Pulsed laser focusing for triggering arc discharge in an arc welding system

In tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding systems, arc plasma is generated between the cathode (tungsten rod) and anode (workpiece).¹ Availability of a dependable technique for triggering arc discharge is indispensable for production processes using arc welding. Typical conventional triggering techniques include the high-frequency, high-voltage and touch-start methods. The high-frequency and high-voltage methods involve arc discharge being triggered through ionization of the gas present between the electrodes by means of a conventional high-frequency generator or high-voltage DC generator.² The high-frequency method, however, may possibly disrupt operation of peripheral computer systems, whereas the high-voltage method involves suitable electric circuits being arranged inside the power source to prevent high voltage-related accidents.^{2, 3} After the rod is lowered to make contact with the workpiece in the touch-start method, it is quickly withdrawn to trigger the arc. This method obviates the need for any power source other than the arc welding power source. An important advantage of the touch-start method therefore is its simplicity. When the rod is withdrawn, however, part of it (tungsten) may sustain melt-through to the workpiece in a way that adversely affects weld quality. This is a disadvantage of the touch-start method.₃     

脉冲TOPTIG焊熔滴过渡特性分析

TOPTIG焊是一种新型的机器人TIG填丝焊接工艺,具有不同于普通TIG填丝焊的熔滴过渡特性,文中通过搭建TOPTIG焊接试验平台,利用高速摄像和电信号采集系统,对在不同条件下的焊接过程进行高速摄像和电信号的同步采集,从而对TOPTIG焊的熔滴过渡特性进行了研究.结果表明,熔滴与熔池相接触时,由于电磁力的作用使得电弧发生偏转.熔滴过渡只能通过接触熔池的方式来实现,在过渡过程中,熔滴的重力和其与熔池之间的表面张力是促进过渡的主要作用力.电弧峰值电流和送丝速度存在一个合理的匹配区间,并且随着峰值电流的增大,匹配区间缩窄.     

熔透情况下三维TIG焊接熔池流场与热场的数值分析

建立了熔透情况下三维运动TIG焊接熔池中流体动力学状态及传热过程的数值分析模型。该模型考虑了试件全熔透情况下液态金属熔池表面的变形。采用贴体曲线坐标系处理熔池曲面,利用SIMPLER方法对不锈钢焊接试件熔池中的流场与热场进行了数值分析,并进行了焊接工艺试验对模型加以验证。结果表明,根据该模型得出的计算结果与实验值吻合情况良好。     

电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面形态影响的数值模拟

在建立TIG焊接熔池液面三维形状模型基础上,对电弧力作用于熔池液面进行了表征,采用Surface Evolver有限元分析软件进行数值模拟,研究了电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面三维形态的影响.得到了有电弧作用时,熔池的三维形态和熔池各液面参数随电弧力大小变化的规律.结果表明,在熔池形状一定时(正面、背面熔化区域半径和板厚一定),电弧力的作用深度增加会引起熔池上、下液面和固液面的表面积均增加,其中电弧力的大小对TIG焊接熔池的上液面影响程度大于下液面.这些分析结果为探讨TIG焊接熔池的各类问题提供了基础.     

TIG焊变频电流下熔池谐振检测与研究

建立基于弧光传感的试验系统,在定点电弧在连续行走电弧下,利用频率线性变化的变动焊接电流对薄钢板ＴＩＧ焊熔池进行激振,当熔池固有振荡频率同激振电流频率一致时,熔池发生谐振。通过对电弧弧光采样数据幅值提取,检测出熔池振荡特征信号并可证明为熔池谐振信号,可用于实时判断焊接熔池尺寸信息,为解决连续行爱控制开辟了一条新途径。     

直流叠加脉冲型TIG焊电弧─熔池特性分析

针对乏燃料后处理溶解器腐蚀裂纹等缺陷的快速、一次性、可靠焊接修复工程技术需求,提出一种直流叠加脉冲型TIG深熔焊接方法,在10和16 mm厚304不锈钢板上进行了系列平板堆焊工艺试验.以电弧-熔池特性变化为研究对象,对比分析脉冲电流作用和直流叠加脉冲型电流作用的电弧行为、熔池流动行为及温度场的变化规律,探讨了直流叠加至...     

