Mathematical model of electromagnetic elimination in tubule with high frequency magnetic field

In order to find the ways to improve the elimination efficiency with high frequency magnetic field, a mathematical model of electromagnetic elimination （EME） in the tubule with high frequency magnetic field was set up. The calculated results show that by ignoring the flow of molten metal, when the surface magnetic induction intensity of the metal （B0） is 0.03 T and the diameter of the tubule is 8 mm, the non-metallic inclusions with 30 μm diameter can be wiped offin 7 s from the center of the molten aluminum, whereas the elimination time of the 5 μm non-metallic inclusions is more than 240 s. When B0 is 0.03 T, the diameter of the tubule is 8 mm and elimination time is more than 30 s, the elimination efficiency of 5μm, 10μm and 30 μm non-metallic inclusions is about 60%, 90% and 100%, respectively, the elimination efficiency increases with the decreasing diameter of the tubule. It can be concluded that increasing the magnetic induction intensity or decreasing the diameter of the tubule can decrease the elimination time and improve the elimination efficiency in EME with high frequency magnetic field.     

A study on elimination of alumina particles in molten aluminum using direct electromagnetic force

From the viewpoint of energy reduction, the recovery of metal scrap and its recycling have been rising as an important global subject. However, it is difficult to remove deleterious impurities, which have detrimental effects on the mechanical properties. In particular, it is difficult to eliminate nonmetallic inclusions such as alumina(Al₂O₃) in aluminum alloys when they are subject to recycling. In this study, an experiment on the elimination of the impurities in the melt by imposing electromagnetic force to molten aluminum was conducted. The principle behind these electromagnetic methods is that as the electromagnetic force induced in metal scarcely acts on non-metallic inclusions due to low electric conductivity, the non-metallic inclusions are moved to the direction opposite the electromagnetic force and can be separated from the melt. The prediction based on the theoretical analyses was confirmed through the visualization of the polystyrene particle motion in an NaCl aqueous solution. We also proposed optimum electromagnetic conditions such as current density, magnetic field intensity and particle size for eliminating the inclusion particles continuously found through numerical analysis and experiments.     

利用强磁场控制SiCp/Al复合材料增强颗粒分布状态

通过在不同的强磁场条件下进行低体积分数SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的熔化和凝固试验,研究了利用强磁场控制SiC颗粒在Al基体中分布的可行性,分析了强磁场强度和种类对SiC颗粒与基体间界面的影响效果。研究发现,均恒强磁场能够促进SiC增强颗粒在铝基体中均匀分布,而通过选择磁场参数可以实现利用梯度强磁场控制增强相在基体中的运动行为。对于SiC/Al复合体系,强磁场能够抑制界面反应而有助于界面复合,在Al-Si合金为基体的情况下,复合材料界面结合良好。     

Charging characteristics of alumina in molten aluminum

The charging characteristics of alumina particles suspended in a molten aluminum was experimentally determined by measuring a potential difference between the cathode of molten aluminum and the anode of molten aluminum containing alumina particles. The potential difference could be successfully measured by means of differential potential analysis. Experimental results show that alumina carries a positive charge by providing quasi-free electrons to the molten aluminum. Thus, the electrification of alumina in the molten aluminum could be indirectly determined by measuring the potential difference hetween two electrodes. The potential differences measured were in the range of 0.010 to 0.05m V, and increaseu as the purity of the alumina improved, and also as the amount of alumina auued to the molten aluminum increased. It is also interesting to note that the potential difference was appreciably increased by doping alumina with silica. whereas it was decreased by doping alumina with lithia.     

高频磁场下制备颗粒增强铝基梯度复合材料

通过向Al-20%Mg2Si-5%Si母合金中加入10%SiO2颗粒,制得颗粒增强复合材料Al-14.9%Mg2Si-10.3%Si-11.8%MgAl2O4,然后重熔母合金和复合材料,利用高频磁场的电磁相分离法分别成功制备了Al-20%Mg2Si-5%Si(样品1)和Al-14.9%Mg2Si-10.3%Si-11.8%MgAl2O4(样品2)两种颗粒增强梯度复合材料.发现加入的SiO2与铝熔体中的铝镁反应形成了MgAl2O4,并通过电子探针证实了该相的存在,除此之外,初生的Mg2Si、Si也富集于试样表面.在此基础上,对两种合金沿径向进行了硬度测量,结果表明:硬度在径向呈梯度分布,满足梯度复合材料外硬内韧的性能特征.     

