撞击流气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布的随机模拟

根据多喷嘴对置式气化炉流场测试,将气化炉划分为若干区域,运用时间离散、状态离散的马尔可夫链随机模型,模拟了气化炉内颗粒相的停留时间分布(RTD)。当颗粒在撞击区和射流区间的回流比为0.5,向下撞击流股区和管流区为平推流模型,其他区域按全混流模型处理时,模拟值与实验值吻合较好。随着进料流量的增大,平均停留时间减小,量纲1方差减小;随着回流比的增加,平均停留时间增大;气固两相平均停留时间接近,但RTD存在一定差异。     

非等温液-液对置撞击面温度分布均匀性

对不同条件下非等温过程液-液对置撞击后形成的气液混合撞击面的温度分布均匀性进行了研究。以温度不均匀系数和撞击面温度分布作为评价标准,利用Mixture模型数值模拟撞击过程,并基于平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术进行可视化测量实验验证计算模型。通过对不同的喷嘴出口速度（v）、喷嘴对置间距（L）以及湍动能等条件下撞击面温度分布进行研究。结果表明,喷嘴直径和喷嘴对置间距一定时,增加喷嘴的出口流速,则温度不均匀系数整体呈下降趋势;喷嘴直径和喷嘴出口流速一定时,非等温液-液对置撞击后形成区域温度场分布随喷嘴间距的增加,其温度分布区间呈减小趋势。L=3D时,温度的分布区间最小,温度场分布最均匀。湍动能的分布曲线越平稳,液-液对置撞击后形成的气液混合撞击面的温度分布越均匀。     

两喷嘴对置撞击流径向射流流动特征

对喷嘴间距与喷嘴直径比为0.5～100范围内两喷嘴对置撞击流径向射流的湍流脉动特征、速度分布和扩展率等进行了实验研究和数值模拟。研究结果表明,撞击流径向射流明显较自由射流湍动强烈;从驻点开始径向射流速度逐渐增大到最大值后开始衰减,射流呈现自相似性;随着喷嘴间距增大,撞击流径向射流的扩展率呈现增大的趋势,大约为自由圆射流的1.5～3倍。采用CFD软件对撞击流径向射流的速度分布特征进行了数值模拟,与实验结果相比,两方程湍流模型预报的撞击流径向射流的扩展率明显偏小,雷诺应力模型的预报精度有较大改进。     

多喷嘴对置气化炉气体停留时间分布

采用实验测量与数值模拟相结合的方法研究多喷嘴对置气化炉的气体停留时间分布及平均停留时问.数值模拟采用Fluent软件获得气化炉内的湍流流动情况,在此基础上运用标量输运方程得到气化炉内的气体停留时间分布函数,实验采用计算机自动控制系统进行停留时间的测量.分别计算了停留时间分布函数及平均停留时间随空气流量的变化,实验与模拟的结果相互吻合.     

小间距两喷嘴对置撞击流流场的数值模拟与实验研究

运用热线风速仪和CFD软件对小喷嘴间距下两喷嘴对置撞击流时均流场进行了实验研究和数值模拟,并和文献中的实验结果和近似解析式进行了比较。研究结果表明：由于边界层存在,单股喷嘴出口速度分布为“礼帽”形状分布;在L<2D(L为喷嘴间距,D为喷嘴直径)时,喷嘴出口速度剖面出现中间低、两边高的“双峰”形状, L=2D时,“双峰”形状消失。随着喷嘴间距的增大,相同气速比导致的撞击面驻点的偏移量增大。相同气速比下,喷嘴出口为“礼帽”分布时驻点的偏移量比均匀分布时大。文献中的撞击流流场的近似解析式对喷嘴出口速度分布为均匀分布有很好的精度,当喷嘴出口速度为“礼帽”分布时,文献中近似解析式的预报精度变差。     

细颗粒进料在粗颗粒流化床中的分散与混合：Ⅰ停留时间分布

实验测定了粗颗粒流化床中细颗粒的停留时间分布，实验表明气速对ＲＴＤ影响不大，本文还提出了用两并联混釜串联－平推流的模型来描述粗颗粒床中细颗粒的停留时间，从而得到了细颗粒在密相区的停留时间与气速的关联式。模型较好地模拟了实验结果。     

多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉内火焰声学特性分析

气化炉内火焰声学信号是表征水煤浆气化炉内火焰燃烧及流动特性的重要信息。为了更好地了解气流床气化炉内撞击火焰的燃烧特性及其对气化炉的影响,在多喷嘴对置式气流床气化炉中,进行了两喷嘴撞击火焰和四喷嘴撞击火焰的变工况试验。应用统计理论和Hilbert-Huang变换对炉内火焰声学信号分别进行了时域和频域的分析。结果表明,随着燃料或氧气的增大,火焰化学反应速率加快,燃烧越来越剧烈,火焰的稳定性越来越差,其中氧气对火焰的影响大于燃料。四喷嘴工况的撞击火焰噪声的标准偏差值要大于两喷嘴,但标准偏差随工况的变化小于两喷嘴,说明四喷嘴撞击火焰燃烧剧烈但稳定。低氧燃比工况时,四喷嘴能量和频率的分布主要集中在45 Hz以下的低频段和45～100 Hz的中频段,比两喷嘴工况更集中于低频段。     

