基于反向条纹投影的多投影显示系统几何校准

多投影器大屏幕显示系统的一项关键技术是如何实现多个投影器的精确校准。本文提出一种基于反向条纹投影原理的,简单、快速、高精度的校准方法。该方法通过投影正弦条纹测量屏幕相位分布,建立投影器和摄像机像素之间的几何传递关系,然后根据期望图像为每个投影器产生各自的投影图像。该方法仅需一部摄像机,并且无须对它或投影器进行标定,屏幕也无须是平面。实验结果表明,在摄像机方向观察可以得到几何校准良好的图像,校准精度可达到亚像素级。     

反向条纹投影技术及其在数字地球仪中的应用

本文提出一种基于反向条纹投影原理的数字地球仪.在数字地球仪中,显示屏是一个球面的漫反射屏,通过投影的方法可以实现数字地球仪任意方向的旋转显示.首先通过投影正弦条纹到球面显示屏上,从观察数字地球仪的方向用CCD相机获取变形条纹图像,通过相移算法,建立投影器和摄像机像素之间的几何传递关系.基于地球三维图形信息数据库,根据期望图像为投影器产生投影图像.本文建立了地球三维信息提取模型,可快速获取从任意角度观察地球的图形信息.实验使用一半径为25 cm的漫反射球体作为显示屏,将计算得到反向地图投影其上,得到相当好的实验结果.     

双色正弦投影傅里叶变换轮廓术方法研究

提出双色正弦条纹投影方法来提高 FTP 的测量范围并保持其实时特点。只需采集一帧双色变形条纹,从中分离出两个有 π 位相差的分量,通过背景和对比度校正,得到一帧消零频的变形条纹图,并且自动生成物体轮廓的二元模板。此模板结合调制度信息相可以生成可靠性模板,指导相位展开,避免物体轮廓以外相位展开误差的传递;结合参考条纹可以完成变形条纹的扩充,提高频域的分辨率。     

多摄像机全景系统中的多平面投影技术

全景视觉是计算机视觉领域中的关键技术之一,而投影模型在全景技术中又起到了非常重要的作用。为了减少柱面投影带来的水平直线畸变以及保证不同摄像机之间图像接合处的平滑性,本文针对多摄像机全景系统提出了基于柱面的多平面全景投影技术,该技术首先通过对每个摄像机图像平面做柱面投影来实现柱面全景图像。然后在根据柱面全景中的内容进行水平二次划分为几个子图像。最后,对划分后的子图像再按照反柱面投影模型进行一次多平面投影就得到水平直线畸变较小的全景图像。实验结果表明该方法校正后的全景图像中水平直线的曲率不大于0.002,同时还保证了不同图像平面接合处的平滑性。     

干涉图象的数字处理

本文给出了一种基于干涉条纹的Zern(?)ke多项式拟合的干涉图象处理方法。详细论述了用Gram—schmidt最小二乘法进行Zerinke多项式拟合的原理。给出了两个进行Zernke多项式拟合的算法定理。文章还给出了一种实现波面的绝对求解的方法——三波面间接剪切法。     

含孤立物体场景的高速、高密度三维面形采集

提出了一种用于采集含空间孤立物体场景的高速、高密度三维面形采集方法。该方法将三幅图案高速投影到被测物体上并同步采集图像,从而实现场景三维形貌及纹理的高速记录。其中两幅图案是互相具有π相移的正弦条纹,采用傅里叶变换法求解变形条纹相位。将拍摄到的两幅变形条纹图相加可得到物体表面纹理。另一幅图案用来确定条纹级次,实现绝对相位测量,解决高速形貌采集中孤立物体相位展开难题。它由一系列宽度与正弦条纹周期相同的竖条构成,采用三种灰度对竖条编码。每个竖条由单一灰度或两种在竖直方向上周期性分布的灰度构成,这样可编6个码。将竖条按由这些码构成的伪随机序列排列,得到编码图案。测量时,对拍摄的编码图案解码,通过子序列匹配来确定对应正弦条纹的级次。设计了采用DLP投影仪及高速摄像机的高速测量系统。采用提出的方法实现了640×480分辨率下每秒60帧和320×240分辨率下每秒120帧的三维形貌及纹理采集。     

