Influence of deformation twinning on static annealing of AZ31 Mg alloy

The microstructure evolution during isothermal static annealing of magnesium alloy AZ31 was investigated to critically evaluate the contribution of extension and contraction twins to the recrystallized microstructure after room temperature deformation, and to establish the potential of these twins to alter the recrystallized texture. Contraction twins were observed to be potent sites for recrystallized nuclei having many favorable new orientations, while extension twins were not effective nucleation sites for recrystallization. Although recrystallization nucleated preferentially inside the contraction twins, producing a distribution of new orientations (far from the undesirable starting c-axis fiber texture), these new grains did not significantly influence the final texture. This was attributed to four factors: (1) unusually extensive recovery before the onset of recrystallization after c-axis compression in most grains; (2) incomplete recrystallization within grains most closely aligned with the starting fiber texture; (3) sluggish growth of grains nucleated in the compression twins; (4) grain boundaries becoming an active site for recrystallized nuclei with a majority containing orientations from the starting texture.     

热轧Mg-1Zn和Mg-1Y合金退火组织演变及静态再结晶行为

对比研究了高温轧制制备的Mg-1.02Zn及Mg-0.76Y(质量分数,%)合金在不同温度退火条件下的组织演变及静态再结晶和晶粒长大动力学行为.结果表明,Mg-1Zn合金的轧制组织以剪切带和孪晶为主,在剪切带和孪晶内伴随着动态再结晶;而Mg-1Y合金的轧制组织中只有孪晶,未观察到剪切带和再结晶发生.退火过程中,Mg-1Zn合金静态再结晶过程主要受控于形核过程,而Mg-1Y合金则既受控于形核过程又受控于长大过程.利用经典的JMAK模型和长大模型分别描述了2种合金热轧制后的静态再结晶和晶粒长大动力学过程,结果表明,静态再结晶过程的Avrami因子n值与理想预测值偏离可能来自于再结晶的不均匀形核.固溶稀土Y原子比Zn原子对晶界移动的拖曳作用更强,导致Mg-1Y合金比Mg-1Zn合金晶粒长大因子n’更高.     

Annealing behaviour of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy sheet obtained by a combination of high-temperature rolling and subsequent warm rolling

The recrystallization and grain growth behaviour of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy sheets with a deformation microstructure, obtained by a combination of high-temperature rolling and subsequent warm rolling, was investigated at different stages of annealing. The basal texture was significantly weakened as a result of the formation of new grains with a largely altered c-axis orientation relative to the initial basal orientation owing to discontinuous static recrystallization during primary recrystallization. The new grains nucleated mostly at the pre-existing grain boundaries rather than at the intersections of twins or within the twins. Subsequent grain growth led to further progression of the texture weakening accompanied by an enhancement in the basal pole inclination.     

退火温度对新能源汽车用含Ce无取向电工钢组织和织构的影响

采用SEM、EBSD和XRD等分析手段研究了退火温度对含Ce新能源无取向电工钢组织及织构的影响。结果表明:800 ℃退火后,试验钢边部和中心部位均能观察到再结晶组织及亚晶组织,α线织构中的{112}<110>取向密度最高,γ线织构中的{111}<112>取向密度较弱,退火板存在少量η织构;830～920 ℃退火后,温度越高,再结晶越充分,α线织构取向密度下降,γ线织构取向密度增加,η织构基本消失;试验钢在950 ℃退火后发生了完全再结晶,平均晶粒尺寸为48.29 μm,γ线织构中的{111}<112>取向密度最高,为11.36。     

Control of microstructure and orientation distribution in Ni–Al-based (β/γ′) two phase alloys by thermomechanical processing

