风电叶片复合材料在三点弯曲过程中的声发射研究

为研究风电叶片复合材料损伤破坏的声发射特性以及复合材料的力学性能,对含有纤维预断试件和无纤维预断的完好试件分别进行了三点弯曲力学性能试验,并在加载过程中采用声发射检测仪实时监测整个损伤破坏过程。对采集到的声发射信号处理分析,便可获得风电叶片复合材料的弯曲力学性能和损伤破坏的声发射特性。试验结果表明:玻璃纤维复合材料在弯曲载荷作用下出现典型的破坏特征包括纤维断裂、纤维/基体脱胶和纤维分层。纤维预断试件的声发射信号波形最高幅度达到2.5 V,频带分布在20~300 k Hz范围;无纤维预断试件的声发射信号波形最高幅度为0.07 V,频带分布在10~180 k Hz之间。     

复合材料波纹褶皱区域损伤变形测量及声发射监测

对含波纹褶皱缺陷的玻璃纤维单向复合材料进行压缩试验,结合声发射(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")互补技术,研究复合材料波纹褶皱区域的损伤变形与演化规律。在复合材料试件压缩加载的过程中,采集波纹褶皱区域损伤变形场、应变场信息和实时声发射监测信号,分析复合材料压缩力学响应行为与缺陷区域变形场、应变场以及声发射信号特征之间的对应关系。结果表明:波纹褶皱会严重影响复合材料的力学性能,通过分析声发射信号,发现随着波纹褶皱宽高比减小,复合材料的力学性能呈现降低的趋势;当波纹褶皱宽高比一定时,随着波纹褶皱高度不断增加,复合材料的力学性能呈现降低的趋势。通过DIC测得的应变场与位移场信息,发现对于相同的载荷增量,最大应变呈增加趋势,且波纹褶皱宽高比越大应变增幅越大;越趋近于褶皱中部,水平位移越大,加载方向位移与试件失稳破坏位置有关,接近破坏区域的加载方向位移大。损伤区域位移场和应变场清晰地反映了玻璃纤维复合材料的损伤变形特征。     

复合材料胶接头Ⅱ型加载损伤破坏声发射监测

利用声发射技术实时监测复合材料胶接头Ⅱ型加载损伤破坏的全过程,研究了不同胶接长度的复合材料胶接头破坏的力学性能以及声发射信号响应特征。结果表明,界面破坏是复合材料胶接头的主要破坏模式,胶层边缘的应力集中导致整个胶层的破坏。缺胶缺陷降低了复合材料胶接头的承载能力。声发射信号的相对能量、幅度和撞击累计数与试件损伤破坏的过程相对应,因此,声发射信号的动态特征可为风电叶片胶接头的无损检测和健康监测提供依据。     

碳纤维编织复合材料拉伸变形测量及声发射监测

采用声发射和数字图像相关互补技术,结合破坏断口微结构特征,研究碳纤维编织复合材料的损伤变形与失效机理。在复合材料试件拉伸加载的同时,实时获取变形特征和损伤声发射信号,分析复合材料力学响应与位移场、声发射特征的关系。结果表明,复合材料试件实时拉伸位移场、损伤破坏过程的声发射相对能量、撞击累积数及幅度等特征参数反映了复合材料表面变形与内部损伤演化过程。复合材料试件断裂时出现较多高持续时间、高幅度、高相对能量的声发射信号,宏观断口平齐,表现为脆性断裂。     

压缩载荷下复合材料分层损伤演化声发射监测及应变分析

通过单向玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料试件的单轴向压缩实验,结合声发射及应变电测技术,研究含直径分别为5mm和10mm两种圆形分层复合材料损伤演化特性,并探讨了试件的压缩损伤破坏过程。结果表明,在压缩载荷作用下,两类分层直径试件的破坏路径基本一致,层间破坏机理相同。分层缺陷面积的大小对试件的承载能力有较大影响,分层缺陷面积越大,试件的承载能力降低,试件的破坏程度加剧。载荷-纵向应变曲线由线性变化到近似线性变化再到非线性变化的过程与声发射信号分析结果较吻合。     

复合材料胶接修补界面损伤演化声发射监测

利用声发射技术实时监测四点弯曲载荷作用下含纤维断裂玻璃纤维增强复合材料胶接修补后试件的损伤演化过程,结合声发射信号统计分析方法,研究贴补片尺寸对修复效果的影响。结果表明,弯曲载荷作用下,两类贴补修补试件破坏模式均以贴补界面开裂为主,随着胶接修补贴补面积的增加,试件失效载荷呈增大趋势。贴补修补片长度为90mm时,其破坏载荷约为未修补试件破坏载荷的2倍。修补试件损伤破坏过程与对应声发射特征表现出良好的相关性,声发射信号统计性描述方法能够有效用于评估胶接修补复合材料试件的微损伤演化行为。     

玻璃纤维复合材料损伤过程的声发射特性研究

复合材料以其优越的结构性能被广泛应用于航天航空、汽车制造等领域,针对玻璃纤维复合材料损伤特性及其声发射信号特点,设计完成了一套基于TMS320F28335的集数据采集、存储和显示为一体的声发射检测系统。采用现代小波变换的时频分析方法,分析了玻璃纤维复合材料损伤声发射信号的波形和频率特性,确定了玻璃纤维复合材料声发射信号频率的三个主要频段及其对应的三种基本损伤模式。     

复合材料Ⅱ型分层损伤演化声发射监测

通过风电叶片复合材料Ⅱ型分层扩展力学性能实验,并借助声发射技术手段,研究复合材料[0/0]、[0/45]和[+45/-45]层间界面损伤演化特性。复合材料试件弯曲加载时,采用声发射实时监测整个分层损伤过程。结果表明,[0/0]复合材料分层试件裂纹扩展快、分层面积大、前沿平齐,不稳定扩展对应较多高幅值、长持续时间的声发射信号;受±45°方向纤维作用,[0/45]和[+45/-45]复合材料试件不稳定分层扩展前声发射撞击累积数较高,裂纹扩展相对缓慢,分层面积小,前沿不齐。复合材料分层损伤演化可分为预分层裂纹尖端区域微损伤累积和分层不稳定扩展两个基本的过程。     

LY12铝合金试件拉伸声发射信号特征分析与状态识别

以高强度硬铝LY12为研究对象,利用声发射试验系统研究拉伸铝合金试件在弹性、屈服、塑性变形和断裂阶段的声发射信号特征,揭示了试件状态与声发射信号特征间的关系。同时对保压和重复加载典型工况进行独立试验,分析不同工况下声发射信号的规律。试验结果表明:LY12铝合金试件状态与声发射信号特征之间存在着良好的对应关系。     

基于AE的碳纤维复合材料圆管轴向压缩性能研究

采用声发射技术对碳纤维复合材料圆管轴向压缩加载过程进行监测和记录,对压缩过程中的累积事件计数、能量、峰值频率和幅值等声发射特征参数进行了分析,结合压缩载荷曲线,研究了碳纤维复合材料圆管在轴向压缩载荷下的损伤过程和破坏模式。结果表明,声发射的典型特征参数可以与时间-载荷曲线的变化规律较好地对应,声发射信号的变化能反映不同破坏阶段的损伤形式以及不同种类试样的破坏特征,对于研究碳纤维复合材料圆管的轴向压缩性能具有参考价值。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。