格构腹板增强木芯复合材料短柱轴压性能试验与理论分析

格构腹板增强木芯复合材料短柱以玻璃纤维增强复合材料作为面层与格构腹板,以泡桐木作为芯材,采用真空导入工艺制作而成,具有轻质高强、耐腐蚀、延性好等显著优点。对具有不同格构腹板布置形式、纤维增强复合材料壁厚等参数的复合短柱进行轴压试验,研究了其破坏模式和机理。基于弹性分析法计算了短柱试件的极限承载力,计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

GFRP-微珠泡沫组合柱轴压试验研究

通过对2根微珠泡沫柱以及7根玻璃纤维(GFRP)-微珠泡沫组合柱进行轴向压缩试验研究,探讨了各类柱的破坏形态、荷载-位移曲线以及吸能特性,并分析了GFRP纤维包裹层数、微珠泡沫芯材密度以及纤维纵横向铺层比例对试件受力特征的影响。结果表明,GFRP包裹层的使用使得柱的破坏呈现出典型的三阶段破坏,改变了无包裹柱45°断裂破坏模式。GFRP层数、微珠泡沫密度以及包裹层横向纤维比例的增加,均使得构件的承载力、总吸能以及比吸能得到了提高。当纤维铺层从0层增加到2层和4层时,其极限承载力分别提高了71.02%和86.04%,吸收的能量也得到明显提高。行程利用率仅在微珠泡沫密度发生改变时有明显变化——随着密度的增加,行程利用率减小。     

格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯复合材料准静态压缩吸能试验

复合材料夹层结构具有轻质高强、弯曲刚度大、耐腐蚀、可设计性强、抗冲击、吸能效果好等特点,用玻璃纤维增强复合材料制作面板和格构腹板,以聚氨酯泡沫作为芯材,采用真空导入成型工艺,制备格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯复合材料试件。保持试件的平面尺寸不变,改变腹板间距、腹板高度、腹板铺层数和泡沫密度等参数,对试件进行准静态轴向压缩试验,对比研究其吸能性能。得到以下结论:格构腹板间距和厚度对抗压承载力和吸能性能影响较大,而泡沫芯材的密度影响较小;该新型复合材料的抗压承载力以及吸能性能随着腹板所占的体积比增大而增大,格构腹板对芯材的承载及吸能增强效果显著。     

面板厚度对复合材料夹层梁整体及局部弯曲力学性能影响

考虑芯材局部压陷效应,对泡沫夹芯复合材料夹层梁整体及局部弯曲力学性能进行研究。分析了上面板厚度对夹层梁整体及局部弯曲力学性能影响规律。首先,对三种不同厚度上面板夹层梁进行三点弯曲试验,结果表明,夹层梁破坏模式为芯材压陷破坏和芯材剪切破坏;上面板厚度越大,夹层梁极限承载力越大;增大上面板厚度能有效减弱加载点位置芯材局部压陷效应。其次,基于考虑芯材竖向压缩变形的高阶剪切变形理论,对试验梁整体及局部弯曲受力机理进行分析,得到夹层梁上、下面板不同位置挠度及应变的分布规律。最后,对不同试验梁极限承载力进行理论分析,并与试验结果对比。     

芯材密度对复合材料夹层梁弯曲力学性能影响

研究了聚氨酯泡沫密度对复合材料夹层梁弯曲力学性能的影响。首先,对5种不同密度(48~413kg/m3)泡沫芯材复合材料夹层梁进行三点弯试验研究,结果表明,夹层梁极限承载力随芯材密度的增大而增大;当芯材密度大于等于199kg/m3时,继续增大泡沫密度,夹层梁极限承载力增加速度变慢;随着芯材密度的增加,夹层梁破坏模式由芯材压陷变为面板受压屈服破坏。其次,基于考虑芯材竖向压缩变形的高阶剪切变形理论,对不同试验梁弯曲受力机理进行弹性分析,得到夹层梁上、下面板挠度变化及应变分布规律,并与试验结果对比,验证了理论分析方法的正确性。最后,对试验过程中夹层梁典型的破坏模式进行极限承载力分析,提出其极限承载力计算公式,并与试验结果对比,结果吻合良好。     