Microstructure and orientation distribution of two phase Ni–Al(β)/Ni₃Al(γ′) alloys obtained by thermomechanical processing were examined using electron back-scatter diffraction pattern technique. Cylindrical specimens were hot-compressed in the β phase region and subsequently annealed in the (β/γ′) two phase region. After the hot deformation, equiaxed β grains surrounded by high angle boundaries were homogeneously formed due to dynamic recrystallisation under adequate condition. Moreover, strong 1 1 1 fibre texture parallel to the compressive axis developed in the β phase because of the lattice rotation during hot deformation. After annealing in the two phase region, γ′ phase transformed from β phase with 1 1 1_β fibre texture satisfying the Kurdjumov–Sachs relationship and resulting in the formation of 1 1 0_γ′ fibre texture. Film-shaped γ′ phase preferentially often precipitated along the β grain boundaries and a large number of (β/γ′) boundaries were partially coherent. This thermomechanical processing was effective in controlling the crystallography of γ′ along the β grain boundaries.     

{411}<148> Texture in Thin-Gauge Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel

The significant occupancy of {411}<148> texture exists in the thin-gauge grain-oriented silicon steel (TG-CRGO is defined that thickness of the sheet is <0.25 mm and the reduction in cold rolling is more than 90%) which has been considered to have obviously effects on the abnormal growth of Goss-oriented grains during the secondary recrystallization process. The microstructures of the TG-CRGO were investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron back-scattered diffraction in this study. It was found that {411}<148> texture mainly exists in the center layer of hot-rolled as well as normalized plates. With the increase in cold rolling reduction, {411}<148> orientation gradually rotates to α-fiber texture (<110>//RD). Finally, few {411}<148> would retain at the boundaries of deformed α-fiber grains (<110>//RD) as the reduction in cold rolling reaches 90%. After annealing treatment, a small amount of γ-fiber textures (<111>//ND) preferably nucleates and recrystallizes between the DBs (deformation bands) at first; then, the {411}<148> recrystallization texture occurs and mainly nucleates at the grains boundaries of the deformed α-fiber grains, and also quite a few {411}<148> orientation grains nucleate in the inner of {112}<110> grains. But this phenomenon was not observed in the {100}<011> deformation grains. With respect to the occurrence of {411}<148> recrystallization texture, it is mainly induced by strong α-fiber as well as weak γ-fiber textures formed during cold rolling other than originating from {411}<148> regions in hot bands.     

Relating Initial Texture to Deformation Behavior During Cold Rolling and Static Recrystallization Upon Subsequent Annealing of an Extruded WE43 Alloy

Deformation behaviors during cold rolling and static recrystallization behaviors upon subsequent annealing of an extruded WE43 alloys with different initial textures were investigated in this study. Three types of differently textured WE43 initial alloys were labeled as samples Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The results showed that multiple twinning modes and basal slip dominated the deformation of samples during cold rolling. Cold-rolled sample Ⅰ activated the larger number of double twins with high strain energy...     

Recrystallized microstructural evolution of UFG copper prepared by asymmetrical accumulative rolling-bonding process

Copper sheet with grain size of 30-60μm was processed by plastic deformation of asymmetrical accumulative rolling-bonding(AARB)with the strain of 3.2.The effects of annealing temperature and time on microstructural evolution were studied by means of electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).EBSD grain mapping,recrystallization pole figure and grain boundary misorientation angle distribution graph were constructed,and the characteristics were assessed by microstructure,grain size,grain boundary misorientation and texture.The results show that ultra fine grains(UFG)are obtained after annealing at 250℃ for 30?40 min.When the annealing is controlled at 250℃for 40 min,the recrystallization is finished,a large number of small grains appear and most grain boundaries consist of low-angle boundaries.The character of texture is rolling texture after the recrystallization treatment,but the strength of the texture is faint.While second recrystallization happens,{110}1ī2+{112}11ī texture component disappears and turns into{122}212cube twin texture component.     