细颗粒进料在粗颗粒流化床中的分散与混合Ⅰ停留时间分布

实验测定了粗颗粒流化床中细颗粒的停留时间分布（ＲＴＤ）。实验表明气速对ＲＴＤ影响不大。本文还提出了用两并联全混釜串联一平推流的模型来描述粗颗粒床中细颗粒的停留时间，从而得到了细颗粒在密相区的停留时间与气速的关联式。模型较好地模拟了实验结果。     

二段组合式气化炉的数值模拟

二段组合式气化炉利用化学反应方式回收高温煤气中的显热,能有效地提高现有气流床气化技术的能量利用效率。文中利用Fluent中的PDF燃烧模型和多孔介质模型,对该组合式气化炉进行了数值模拟研究,模拟计算结果与实验值吻合较好,验证了模型的可行性。模拟结果表明:一段燃烧区的撞击流有效促进了热质传递,在一段喷嘴平面区域产生了强烈的回流,并且模拟得到了2股射流火焰撞击形成的"花瓣型"火焰形状;在二段固定床两侧存在压降,气流和温度在床层内的径向分布更加均匀,并且二段固定床能够影响水蒸气变换反应的进行。文中的模拟结果为二段组合式气化炉的工艺和结构设计提供参考。     

多喷嘴对置式粉煤气化炉的数值模拟

采用k-ε湍流模型对多喷嘴对置式粉煤气化中试装置进行了三维数值模拟研究。引入了多反应进程变量MSPV方法分别模拟了煤的脱挥发分、焦炭与氧气、焦炭与二氧化碳和焦炭与水蒸气的4个过程;用截断高斯分布的PDF函数表示湍流对化学反应的影响。模拟结果显示:常压下,火焰主体温度约2 500 K;除喷嘴区域外,煤中释放的气体在气化炉内分布均匀;焦炭与二氧化碳、焦炭与水蒸气的气化反应主要集中在折返流区。喷嘴高度上移0.2 m,撞击流股速度增加约50%,拱顶附近温度上升108 K。氧煤比/水蒸气煤比增大,撞击流对炉顶的冲刷力显著增加。     

Residence time distribution and modeling of the liquid phase in an impinging stream reactor

Based on some experimental investigations of liquid phase residence time distribution (RTD) in an impinging stream reactor, a two-dimensional plug-flow dispersion model for predicting the liquid phase RTD in the reactor was proposed. The calculation results of the model can be in good agreement with the experimental RTD under different operating conditions. The axial liquid dispersion coefficient increases monotonously with the increasing liquid flux, but is almost independent of gas flux. As the liquid flux and the gas flux increase, the liquid dispersion coefficient of center-to-wall decreases. The axial liquid dispersion coefficient is much larger than that of center-to-wall, which indicates that the liquid RTD is dominated mainly by axial liquid dispersion in the impinging stream reactor.     

Residence time distribution and modeling of the liquid phase in an impinging stream reactor

Based on some experimental investigations of liquid phase residence time distribution (RTD) in an impinging stream reactor, a two-dimensional plug-flow dispersion model for predicting the liquid phase RTD in the reactor was proposed. The calculation results of the model can be in good agreement with the experimental RTD under different operating conditions. The axial liquid dispersion coefficient increases monotonously with the increasing liquid flux, but is almost independent of gas flux. As the liquid flux and the gas flux increase, the liquid dispersion coefficient of center-to-wall decreases. The axial liquid dispersion coefficient is much larger than that of center-to-wall, which indicates that the liquid RTD is dominated mainly by axial liquid dispersion in the impinging stream reactor.     

Experimental Study on a Co-current Gas–Liquid Down Flow Contactor with Gas Entrainment by a Liquid Jet

Two-phase flow co-current vertical downflow reactor with gas entrainment by a liquid jet is investigated in an air–water system. Experiments are carried out in order to clarify the flow behavior of the reactor under various conditions. Gas entrainment flow rates and gas holdup are quantified experimentally and their dependency on the liquid jet flow rates are shown. The experimental program also included determination of liquid phase residence time distribution (RTD) characteristics for different liquid jet flow rates. The result of the analysis of the liquid phase RTD curves justified the tank-in-series model flow for the liquid phase. On the basis of these analyses, the reactor hydrodynamics are modeled by the tank-in-series model including dead zones. Good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental results assuming the reactor is operating as perfectly mixed. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient k_La_Lis determined experimentally by a “gasing out” method. The interfacial area is deduced from the bubble diameter measurements which are determined by visualization experiments.     