对某金属件反光表面缺陷的反射条纹检测

介绍了某种反光材料表面在计算机视觉下的反射条纹检测方法。为检测某反光金属表面质量,发现凹陷、凸起或其它表面缺陷,我们对条纹光反射检测表面缺陷的技术进行了研究,给出了反射条纹光检测表面缺陷的原理公式。反射条纹光检测系统包括计算机、投影屏和CCD照相机。利用正弦函数在计算机中生成正弦条纹图像数据文件,在屏幕上产生出黑白相间的正弦条纹图案投射到被测物体上,通过CCD照相机拍摄,被测物体表面的黑白条纹图像,送至计算机处理,可得到图像的相对相位图,测量表面的斜率。表面质量的检测实验结果表明,这是一种灵敏而简捷的检测亮光材料表面的方法。     

基于插值技术谐波叠加法的风速场模拟

摘要：风荷载的数值模拟在结构设计中起着非常重要的作用。在土木工程脉动风速时程的各种数值模拟方法中,谐波叠加法最为常用。而且,通过引入FFT和不同插值技术可以在不显著地影响模拟精度的情况下,大大地缩短模拟计算所花费的时间。本文基于两次多项式、三次多项式、以及两种不同边界条件三次样条函数插值技术的谐波叠加法来模拟一幢100米高高层建筑上10个点的脉动风速时程,通过均方根误差( Root Mean Square Error, )和相对误差系数( Error factor, )两项指标来评价不同插值技术与传统谐波叠加法(未引入插值技术)相比较的插值模拟计算精度,并且记录各自所耗费的时间,综合比较模拟效率和精度以找出最为适合的一种插值技术。结果表明：基于第一种边界条件三次样条函数插值技术的谐波叠加法为最佳的模拟方法。     

采用标记拼接的相位测量轮廓术

提出一种采用标记拼接的新的光学三维传感方法。在采用结构照明的光学三维传感中,阴影及条纹错位关系到被测量物体三维面形重建的质量。在处理阴影时,传统方法是采用插值方法,在处理条纹错位时,通常采用增大条纹周期或采用几组条纹周期不同的光波进行投影,这样通常降低了测量精度。为了提高测量精度,本文提出一种在同一参考面内,采用单组相移正弦条纹进行投影,通过旋转被测物体,并对旋转前后两次重建物体在信息可靠区域内进行标记拼接,恢复物体表面完整三维信息的方法。实验证实了此方法的有效性及实用性。     

基于背景重构和水平集的多运动目标分割

针对固定摄像机监控中多运动目标自动分割问题,本文提出了一种基于背景差分和水平集的新方法.首先,该方法通过求解连续三帧图像的对称差分,确定出当前帧中的背景像素点,并对背景像素点的灰度值进行统计,最后选择频率最高的灰度值作为该点背景像素灰度值来重构背景.其次,提出了基于8-邻域搜索的区域生长算法完成连通区域的检测,并通过设置阈值和连通域分析,消除背景块噪声并标定出运动目标区域.最后,对所有运动目标区域块,分别采用无需重新初始化的水平集算法作分割,得到封闭和完整的目标轮廓.实验结果表明,该算法能实现固定摄像机滥控中刚体或非刚体的多运动目标的自动检测和轮廓分割.     

Three-dimensional profiling with binary fringes using phase-shifting interferometry algorithms

Three-dimensional shape measurements by sinusoidal fringe projection using phase-shifting interferometry algorithms are distorted by the nonlinear response in intensity of commercial video projectors and digital cameras. To solve the problem, we present a method that consists in projecting and acquiring a temporal sequence of strictly binary patterns, whose (adequately weighted) average leads to a sinusoidal fringe pattern with the required number of bits. Since binary patterns consist of "ones" and "zeros"--and no half-tones are involved--the nonlinear response of the projector and the camera will not play a role, and a nearly unit contrast gray-level sinusoidal fringe pattern is obtained. Validation experiments are presented.     

Three-dimensional shape measurement and calibration for fringe projection by considering unequal height of the projector and the camera

In fringe projection, the CCD camera and the projector are often placed at equal height. In this paper, we will study the calibration of an unequal arrangement of the CCD camera and the projector. The principle of fringe projection with two-dimensional digital image correlation to acquire the profile of object surface is described in detail. By formula derivation and experiment, the linear relationship between the out-of-plane calibration coefficient and the y coordinate is clearly found. To acquire the three-dimensional (3D) information of an object correctly, this paper presents an effective calibration method with linear least-squares fitting, which is very simple in principle and calibration. Experiments are implemented to validate the availability and reliability of the calibration method.     