Recrystallization and grain growth in Ni3Al with and without boron

The recrystallization and grain growth of boron-free and boron-doped (500 ppm by weight) Ni₃Al polycrystals were investigated in the temperature range 700–1000°C. The levels of deformation were 17% reduction in length in compression for both alloys and 40% rolling reduction applied only to the boron-doped alloy. For alloys with or without boron, the Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami relationship holds, with the Avrami exponent near unity, and the recrystallization rate is very slow. The activation energies for recrystallization are respectively 480 and 492 kJ/mol for boron-free and boron-doped to 40%. The grain growth kinetics obey a power law with the time exponent ranging from 0·2 to 0·4. The boron effect at 500 ppm was found to be small on both recrystallization and grain growth in Ni₃Al.     

超塑Al-Mg-Li合金的显微组织与织构特性

采用一种新型形变热处理方法制备细晶Al-Mg-Li合金板材,研究静态再结晶退火对合金板材晶粒组织及超塑变形行为的影响。结果表明,晶粒尺寸、形状和织构的分布沿板材法向方向存在明显不同;表面层的晶粒组织细小、等轴,含有旋转cubeND{001}（310）取向;中心层具有粗大、长条状晶粒,含有a取向线的织构组分。随着再结晶温度的升高,整个板材的晶粒尺寸长大,中心层晶粒纵横比减小,表面层织构强化而中心层织构弱化,超塑性伸长率下降。升高再结晶温度导致整个板材内的旋转cubeND{001}（310）织构组分强化而a取向线的织构弱化。分析了不同温度下再结晶织构的形成机制。     

Evolution of Annealing Twins and Recrystallization Texture in Thin-Walled Copper Tube During Heat Treatment

Thin-walled copper tubes are usually produced by multi-pass float-plug drawing deformation. In general, the annealing treatment subsequently is necessary to release the stored energy and adjusts the microstructure. In this study, an investigation on the evolution of annealing twins as well as textures in the thin-walled (Ф6 mm×0.3 mm) copper tube underwent holding time-free heat treatment was reported. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis reveals that a large number of Σ3 boundaries (60° 〈111〉 twin relationship) are produced at the early stage of heat treatment, which is due to the lower boundary energy. With the recrystallization proceeding, the migration rate of grain boundaries decreases on account of the grain growth; meanwhile, the unique Σ9 boundaries (38.9° 〈110〉 relationship) are formed due to the interaction of the Σ3 boundaries. As a result, the number fractions of Σ3 boundaries and high-angle grain boundaries decrease rapidly. During the grain growth stage, a strong recrystallization texture was formed due to the fact that the grains of Goss orientation have a growth advantage over the others. As a result, the initial copper texture was transferred into the Goss texture in domination.     

Effect of Zn and Y Additions on Grain Boundary Movement of Mg Binary Alloys During Static Recrystallization

Texture evolution in rolled Mg–1 wt% Zn and Mg–1 wt% Y binary alloys was analyzed by quasi-in situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) during static recrystallization. Mg–1 wt% Zn and Mg–1 wt% Y alloys exhibited strong basal texture at the initial recrystallization state. After grain growth annealing, the basal texture component {0001} < $11\overline{2}0$ > was increased in Mg–1 wt% Zn alloy and that of Mg–1 wt% Y alloy was decreased to be a random texture. Zn and Y atoms segregated strongly to the recrystallized grain boundaries in Mg–1 wt% Zn alloy and Mg–1 wt% Y alloy, respectively. Thus, Zn and Y elements facilitated the grain boundary movements along contrary directions during grain growth. In Mg–1 wt% Zn alloy, due to the Zn element segregation on grain boundaries, the grains consisted of a strong texture grew more easily because the grain boundary migration tended to move from the orientation close to normal direction to the orientation near to transverse direction or rolling direction. Therefore, after grain growth, the volume fraction of texture component {0001} < $11\overline{2}0$ > was increased by consuming the neighboring grains, leading to a stronger basal texture. On the contrary, in the Mg–1 wt% Y alloy, the Y element segregation caused the opposite direction of grain boundary migration, resulting in a random texture.     

