Happiness, flow, and economic equality.

Replies to comments by D. Belle et al (see record 2000-02781-018), S. Reiss (see record 2000-02781-019), T. B. Smith (see record 2000-02781-020), and J. R. Sink (see record 2000-02781-021) on the article by M. Csikszentmihalyi (see record 1999-11644-003) on materialism and the flow experience as an explanation of happiness. Csikszentmihalyi addresses the concerns of each author. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cigarette smoking does cause distress.

Replies to comments by J. D. Kassel (see record 2000-02781-014), T. M. Piasecki and T. B. Baker (see record 2000-02781-015), and D. G. Gilbert and F. Joseph McClernon (see record 2000-02781-016) on A. C. Parrott's (see record 1999-11644-002) article regarding the link between cigarette smoking and stress. Parrott responds by focusing on several articles published during the past year. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What harm reduction is and isn't.

Replies to the comments by D. Cadogan (see record 1999-11644-010) and K. Resnicow and E. Drucker (see record 1999-11644-011) on the present author's article (see record 1998-11971-003) which examined 3 strategies for dealing with the harmful consequences of drug use and risky behaviors. The author clarifies some misunderstandings and highlights recent developments in the psychology of harm reduction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychophysiology and racism.

Comments on the article by R. Clark et al (see record 1999-11644-001), which outlines a biopsychosocial model for perceived racism as a stressor among African Americans. This model and the questions it raises can and should inform empirical investigations of racism and health. The model can be situated in the debate over the diversification of psychology, the social meaningfulness of research, and bias in scientific research and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Historical racism: Implications for Native Americans.

Comments on the article by R. Clark et al (see record 1999-11644-001), which outlines a biopsychosocial model for perceived racism as a stressor among African Americans. One long-standing example of intergroup racism that continues to have pervasive effects is historical racism. It is argued that historical racism has had and continues to have a profound impact on Native Americans. The authors outline some possible ways in which historical racism constitutes a stressor with biopsychosocial implications for American Indians. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Let's be realistic!

Replies to comments by M. B. Smith (see record 2000-02781-010), K Sheldon et al (see record 2000-02781-011), and J. M. DuBois (see record 2000-02781-012) on H. H. Kendler's (see record 1999-11644-004) article on the role of value in the world of psychology. They incorrectly read into Kendler's position an espousal of a so-called value-free science, a discipline that is free of all values. A major thrust of Kendler's article was not that all of science is value free but instead that scientific data are value neutral; there is no logical connection between the natural is and the moral ought. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Narrow view of attachment or broad view of protection? Rejoinder to the commentaries.

The authors address 3 general issues raised by the commentaries on S. Goldberg, J. E. Grusec, and J. M. Jenkins (see record 1999-15264-001) by J. Braungart-Rieker and J. Karrass (see record 1999-15264-003), S. Dickstein (see record 1999-15264-002), R. Isabella (see record 1999-15264-006), K. MacDonald (see record 1999-15264-004), and D. R. Pederson and G. Moran (see record 1999-15264-005). (a) In response to questions regarding the nature of protection, they outline a definition consistent with J. Bowlby's (1969) that extends beyond predation and survival to include protection in times of illness, injury, and emotional distress; (b) they argue that protective needs extend well beyond infancy into adulthood and are relevant to a lifespan perspective on attachment; and (c) the challenges of differentiating aspects of relationships are discussed, and the significance of a narrow definition of attachment in such efforts is emphasized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Human individuality, happiness, and flow.

Comments on the article by M. Csikszentmihalyi (see record 1999-11644-003) on materialism and the flow experience as an explanation of happiness. His analysis put forth research issues psychologists should attend to in greater detail. However, he made a number of errors in logic and paid inadequate attention to human individuality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bayes rules.

Responds to the F. Schmidt and J. Hunter (see record 2002-10575-012), J. L. Brand (see record 2002-10575-013), R. K. Guenther (see record 2002-10575-014), K. A. Markus (see record 2002-10575-015), and S. G. Hofmann (see record 2002-10575-016) comments on the J. Krueger (see record 2001-16601-002) discussion on null hypothesis significance testing (NHST). Krueger responds to each of the criticisms in turn. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Who is rich? Who is happy?

Comments on the article by M. Csikszentmihalyi (see record 1999-11644-003), in which he argued that the relationship between materialism and well-being is ambiguous, with wealthy individuals no more likely and sometimes less likely than impoverished ones to report they are happy. In contrast to the studies Csikszentmihalyi cited, however, decades of research show economic research show economic status to be a significant correlate of psychological distress and diagnosable mental disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward a resolution of the Rorschach controversy.