Numerical model and experimental observation for distribution of SiCp in electromagnetic-centrifugally cast composites

A two-phase numerical model coupled with heat transfer was presented to describe the radial distribution of SiC particles on centrifugally-cast metal matrix composite,and a transverse static magnetic field was concurrently imposed to induce electromagnetic stirring of the melt as it revolved with the mold.Meanwhile,experimental observations were also carried out to examine the radial distribution of SiC particles in pure aluminum.The effects of the imposed magnetic field,particle size and the matrix metals were discussed.The computational results show that the particles tend to be congregated by the centrifugal force,and both increasing the imposed magnetic field and decreasing the particle size tend to result in even distribution of the particles.With the magnetic field varying from 0 to 1 T and the particle size from 550 to 180 μm,a uniform distribution of the particles in the aluminum matrix can be obtained among the computational results.The matrix metal can also influence the particle distributions due to the difference in physical properties of metals.Experimental observation shows similar tendency of particle distributions in aluminum matrix influenced by magnetic field and particle size.However,the chilling effect from the mold wall results in an outer particle-free zone,which is not involved in the numerical model.     

Separation efficiency of alumina particles in Al melt under high frequency magnetic field

The effects of separation time and magnetic induction intensity on the separation efficiency of alumina particles with diameters varying from 30 to 200 μm in aluminum melt were investigated. The experimental results show that the particle-accumulated layer is formed in the periphery of the solidified specimen when the diameter of the separated molten metal, the magnetic induction intensity and the separation time are 10 mm, 0.04 T and 1 s, respectively. When the separation time is 2 s, the particle-accumulated layer can be observed obviously and the separation efficiency is about 80%. There are few alumina particles in the inner of the solidified specimen when the separation time is 3 s. The separation efficiency higher than 85% can be achieved when the separation time is longer than 3 s. When the magnetic induction intensity is 0.06 T, the visible particle-accumulated layer can be formed in 1 s and the separation efficiency is higher than 95%. The experimental results were compared with the calculated results at last.     

交替复合磁场去除铝熔体中夹杂物的研究

铝硅过共晶合金凝固过程中析出的初生硅颗粒被视为铝熔体中的夹杂物颗粒。研究了由交替旋转磁场和下行波磁场组成的交替复合磁场对铝熔体中夹杂物的去除效果。结果表明,在交替复合磁场作用下,夹杂物颗粒发生了明显的聚合并迁移至顶部被除去。对比发现,交替复合磁场的除杂效果要优于单向旋转磁场和下行波磁场组成的单向复合磁场。随着交替复合磁场中的交替旋转磁场的频率和电流的增加,磁场除杂效果显著上升。交替时间为10 s时磁场除杂效果最佳。     

新型磁流变阻尼器绕线缸体材料对磁场性能的影响

设计了一种新型差动自感式磁流变阻尼器(DSMRD),研究中发现该阻尼器中的绕线缸体在磁场中容易产生漏磁现象。基于此现象,建立了不同绕线缸体材料的DSMRD磁场仿真模型,对绕线缸体构成材料与漏磁之间的关系进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:导磁缸体较不导磁缸体具有更好的磁场吸附能力,且能产生更高的感应电动势;采用铝和不锈钢这两种不导磁材料制成的绕线缸体产生的磁场强度接近,并且产生的感应电动势也基本相同。因此可通过改变绕线缸体材料来达到优化DSMRD的自感磁场和阻尼磁场的目的。     

Enhanced thermal conductivity by the magnetic field in heat transfer nanofluids containing carbon nanotube

In this paper, we report for the first time that the thermal conductivity (TC) of the heat transfer nanofluids could be enhanced by the external magnetic field. The heat transfer nanofluids contain carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and magnetic-field-sensitive nanoparticles of Fe₂O₃. The reasonable explanation for these interesting results is that the Fe₂O₃ particles form aligned chains under applied magnetic field and help to connect the nanotubes, which results in improved thermal conductivity. On longer holding in magnetic field, the particles gradually move and form large clumps of particles, causing clumping of CNTs, then decreasing the TC. We also found that the time to reach the maximum peak value of TC is increased as the applied magnetic field is reduced by increasing the gap between two magnets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures show that the nanotubes and nanoparticle are aligned well under the influence of magnetic field.     