MGH754合金挤压棒材的二次再结晶与织构

研究了ＭＧＨ７５４合金在二次再结晶过程中的组织和结构变化。结果表明，合金大热挤压状态具有细小的等轴晶组织，织构微弱，有利于进行殂变加工；二次再结晶后，组织为粗大的柱状晶，且出现强烈的织构；随着退火时间延长，「１１０」〈００１》和「１００」〈００１〉织构含量明显增加，而「１１０」〈１１１〉，「１１０」〈１１３〉和「１１２」〈１１１〉等织构的含量减少，合金棒材的纵向主要为〈００１〉取向。     

Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL) grain boundaries and Goss texture development in Fe-3% Si alloy

The role of CSL grain boundaries in Goss [(100)100] texture development Fe-3% Si has been investigated by direct crystallographic orientation measurement of (1) primary recrystallized specimens and (2) specimens following the early stages of secondary recrystallization. Goss oriented grains in the primary matrix were found to occur with a low frequency, and were not observed to have an initial size advantage or occur in clusters; however, these grains were determined to be frequently bounded by low Σ (i.e. Σ3-29) CSL interfaces. By calculating the possible orientation relationships between hypothetical grain orientations and the experimentally determined texture of the primary matrix, Goss oriented grains were determined to be statistically more likely to produce mobile low Σ CSL orientation relationships during random growth through the primary matrix than other major grain texture components. A deficit of these CSL interfaces, relative to the determined probability of occurrence during random grain growth, was experimentally determined for interfaces bounding Goss grains following secondary recrystallization treatments; this deficit was rationalized on the basis of preferential replacement by general (or higher Σ) interfaces due to enhanced mobility of these low Σ CSL grain boundaries.     

Characterization of Microstructure and Texture in Grain-Oriented High Silicon Steel by Strip Casting

Grain-oriented 4.5 wt% Si and 6.5 wt% Si steels were produced by strip casting, warm rolling, cold rolling, primary annealing, and secondary annealing. Goss grains were sufficiently developed and covered the entire surface of the secondary recrystallized sheets. The microstructure and texture was characterized by OM, EBSD, TEM, and XRD. It was observed that after rolling at 700 °C, the 6.5 wt% Si steel exhibited a considerable degree of shear bands, whereas the 4.5 wt% Si steel indicated their rare presence. After primary annealing, completely equiaxed grains showing strong γ-fiber texture were presented in both alloys. By comparison, the 6.5 wt% Si steel showed smaller grain size and few favorable Goss grains. Additionally, a higher density of fine precipitates were exhibited in the 6.5 wt% Si steel, leading to a ~30-s delay in primary recrystallization. During secondary annealing, abnormal grain growth of the 6.5 wt% Si steel occurred at higher temperature compared to the 4.5 wt% Si steel, and the final grain size of the 6.5 wt% Si steel was greater. The magnetic induction B ₈ of the 4.5 wt% Si and the 6.5 wt% Si steels was 1.75 and 1.76 T, respectively, and the high-frequency core losses were significantly improved in comparison with the non-oriented high silicon steel.     

Ti-IF钢罩式退火过程中再结晶织构演变规律研究

采用X射线衍射技术(XRD)和电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD),并结合微观组织观察分析了Ti-IF钢罩式退火过程中织构演变规律和{111}再结晶织构形成机制.结果表明:随退火温度的升高,再结晶量逐渐增多,{111}再结晶织构强度亦逐渐增强,同时{100}织构强度逐渐减弱.{111}取向的品粒主要在再结晶过程中形成,依靠吞并其他取向[主要是{100}取向]的晶粒而长大;并且在{111}取向品粒长大过程中,γ纤维织构之间也发生相互转化,主要由{111}<112>织构转变为{111}<110>织构;冷轧IF钢再结晶退火后具有较强的γ纤维织构,主要是"取向形核"和"取向长大"共同作用的结果,其中Σ重位晶界在再结晶γ纤维织构形成过程中起着重要作用.     