钽薄板TIG焊接电弧形态的研究

通过高速摄像方法研究了钽薄板TIG焊接过程中,保护气体及工艺参数不同时电弧形态的变化规律及其对焊接质量的影响。结果表明：保护气体不同时,电弧形态明显不同。采用TIG焊焊接钽板时使用氦弧能得到更好的焊接质量;当弧长不变,增加焊接电流时,电弧有效作用范围变犬,电弧温度及能量密度高。熔池增大速度较快;当焊接电流不变,弧长增加时,电弧有效加热半径变大,但由于弧长增加而引起电孤热能分散。熔池增长速度较慢,热影响区范围增大。焊接工艺参数的变化时电弧形态的影响规律,对制定钽薄板TIG焊接过程中较为合理的工艺参数具有重要意义。     

铝合金TIG焊接熔池状态多传感器数据协同感知算法

针对铝合金钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊(tungsten inert gas arc welding,TIG焊)过程中,焊接工艺参数的实时状态与焊缝熔池三维尺寸间的非线性对应关系,研究建立一种基于信息物理融合的多传感器TIG焊过程熔池状态协同感知计算方法. 首先,构建由红外温度传感器、电弧形态传感器、电弧能量传感器和焊接位置传感器组成的TIG焊过程熔池状态信息物理融合系统架构. 其次,考虑焊接过程中焊枪电弧的运动特性和测量噪声影响,设计基于温度、位置、能量传感器信息交互的熔池长宽深三维参数状态感知策略,并基于多传感器数据的异步和异构特性,提出了基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的焊接过程中熔池状态的多传感器数据协同感知算法. 针对7075超硬铝合金TIG焊过程进行熔池参数在线测量与辨识试验,结果表明,所提算法能够根据TIG焊过程多传感器数据实时计算熔池参数结果,焊缝宽度和焊缝高度计算结果误差基本上控制在10%以内,该算法响应时间基本控制在0.3 s内,能够较为准确地评估焊接过程中熔池的实时状态.     

脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧打底单面焊双面成形机制分析

基于中厚板打底焊接存在着自动化程度及效率低的问题,采用脉冲熔化极气体保护焊-钨极氩弧焊(MAG-TIG)双电弧热源焊接对板厚为24 mm的Q235-B进行打底焊接单面焊双面成形工艺研究及机制分析. 结果表明,脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧热源打底焊接时,利用TIG电弧与MAG电弧间的电磁力来调节MAG电弧在熔池前端的加热位置,使得一部分电弧热量直接作用于钝边上;结合焊接电弧放电行为与熔池流动分析发现,打底成形稳定性最佳时,利用TIG电弧与熔池的剪切力使得液态金属向后方流动,熔池前端底部液态金属减少,易于平衡稳定,可获得熔透均匀、连续、稳定的打底焊缝背面成形.     

MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN PULSED ARC WELDING BY MELTING ELECTRODE

1.~nonTherearealargenumberofinvestigationswhichhavebeencarriedouttOdescribemathematicallythe"powersource--weldingarc"systeminweldingwithsyst6thaticshort--circuitingofthearcgapusingthemeanparametersofthecondihons.However,theydidnotreflectthetechnologicalstabilityoftheprocess,becauseadeviationofoneoftheseparameterswithinthelicitsofaseparatedricrocycleleadstoitsdisrUPtion.Inparticulax,whenweldingindifferentspatialpositions,thedeviationresultinginanincreaseofaspecificparameter,suchasthepeakshort-…     

