.16×10-4 Ω·cm).     

室温下高速沉积AZO薄膜的研究

在室温下，采用射频磁控溅射技术以较大的功率密度（7W／cm^2）沉积了一系列掺铝氧化锌（AZO）透明导电薄膜，探索了溅射压强对沉积速率及薄膜性能的影响。结果表明，当工作压强为2．OPa时，高速（67nm／min）沉积得到的薄膜的电阻率为2．63×10^-3Ω·cm，可见光平均透过率为83％，并且在薄膜表面有一定的织构。     

射频磁控溅射室温下制备ITO薄膜的光学性能研究

靶材为铟锡氧化物(In2O3:SnO2=1:1),用射频磁控溅射法在低温下制备了光电性能优良的ITO薄膜.质量流量计调节Ar气压强为0.2～3.0Pa,氧流量为0～10sccm,并详细探讨了溅射时氩气压强和氧流量变化对ITO薄膜光学性能的影响.结果表明:溅射Ar气压强为0.8Pa,氧流量为2.4sccm时,薄膜的折射率最低n=1.97,较接近增透膜的光学匹配.薄膜厚度为241.5nm时,薄膜的最大透过率为89.4%(包括玻璃基体),方阻为75.9Ω/□,电导率为8.8×10-4Ω·cm.     

工艺参数对磁控溅射金属化薄膜性能的影响

溅射金属化技术不仅环保,而且工艺过程简单,金属化质量高,将成为未来金属化工艺的主要发展方向.本文采用真空溅射技术在镍锌铁氧体表面制备了Cr(150 nm)/Ni-Cu(460 am)/Ag(200 nm)结构的金属化复合薄膜,从理论和实验上研究分析了溅射工艺参数对于薄膜性能的影响.研究表明:当溅射功率密度为20 W·cm-2,靶片间距8 cm,溅射气压0.5 Pa时,结合性能和高温可焊接性能最好,可达6.19 Mpa和100%,成膜速率也比较理想.     

Ar气氛下直流磁控溅射ITO薄膜的结构和性能

采用直流磁控溅射法在低温、100%Ar的无氧气氛中制备了光电性能优良的铟锡氧化物(ITO,In2O3:SnO2=90:10,质量百分比)薄膜,详细探讨了溅射时改变氩气压强对ITO薄膜结构以及光电性能的影响.结果表明:溅射时氩气压强越小,ITO薄膜的体心立方晶型越完整,导电性越好,但对可见光透过性的影响不大.当氩气压强为0.3Pa时,溅射薄膜性能最佳,其光透过率可达92.9%,电导率为8.9×10-4Ω·cm.     

磁控溅射中工艺参数对ZnO:Al薄膜性能的影响

利用射频磁控溅射法,采用氧化锌铝(98%ZnO+2%Al2O3)为靶材,在普通载玻片上制备了ZAO(ZnO∶Al)薄膜,研究了溅射功率及溅射气压对薄膜晶体结构、电学和光学性能的影响.采用X射线衍射仪、场扫描电镜对薄膜的结构及表面形貌进行了分析,采用分光光度计和电阻率测试仪对薄膜的光电学性能进行了测试.结果表明,当溅射功率为120W、衬底温度为300℃、工作气压为0.5Pa时制得的薄膜具有良好的光电学性能,可见光平均透过率为88.21%,电阻率为8.28×10-4Ω·cm.     

室温直流反应磁控溅射制备透明导电In_2O_3∶Mo薄膜

在室温条件下采用直流反应磁控溅射法制备了新型透明导电In2O3∶Mo薄膜。研究了溅射压强中氧气百分含量[P(O2)]为8.0%~18.0%时对薄膜光电特性以及表面形貌结构的影响。结果表明,薄膜的光电性能对溅射压强中P(O2)非常敏感。分析显示P(O2)决定了薄膜中的氧空位含量和载流子浓度,从而影响了薄膜的光电特性。原子力显微镜观察表明,适量的P(O2)条件下可以获得平均粗糙度为0.3 nm、颗粒均匀、表面平整的薄膜。室温制备的IMO薄膜在可见光区域的平均透射率(含玻璃基底)高达82.1%,电阻率低至5.9×10-4Ω.cm。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...