端部增强方式对CFRP管轴压力学性能的影响

端部局部破坏严重制约CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)管轴压承载力的发挥,对采用金属加强箍-金属端帽增强与碳纤维-金属内衬增强两种端部增强方式的CFRP层合管进行了轴压试验,得到了试件受力过程和破坏形式。基于Hashin失效准则,利用有限元模型分析两种端部增强方式下CFRP管首层失效模式和承载力,并解释了增强机理。研究表明:与未施加端部增强的试件相比,端部增强可改变试件失效模式并提高承载力;端部增强时,外部增强约束刚度不宜过大,增强件与试件较大的刚度差会导致变形不一致,易在增强端边缘处发生剪切破坏;采用碳纤维-金属内衬的端部增强方式可有效防止端部发生"开花式"破坏和剪切破坏,可使层合管发生整体破坏,轴压承载力提高了46.37%。     

剪跨比对腹板增强复合材料夹层梁受剪性能影响试验研究

对不同剪跨比(a/d)的纤维腹板增强复合材料夹层梁进行四点弯试验,得到其荷载-位移曲线和典型破坏模式,分析了不同剪跨比和纤维腹板厚度对其受剪机理影响规律。结果表明:剪跨比为1的试件承载力最大;随着剪跨比增加,腹板增强夹层梁极限承载力降低,延性性能降低,比强度降低;当夹层梁剪跨比小于3时,试件发生上面板压陷/芯材剪切破坏,当剪跨比大于3时,试件发生上面板受压屈服破坏;对具有相同剪跨比试件,纤维腹板能显著提高其极限承载力和延性性能,厚度越大,极限承载力提高效果越明显。     

PMI泡沫夹芯复合材料湿热老化性能研究

通过对夹芯结构复合材料湿热老化性能的研究,探究环境对夹芯结构复合材料性能的影响。实验中采用了聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)、玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂(SW110C/608)复合材料面板制备了PMI泡沫夹芯结构复合材料,研究了PMI泡沫夹芯结构复合材料的耐湿热老化特性,并讨论了湿热对PMI泡沫夹芯结构复合材料的压缩性能以及弯曲性能的影响。结果发现,PMI泡沫夹芯结构复合材料浸泡在水中时的饱和吸湿时间为30d,饱和吸水率为4.08%,通过Fick第二扩散定律发现水分子在PMI泡沫中的扩散系数为水分子在面板扩散系数的29.29倍,由于水分子的增塑作用以及浓度梯度扩散的影响,湿热处理后的PMI泡沫夹芯复合材料的平压强度下降了32.86%,侧压强度下降了16.73%,弯曲强度下降了23.94%。     

双向格构腹板增强泡沫夹层复合材料梁弯曲性能试验

复合材料夹层结构具有比强度高、比刚度高、可设计性强、耐腐蚀等特点,以聚氨酯泡沫为芯材,以玻璃纤维增强复合材料为面板和格构腹板,采用真空导入成型工艺,制备双向格构腹板增强泡沫夹层复合材料梁。对无格构泡沫夹芯复合材料梁,不同腹板高度、腹板间距双向格构增强泡沫夹层复合材料梁进行三点弯曲试验,研究其破坏模式和机理。基于泡沫填充矩形蜂窝芯材的等效十字模型,预估试件的抗弯刚度和挠度,计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

横隔板增强型泡沫夹芯复合材料梁抗剪性能试验研究

复合材料泡沫夹芯结构易发生芯材剪切破坏,需对泡沫芯材进行增强。本文对比分析了不同增强泡沫夹芯结构的增强原理、芯材对界面性能和抗剪能力的贡献以及各自的局限;采用真空导入工艺制作了横隔板增强泡沫夹芯梁,并对其进行了剪跨比为3的三点弯试验,研究了横隔板及其间距对泡沫夹芯结构抗剪性能的影响。试验结果表明,横隔板的存在能有效提高构件的延性,且横隔板间距越小,延性越好,改善了泡沫夹芯结构脆性破坏的特性;但横隔板增强对夹芯梁强度和刚度的影响不大,该结果与垂直缝纫增强泡沫夹芯结构的试验结果类似。横隔板增强泡沫夹芯结构具有良好的设计性,其制作过程比较简单,可改变横隔板角度或采用双向隔板增强,从而在保持延性的优势下,提高其强度和刚度。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。