交流脉冲TIG焊波成形过程数值分析

考虑到电弧驱动力的影响,建立了在交流脉冲钨隋性气体（TIG）焊过程中焊波成形的三维瞬态数值分析模型。为避免焊丝熔化成熔滴后对电弧熔池表面波动的影响,当电弧在2024铝合金基板上扫描时,送丝机不送丝。结果表明,当电流在基值与峰值之间切换时,熔池表面呈周期性的波动,且随着电弧的移动,熔池后沿逐渐凝固。在大温度梯度下冷却的熔池表面在恢复平整前就已经凝固,从而形成焊波。焊波形成频率与电流脉冲频率相同,且相邻焊波间距约等于电弧扫描速度与电流脉冲频率的乘积。     

The element transfer behavior of gas pool coupled activating TIG welding

This paper deals with a novel dual shield TIG welding method named gas pool coupled activating TIG( GPCA-TIG)welding. The welding method divides the shielding gas into two layers. Inert gas such as Ar is adopted as the inner layer gas to protect the tungsten electrode and the molten pool metal. Pure O_2,N_2 or mixture of them are used as the outer layer gas to increase the weld penetration and improve the low temperature toughness of weld metal. Through analyzing the interaction between outer gas and arc and the distributions and existing forms of oxygen and nitrogen elements,the transfer behaviors of nitrogen and oxygen from arc to pool were investigated. The results show that,the interaction between the outer gas and arc plasma makes the arc slightly constrict. The incoming oxygen enriches on the molten pool surface and exists in the form of iron oxide,chromium oxide,manganese oxide and silicon oxygen compounds. The incoming nitrogen evenly distributes in the molten pool and exists in the form of nitrogen atom.     

Characteristics of an arc column in a hollow cathode arc

The hollow cathode arc (HCA) was developed as a plasma source for low-pressure applications in the 1960s, since when it has been variously researched to clarify its underlying mechanism.^{1, 2} When arranged to incorporate a relatively high arc current, HCA can also be used as a welding heat source.^3-5 Through being a plasma source in low-pressure environments, HCA has further attracted attention as a welding heat source for use in space.^{6, 7} Through providing a degree of base metal fusion incommensurably greater than that obtainable with a conventional GTA (gas tungsten arc) heat source at atmospheric pressure, HCA is also regarded as being effective for industrial applications in low-pressure terrestrial environments.⁸     

Investigation into arc constriction by active fluxes for tungsten inert gas welding

Abstract

Mechanisms by which active fluxes increase the penetration of conventional tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds (so called A-TIG welds) are reviewed. The most dominant mechanism for increased penetration is considered to be arc constriction rather than a change in the surface tension of the molten pool. An experimental programme of work was carried out using A-TIG flux in combination with a number of welding processes. The plasma process was investigated as it gives greater penetration than conventional TIG welding by increasing current density. The CO₂ laser and electron beam processes which do not rely on a current carrying arc as the heat source for welding were also investigated. Macrosections taken from the welds made by these processes showed that the A-TIG flux was only effective when the weld pool was produced by an arc or plasma. Where there was no arc or plasma present, the flux had little effect.     

电弧作用下熔透型TIG熔池液面行为的数值模拟

在正面熔化半径RZ和板厚h一定的条件下,基于对有电弧作用的熔透型TIG焊接熔池三维液面行为的分析,获得了不同背面熔化半径RB的熔池三维形状模型,利用有限元分析软件surface evolver进行数值模拟,研究了电弧对熔透型TIG焊接熔池液面的影响.结果表明,电弧的作用与否对熔池下液面的大小和形状无显著的影响;在背面熔化尺寸较小时(RB≤2.5 mm附近),电弧对上液面特征量有较大作用;电弧的作用从整体上是使熔池上液面压低.在从脉冲基值过渡到脉冲峰值期间,电弧电压(或弧光光强)增加的部分是由电流增加和熔池上液面被压低两部分引起的.     