Comments are made about the articles comprising the first round of the Special Series on the Rorschach. G. Stricker and J. R. Gold (see record 1999-11130-002) and D. J. Viglione (see record 199911130-003) praised the Rorschach, but they consistently failed to cite negative findings. R. M. Dawes (see record 1999-11130-006) obtained results that provide modest support for the Rorschach, but one of his data sets is flawed. J. B. Hiller et al (see record 1999-11130-005) reported the results of a meta-analysis, but, among other problems, their coders were not blind to the results of all the studies. J. Hunsley and J. M. Bailey (see record 1999-11130-004) made a strong case for concluding that there is no scientific basis for using the Rorschach. Recommendations are made for resolving the Rorschach controversy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Politics and Science: A Combustible Mixture. Comment.

Comments on the article by Crosby et al (see record 2003-03405-003) in which psychological research is brought to bear on an examination of the policy of affirmative action. In their article, Crosby and colleagues cite the current author's paper "The Role of Value in the World of Psychology" (1999; see record 1999-11644-004) to support their contention that "science can never be fully free of values". The current author states that Crosby and colleagues misinterpreted his position. Specifically, the author believes that the question of whether science is value-loaded or value-free is pointless because the scientific enterprise consists of a variety of independent activities. Discussion centers on the implications of the fact/value dichotomy, science and politics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Got a minute? Attentional limits revisited.

Responds to comments by R. C. Tees (see record 1991-03035-001), J. G. Adair (see record 1991-03013-001), J. E. Grusec (see record 1991-03021-001), K. Danziger (see record 1991-03016-001), L. P. Mos (see record 1991-03027-001), H. J. Stam (see record 1991-03033-001), and V. Vikis-Freilbergs (see record 1991-03039-001) on W. Thorngate's (see record 1991-03036-001) contention that the overproduction of psychological literature will lead to fragmentation of the discipline. As the works of psychologists proliterate, their scientific truth may capture less attention than their practical importance or personal interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Values, politics, and psychology.

Comments on H. H. Kendler's positivist critique regarding the role of value in the world of psychology (see record 1999-11644-004). Smith objects to Kendler's interpretation of Smith's justification for a socially activist psychology. He argues that psychologists, as scientists and professionals, have just as much justification as anybody else, and more than many, to enter into democratic controversy about value choices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

'The structure of phenotypic personality traits": Author's reactions to the six comments.

L. R. Goldberg replies to the comments by R. O. Kroger and L. A. Wood (see record 1994-17497-001), S. Guastello (see record 1994-17488-001), D. R. Comer (see record 1994-17481-001), H. J. Eysenck (see record 1994-17486-001), W. D. Shadel and D. Cervone (see record 1994-17520-001), and H. E. Cattell (see record 1994-17479-001) on Goldberg's (PA, Vol 80:17546) article on the Big Five personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Variability in outcome and clinical significance of behavioral marital therapy: A reanalysis of outcome data.

Reanalyzed the data from the following studies evaluating the effectiveness of behavioral marital therapy to see what proportion of couples improved and how many join the ranks of happily married couples: D. H. Baucom (see record 1982-21665-001), K. Hahlweg et al (see record 1983-26163-001), N. S. Jacobson (see record 1984-21130-001), and G. Margolin and R. L. Wiess (see record 1979-26577-001). Data on 148 couples showed that slightly more than half improved and deterioration was rare. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A smoke cloud of confusion.

Comments on the article by A. C. Parrott (see record 1999-11644-002) regarding the link between cigarette smoking and stress. It is argued that Parrott's conclusions that smoking increases negative affect and that quitting smoking decreases negative affect are based on a highly selective review of studies that were for the most part not designed to accurately characterize these effects. The authors review these studies, provide alternative interpretations of their findings, and note important misrepresentations of relevant work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cultural values and happiness.

Comments on the article by M. Csikszentmihalyi (see record 1999-11644-003) on materialism and the flow experience as an explanation of happiness. In looking at his data through the common Western values of individualism, rationalism, and the Protestant work ethic, Csikszentmihalyi may have overlooked the substance of happiness that has been frequently described in other cultures as experiencing the absence of self by being in a state of intimate connectivity with others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is value-free science possible?

Comments on H. H. Kendler's (see record 1999-11644-004) article on the role of value in the world of psychology. The authors criticize some of the positions that seem problematic for the future of psychology and that seem to have overlooked similar inquiries that have appeared in the American Psychologist in the past 30 yrs. They also suggest an alternative approach, which acknowledges the inevitability of values and suggests a way of treating them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Does smoking amortize negative affect?

Comments on the article by A. C. Parrott (see record 1999-11644-002) regarding the link between cigarette smoking and stress. It is argued that, owing to inferential constraints that arise from self-selection in both smoking initiation and maintenance, the notion that smoking increases stress is only one of an array of possible explanations for the observed patterns of stress–smoking relations. The authors highlight this indeterminance with an illustrative example of 1 alternative concept: the idea that smoking redistributes or amortizes stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)