Influence of Pressure on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Parameters of an Agitated Bubble Reactor

The present study deals with the pressure effects on the hydrodynamic flow and mass transfer within an agitated bubble reactor operated at pressures between 10⁵ and 100 × 10⁵ Pa. In order to clarify the flow behavior within the reactor, liquid phase residence time distributions (RTD) for different operating pressures and gas velocities ranging between 0.005 m/s and 0.03 m/s are determined experimentally by the tracer method for which a KCl solution is used as a tracer. The result of the analysis of the liquid‐phase RTD curves justifies the tank‐in‐series model flow for the operating pressure range. Good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental results assuming the reactor is operating as perfectly mixed. Two parameters characterizing the mass transfer are identified and investigated in respect to pressure: the gas‐liquid interfacial area and volumetric liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient. The chemical absorption method is used. For a given gas mass flow rate, the interfacial area as well as the volumetric liquid mass transfer coefficient decrease with increasing operating pressure. However, for a given pressure, a and k_La increase with increasing gas mass flow rates. The mass transfer coefficient k_L is independent of pressure.     

卧式矩形环流反应器中气含率和液相流动研究

针对矩形卧式多级串联环流反应器，在改变结构和气速的情况下，对全系统的气含率、上流区和下流区的气含率、液相循环速度、液相返混等进行了实验考察，并利用漂流模型，最小能耗原理等进行了模拟计算。     

Axial gas phase dispersion in a molten salt oxidation reactor

Gas phase axial dispersion characteristics were determined in a molten salt oxidation reactor (air-molten sodium carbonate salt two phase system). The effects of the gas velocity (0.05–0.22 m/s) and molten salt bed temperature (870–970 °C) on the gas phase axial dispersion coefficient were studied. The amount of axial gas-phase dispersion was experimentally evaluated by means of residence time distribution (RTD) experiments using an inert gas tracer (CO). The experimentally determined RTD curves were interpreted by using the axial dispersions model, which proved to be a suitable means of describing the axial mixing in the gas phase. The results indicated that the axial dispersion coefficients exhibited an asymptotic value with increasing gas velocity due to the plug-flow like behavior in the higher gas velocity. Temperature had positive effects on the gas phase dispersion. The effect of the temperature on the dispersion intensity was interpreted in terms of the liquid circulation velocity using the drift-flux model.     

微型流化床反应器液相冷态进样停留时间分布模拟与实验

为了得出气、液相流量变化对微型流化床反应器液相停留时间的影响规律,借助Fluent软件对反应器内部流场进行数值模拟,得到其速度、压力分布特性和反应器出口液相浓度的变化曲线。采用示踪剂侧面脉冲进样法,实验测定了反应器中液相的停留时间分布。结果表明,气相流量和液相流量均对液相停留时间有明显的影响,气、液相流量为4¹0L/h时,液相平均停留时间可以控制在1.1110L/h时,液相平均停留时间可以控制在1.11¹.89s;气、液相流量的增加均会导致液相停留时间的减少,但气相流量对停留时间的影响要大于液相流量对液相停留时间的影响。数值模拟与实验数据对比分析发现二者结果吻合良好,模型可用。     

对撞流反应器甲醇合成实验研究

液相法甲醇合成由于有惰性液体介质的存在,气液相间传质对反应起到了一定的阻碍作用,对撞流反应器使用喷嘴将催化剂浆料雾化从而强化了气液相间传质。文中在对撞流反应器内对甲醇合成温度、合成气比例、气流量、浆料循环量以及喷嘴个数进行了考察,结果表明,温度控制在230℃左右操作比较适宜,二氧化碳参与反应对甲醇合成较为有利,合成气流量在22.4 L/min以后时空产率几乎不再增加,增加浆料循环量和采用对置式二喷嘴或四喷嘴比单喷嘴时空产率和出口甲醇体积分数都有所增加。由结果可知,利用喷嘴雾化和液体对撞可以显著地增强气液传质从而达到增加液相甲醇合成时空产率的目的。     

Hydrodynamics and liquid phase residence time distribution in mesh microreactor

This paper is focused on the experimental analysis of residence time distribution and phase hold-up in a mesh microreactor. A microreactor, where a finely weaved mesh is sandwiched between two flat plates with specific inlets for gas and liquid, is proposed. The microvolumes formed upon sandwiching the mesh are totally connected and thus it yields a view of several interconnected microvolumes. This system is easy to build and does not need precision micromachining. A high-speed photographic analysis yielded the phase distribution for different mesh types over a wide range of operating gas and liquid flow rates. The RTD was studied by measuring the liquid phase conductivity at the outlet of the reactor. Channeling prevailed for mesh with smaller open area. The ADEM was used for fitting the tracer curves with tailing ends. The RTD and the image analysis for all the mesh types showed hysteresis when the gas flow rate was maintained constant and the liquid flow rate was gradually increased and then decreased.     

液固搅拌槽中固、液相停留时间分布

本文以海沙和自来水为介质研究了在标准搅拌槽内影响固液两相停留时间分布的主要因素,以便比较两相之间的差异,并利用双区模型描述出口流体中固体和液体的停留时间分布。对所建立模型中的参数进行估值后,建立了模型参数与搅拌雷诺数、固体颗粒浓度及搅拌槽几何参数之间的关联式。