Microstructure,texture and grain boundaries character distribution evolution of ferritic stainless steel during rolling process

In order to better understand the texture, microstructure and grain boundaries character distribution evolution of ferritic stainless steel, the texture, microstructure and grain boundaries character distribution of ferritic stainless steel (hot rolled sheet, cold rolled sheet and annealing sheet) with 11 wt%Cr content were studied using X-ray diffraction and electron back scattered diffraction technique. The texture of the hot and cold rolled sheets has a through-thickness texture gradient. In the center layer of the hot and cold rolling sheet, α-fiber texture was observed which was attributed to ideal plane strain deformation. Close to the surface a Gross orientation was detected which was attributed to shear deformation. During annealing, the γ-fiber was formed attributed to recrystallization process. The microstructure of the hot and cold rolled sheets was non-homogeneous through the sheet thickness, while, the microstructure of annealing sheets was homogeneous through the sheet thickness. Grain boundaries character distribution results show that there are many low angle grain boundaries in hot and cold rolled sheets and many high angle grain boundaries and coincidence site lattice after annealing. The above results indicated that the changes in texture are closely related to the grain boundaries type.     

等通道转角挤压对Mg-1Gd、Mg-2Zn二元合金的组织及力学性能的影响

本文使用金相、EBSD等手段研究了等通道挤压对Mg-1Gd、Mg-2Zn两种二元合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在相同挤压条件下,Mg-2Zn合金发生完全再结晶,晶粒长大粗化,且强度塑性不随着挤压道次变化;Mg-1Gd合金则只发生了部分动态再结晶,组织为细小的动态再结晶晶粒和变形晶粒,伴随挤压道次的增加,再结晶程度提升,合金的抗拉强度与塑性增加了一倍。这与溶质原子Gd比Zn更能抑制再结晶和晶粒长大有关。Mg-1Gd合金的再结晶晶粒的取向分散,而未再结晶的晶粒c轴取向由ED向TD偏转45°,这与宏观织构的检测相互印证,晶粒内部产生大量的小角度晶界,小角度晶界两侧发生围绕c轴的转动,并逐渐演化为大角度晶界。     

形变诱导Inconel 625合金管材静态再结晶行为

使用室温压缩变形与再结晶退火处理研究了Inconel 625高温合金冷变形及再结晶行为,采用EBSD技术分析冷变形过程中的应变分布、晶粒尺寸变化、组织与织构演变,分析冷变形Inconel 625合金再结晶过程中再结晶分数、晶粒尺寸、组织及织构演变。研究表明,Inconel 625合金在变形量为35%~65%时具有良好的塑性,随着变形量的增加,晶粒尺寸减小,应变分布越均匀,{111}<112>织构和{110}<001>织构逐渐减弱,而{001}<110>织构和{112}<111>织构略为增强。冷变形Inconel 625合金再结晶退火处理后,随着退火温度与保温时间的升高,再结晶分数增大;随着变形量的增大,Inconel 625合金发生完全再结晶时温度减小,且发生完全再结晶时的晶粒尺寸变小,变形量为35%时,再结晶过程主要是{112}<111>织构{123}<634>变形织构转变为{110}<112>织构、{001}<100>织构与{124}<211>织构。随着变形量增加到50%及65%时,冷变形产生的{123}<634>织构在再结晶过程中转变成了{124}<211>织构。     

热轧组织对冷轧无取向硅钢退火织构及组织的影响

对不同加热温度处理的热轧低硅钢带进行了冷轧及退火实验,分析了热轧钢带的组织对冷轧无取向硅钢再结晶退火过程中的组织及织构的影响。结果表明:热轧组织对冷轧无取向电工钢冷轧板再结晶组织及织构演变有重要影响;等轴晶粒组织的热轧钢带比混晶组织的热轧钢带冷轧后再结晶退火快,且退火后晶粒尺寸均匀;随着等轴晶粒尺寸增加,冷轧退火后形成的冷轧硅钢{110}类型的织构增强,{100}类型的织构减弱;表明热轧组织为等轴晶粒时,不利于冷轧无取向硅钢磁性能的改善。