Effect of turbulent flow on electromagnetic elimination with high frequency magnetic field

1 Introduction The application of the electromagnetic body force to separate non-metallic inclusions was proposed by ALEMANY et al[1,2]. And ASAI et al have measured the migration velocity of polystyrene particles in a sodium chloride aqueous solution, in which a DC electric field and DC magnetic field were simultaneously imposed. They found that the direction of migration is opposite to the electromagnetic force and the migration velocity agrees well with the values calculated from the …     

Multiscale Experimental and Numerical Approach to the Powder Particle Shape Effect on Al-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Coating Build-Up

Aluminum (Al) powders with spherical and irregular particle shapes were mixed with two alumina (Al₂O₃) powders with either a spherical or an angular particle shape to achieve high-performance cold-sprayed coatings onto steel. Two effects of the aluminum particle shape were observed. First, coating microstructure observation showed impinging heterogeneity depending on particle shape. Second, particle jet differences depending on particle morphology were shown by velocity maps. From the latter, SEM and XRD, three effects of the alumina particle shape were also shown, i.e., higher in-flight velocity of angular particles, fragmentation of spherical hollow particles and embedding of alumina particles with aluminum. Numerical simulation of particle impacts was developed to study the densification of Al coating due to Al₂O₃ addition through elucidation of Al-Al₂O₃ interaction behavior at the scale of the coating. Al/Al and Al/Al₂O₃ interfaces were investigated using TEM to understand coating strengthening effects due to alumina addition at the scale of the particle. As a whole, Al and Al₂O₃ particle shape effects were claimed to explain coating mechanical properties, e.g., microhardness and coating–substrate bond strength. This study resulted in specifying criteria to help cold spray users in selecting powders for their applications, to meet economic and technical requirements.     

Investigation of nickel deposition onto section and central longitudinal surfaces of AA1370 aluminum electrical wire with and without a weak permanent magnetic field

In this work a special regard is given to the morphology of the nickel deposited layers, onto AA1370 aluminum section and central longitudinal surfaces, with and without a weak magnetic field oriented in parallel and perpendicular to the coated surface in modified Watt bath. The obtained results show the formation of honeycomb structure nickel deposits for samples treated with weak parallel oriented field under approximately 0.3 A/cm₂, and partial dendritic structure nickel deposit for samples treated with weak perpendicular oriented magnetic field, the perimeter deposits with and without magnetic field is different to the deposits in the remain surface. We attributed the defect of nickel deposits on the surfaces with and without magnetic field to the distribution of the intermetallics particles and we attributed the honeycomb structure to the escapement of hydrogen and oxygen.     

Aluminum matrix composites reinforced by in situ Al2O3 and Al3Zr particles fabricated via magnetochemistry reaction

Aluminum matrix composites reinforced by in situ Al₂O₃ and Al₃Zr particles are fabricated from A356-Zr(CO₃)₂ system via magnetochemistry reaction, and the morphologies, sizes and distributions of the in situ particles as well as the microstructures, mechanical mechanisms of the composites are investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM and in situ tensile tests. The results indicate that with the pulsed magnetic field assistance, the morphologies of the in situ particles are mainly with ball-shape, the sizes are in nanometer scale and the distributions in the matrix are uniform. The interfaces between the in situ particles and the aluminum matrix are net and no interfacial outgrowth is observed. These are due to the strong vibration induced by the applied magnetic field in the aluminum melt, which in turn, accelerates the melt reactions. The effects of the magnetic field on the above contributions are discussed in detail.     

Wear properties of rheo-squeeze cast aluminum matrix reinforced with nano particulates

There are many approaches to fabricate nanoparticles reinforced aluminum matrix composites. However, uniform distribution of nanoparticle within aluminum matrix remains a difficult challenge. In this study, a novel method is used by taking the advantages from squeeze casting of semi-solid aluminum slurry combined with electromagnetic field to refine the microstructure of the primary Al and eutectic Si phase, plus to obtain uniform distribution nano alumina particles in the aluminum matrix. It is noted that electromagnetic field plays an important role in the formation of non-dendritic primary α-Al particles and a great microstructure refinement occurs as a consequence of the pressure application. It can be seen that the increase in electromagnetic field causes smaller and rounder primary α-Al particles. A comparative study on abrasive wear behavior of nano Al₂O₃ reinforced aluminum metal matrix composite has been carried out in the present investigation. The mass loss of the pin was used to study the effect of Al₂O₃ addition on the wear resistance of the composite materials.     