气体流量和耦合度对GPCA-TIG焊电弧特性影响的数值模拟

根据磁流体动力学理论和组分守恒建立气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊电弧二维数学模型,采用简化阴极边界层模型将阴极与电弧耦合求解,计算得到了不同外层氧气流量与耦合度下电弧等离子的温度、氧气分布、阳极表面电流密度和热流密度等特征参数。结果表明,与TIG电弧相比,气体熔池耦合活性TIG电弧收缩,流速增大,阳极表面电弧压力升高;增大外层氧气流量或增大耦合度,电弧最高温度均上升,氧气向电弧区域扩散趋势更明显,电弧形貌略有收缩,阳极表面电流密度与热流峰值均略有增大。     

Plasma welding of thin plate

The plasma arc has a large arc force (regarded as the plasma force) and keyhole welding is generally performed by the formation of a small hole at the weld pool of a butt joint by making use of this plasma force. Under these circumstances, due to the small footprint area of the plasma heat source and welding by the formation of a keyhole, there is little melting at the joint zone and welding with a narrow bead width becomes feasible. Recently, a new type of plasma welding process has been proposed such that the welding tungsten electrode tip is brought close to the tip of the cooling chip and keyholeless welding is performed, similarly to TIG welding and this process has been made practicable.¹ This process solves the disadvantages of keyhole welding while retaining the advantages of plasma welding and is capable of meeting the requirements of high speed welding. However, it is difficult to apply either method to fillet joints where keyhole formation is difficult due to the problems of the large plasma force and the torch structure. In either case, the large plasma force due to the plasma passing through the cooling chip small hole is surmised to be intimately associated with the weld morphology due to plasma welding.     

基于视觉图像处理的铝合金交流TIG焊阴极清理区域的研究

介绍了方波交流钨极氩弧焊的工艺特点以及铝合金焊接过程中β(正半波电流占整个周期电流的比例)对阴极清理作用的影响。针对铝合金交流TIG焊电弧的特点,合理选择CCD、滤光系统构建了被动视觉传感器和图像采集处理系统。比较三种β值时铝合金交流TIG焊接的阴极清理作用,采用图像处理技术提取阴极清理区和焊接熔池的边缘,获得了阴极清理区域和熔池宽度。通过与实际测量比较表明,采用被动视觉传感技术和图像处理方法可以准确反映阴极清理作用,通过图像处理获得的熔池尺寸与实测值基本吻合。     

Mechanism of A-TIG and AA-TIG (advanced A-TIG)

The A-TIG welding technique involving a 2 to 3-fold deeper penetration shape being obtained when welding is performed with coating of activating fluxes, such as oxides, on the weldpool surface before welding, is now acknowledged as an important way of solving some key drawbacks of TIG welding, such as shallow penetration shape and low productivity, and has in recent years been intensively researched.^1-12 This enhanced TIG welding effect was discovered at the Paton Research Institute, Ukraine in the 1960s¹³, being recognized as extremely useful for TIG welding applications. No unified opinion has yet been formed in respect of its mechanism. When broadly divided into proposed explanatory models, the phenomenon is basically ascribed to arc shrinkage^1-9 and a change in the direction of Marangoni convection.^{3, 10-12} More recently, experiments have been conducted to determine not only the effects of different fluxes, but also the effect of the amount of flux coated on workpieces.^{14, 15} The most viable avenue for clarification of the A-TIG mechanism is through detailed analysis of the weldpool oxygen content. An explanatory theory previously enunciated by Tanaka¹⁶ is validated by experimental results based on model simulations. Based on these data, a novel AA-TIG technique (advanced ATIG)¹⁷ has been developed to obtain a 2 to 3-fold greater penetration depth in much the same way by shielding gas control. This article profiles A-TIG and AA-TIG.     

双钨极TIG电弧压强分布及其与等离子体喷射的关系

建立一个三维的统一的双钨极TIG焊模型,利用磁流体动力学理论对双钨极、电弧、阳极三个区域进行统一求解,获到双钨极电弧的压强分布,探究等离子体喷射与对电弧压强的关系。研究发现,双钨极TIG在钨极下方、阳极上方以及两束等离子体流交汇处存在较大的电弧压强,这些高压区的形成与等离子体喷射存在因果关系。计算发现,双钨极TIG焊在阳极表面上的最大压强远小于单钨极TIG焊的,这为双钨极TIG焊的应用提供了一些理论基础。