Multiple‐view Shape and Deformation Measurement by Combining Fringe Projection and Digital Image Correlation

Abstract: We present a new method that combines the fringe projection and the digital image correlation (DIC) techniques on a single hardware platform to simultaneously measure both shape and deformation fields of three‐dimensional (3‐D) surfaces with complex geometries. The method in its basic form requires only a single camera and single projector, but this can be easily extended to a multi‐camera multi‐projector system to obtain complete 360° measurements. Multiple views of the surface profile and displacement field are automatically co‐registered in a unified global coordinate system, thereby avoiding the significant errors that can arise through the use of statistical point cloud stitching techniques. Experimental results from a two‐camera two‐projector sensor are presented and compared with results from both a standard stereo‐DIC approach and a finite element model.     

Flexible three-dimensional measurement technique based on a digital light processing projector

A new method of 3D measurement based on a digital light processing (DLP) projector is presented. The projection model of the DLP projector is analyzed, and the relationship between the fringe patterns of the DLP and the fringe strips projected into the 3D space is proposed. Then the 3D shape of the object can be obtained by this relationship. Meanwhile a calibration method for this model is presented. Using this calibration method, parameters of the model can be obtained by a calibration plate, and there is no requirement for the plate to move precisely. This new 3D shape measurement method does not require any restrictions as that in the classical methods. The camera and projector can be put in an arbitrary position, and it is unnecessary to arrange the system layout in parallel, vertical, or other stringent geometry conditions. The experiments show that this method is flexible and is easy to carry out. The system calibration can be finished quickly, and the system is applicable to many shape measurement tasks.     

Enhancement of the dynamic range of the detected intensity in an optical measurement system by a three-channel technique

When three-dimensional optical topometry of technical surfaces is performed, one major problem is that often the local reflectance of the object's surface varies within a wide range. This leads to overexposed and underexposed areas on the detector, where no measurements can be made. To overcome this problem, we have developed a method that extends the dynamic range of an imaging system. As an example we implemented this method to a measurement system that is based on fringe projection with a data projector and a color CCD camera. By projection of quasi-monochromatic fringes a different dynamic range in each of the three color channels of the camera is achieved. Hence the overall dynamic range of the system is increased by a factor larger than 5.     

Single-shot color fringe projection for three-dimensional shape measurement of objects with discontinuities

A simple but effective fringe projection profilometry is proposed to measure 3D shape by using one snapshot color sinusoidal fringe pattern. One color fringe pattern encoded with a sinusoidal fringe (as red component) and one uniform intensity pattern (as blue component) is projected by a digital video projector, and the deformed fringe pattern is recorded by a color CCD camera. The captured color fringe pattern is separated into its RGB components and division operation is applied to red and blue channels to reduce the variable reflection intensity. Shape information of the tested object is decoded by applying an arcsine algorithm on the normalized fringe pattern with subpixel resolution. In the case of fringe discontinuities caused by height steps, or spatially isolated surfaces, the separated blue component is binarized and used for correcting the phase demodulation. A simple and robust method is also introduced to compensate for nonlinear intensity response of the digital video projector. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

Application of S-transform profilometry in eliminating nonlinearity in fringe pattern

The S-transform, conceptually viewed as an extension of the short-time Fourier transform and the wavelet transform, features a time-frequency representation known for its local spectral property and multiresolution strategy. It has been introduced in optical three-dimensional shape measurement based on a fringe projection technique recently. In this paper, an application of S-transform for demodulating fringe patterns affected by the nonlinearity has been discussed. Two methods based on the S-transform, called S-transform ridge method and S-transform filtering method, are used to eliminate the phase errors caused by nonlinear factors of the projector and CCD camera. The theoretical representations of S-transform ridge method and S-transform filtering method in fringe analysis are given. The computer simulation and experiment are carried out to verify our research. Compared with the reconstructions of the windowed Fourier transform, the wavelet transform and the S-transform ridge method, the S-transform filtering method gives a better result under considering the influence of the fringe nonlinearity.     

Shape measurement by use of liquid-crystal display fringe projection with two-step phase shifting

The use of an optical fringe projection method with two-step phase shifting for three-dimensional (3-D) shape measurement of small objects is described. In this method, sinusoidal linear fringes are projected onto an object's surface by a programmable liquid-crystal display (LCD) projector and a long-working-distance microscope (LWDM). The image of the fringe pattern is captured by another LWDM and a CCD camera and processed by a phase-shifting technique. Usually a minimum of three phase-shifted fringe patterns is necessary for extraction of the object shape. In this method, a new algorithm based on a two-step phase-shifting technique produces the 3-D object shape. Unlike in the conventional method, phase unwrapping is performed directly by use of an arccosine function without the need for a wrapped phase map. Hence, shape measurement can be speeded up greatly with this approach. A small coin is evaluated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed measurement method, and the experimental results are compared with those of the four-step phase-shifting method and the conventional mechanical stylus method.