Tribocorrosion Behavior of Aluminum/Alumina Composite Manufactured by Anodizing and ARB Processes

In the present work, tribocorrosion behavior of Al/Al₂O₃ composite strips manufactured by anodizing and accumulative roll bonding (ARB) processes was investigated. The alumina quantity was 0.48, 1.13, and 3.55 vol.% in the aluminum matrix. Tribocorrosion experiments were conducted using a ball-on-plate tribometer, where the sliding contact was fully immersed in 1 wt.% NaCl solution. The composite sample served as a working electrode and its open circuit potential (OCP) was monitored before, during, and after sliding. In order to characterize the electrochemical behavior of the surface before and after sliding electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used and wear was also measured. Furthermore, the influence of quantity and distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix on OCP and EIS was evaluated. It was found that the quantity, shape, size, and dispersion of alumina particles in the aluminum matrix strongly affected the measured tribocorrosion characteristics. The results showed that inhomogeneous, lower quantity, fine, and acicular-shape alumina particles cause serious materials loss in tribocorrosion process.     

交变磁场分离铝熔体中Fe、Si的金属间化合物

根据含Fe、Si杂质和铝熔体的导电性之间的差异．应用电磁场将其从铝熔体中分离出来。测量和分析了自制设备所产生的电磁场。将Mn加入到铝溶液中。把针状和树枝状的金属间化合物颗粒改变为块状和含角状的结晶体。并且在不同的试验条件下，利用电磁场净化预先配制好的合金。试验结果表明，变形后的杂质的分布会随着磁感应强度的改变而变化，加入Mn可以显著提高杂质颗粒的迁移效率。     

磁场与粉煤灰联合作用下TIG焊电弧行为

为了研究活性剂与高频磁场联合作用对电弧行为影响及熔深改变机理,使用粉煤灰作为活性剂对Q235钢进行A-TIG焊,并在焊接过程中施加高频纵向磁场,实现两者的联合作用.试验中对不同的涂覆量下A-TIG焊缝形貌进行分析,发现当涂覆量为0.3 mg/mm²时,熔深增加最为明显,在此涂覆量下引入1.5 kHz高频纵向磁场,熔深达到2.70 mm,为普通氩弧焊的1.8倍,但磁场频率继续增加,熔深则会出现下降趋势.采集焊接过程中电弧形貌、电流密度、电弧力及电弧温度的变化数据,分析活性剂与高频纵向磁场对TIG焊的联合作用机理,发现活性剂与磁场的联合作用能够改变外部磁场在等离子体内的分布使带电粒子受到更大的洛伦兹力,导致电弧在一定范围内进一步收缩;同时,与磁控-TIG相比,能够改善高频磁场引起的“磁抽吸”现象,使电弧热量更加集中.     

金属液在旋转电磁搅拌器作用下的流动分析

对自行研制的电磁搅拌器中金属液的电磁场和流场进行数值模拟，并进行实验验证。结果表明：在旋转磁场搅拌器作用下，金属液中除存在横截面上的旋转离心流动外，还存在着纵向的大环流，但二者速度不同，前者比后者高出一个数量级：金属液表面的磁感应强度风与电流频率成反比，与输入的电压成正比：金属液所受电磁力的最大值与磁感应强度B0的平方成正比，与频率的n次方成反比，其中1／2≤n≤3／2：n与金属液的电阻率有关，电阻率越小则n越小：对于纯铝n为1／2，对于纯锡和纯铅n为1；金属液的转速与磁感应强度R0成正比，与金属液密度的平方根成反比。     

外加磁场淬火工艺的研究现状和展望

就近年来的研究成果 ,综述了磁场淬火的研究情况。总结了磁场淬火改善材料组织结构和力学性能的原理 ,同时介绍了相变热力学和动力学方面的研究工作和外加磁场淬火的数值模拟。展望了磁场淬火工艺的应用前景。