钢筋混凝土构件锈蚀开裂与锈胀力分析

为合理确定锈胀力大小及其变化规律,研究混凝土保护层在锈胀作用下的开裂过程,提高混凝土结构使用寿命. 在考虑混凝土材料受拉软化和损伤效应的基础上,通过改变保护层厚度、钢筋直径、混凝土强度等参数,对钢筋锈胀引起的混凝土开裂过程、锈胀力分布和变化过程进行了有限元模拟和分析. 结果表明:均匀锈蚀下钢筋圆周上各处锈胀力分布并不均匀,明显受到内部裂缝的影响;锈胀力在裂缝贯通前达到峰值,之后快速下降最终保持稳定;保护层厚度c和钢筋直径d对锈胀的影响为线性关系,且统一用c/d值表征这两个参数是合理的,c/d值越大保护层完全开裂时的锈胀力和锈蚀率也越大,即延缓了保护层开裂. 基于锈胀力与c/d值的变化关系提出了最大锈胀力公式,并通过试验数据比对验证了最大锈胀力公式的有效性与精度.      

钢筋混凝土结构开裂时刻的钢筋锈胀力模型

用快速锈蚀实验的方法研究了混凝土试件在出现顺筋裂缝时刻的钢筋锈蚀率与钢筋直径、混凝土等级与保护层厚度之间的定量关系,并通过有限元分析计算得到了锈胀裂缝扩展到保护层表面时的钢胀力,提出了混凝土保护层胀裂时刻的钢筋锈胀力的力学模型,这将对钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性分析与设计是大有裨益的。     

砂浆内钢筋锈胀应力监测与数值模拟研究

钢筋锈蚀是导致海洋混凝土结构失效破坏的最主要原因,探明钢筋锈胀应力发展及其诱导混凝土开裂的过程对于钢筋混凝土服役寿命预测有重要意义。采用内掺盐与恒电位加速砂浆内钢筋锈蚀,通过砂浆外不锈钢圆环环贴应变片实现钢筋锈蚀过程的应变监测,并计算锈胀应力,利用COMSOL软件分析混凝土中钢筋锈胀应力发展及混凝土锈胀开裂历程。结果表明：利用有限元与钢筋锈胀时变径向位移加载,实现钢筋混凝土锈胀开裂过程的模拟,模拟结果与试验结果基本一致;不考虑砂浆、钢筋的非均匀性及锈蚀产物对开裂砂浆的充填效应,模拟结果不能真实反映锈胀应力的波动性及锈胀应力释放与缓慢增加的过程;提高砂浆强度、减小钢筋直径可以有效延缓钢筋锈胀导致混凝土开裂的时间。     

钢筋非均匀锈蚀引发的混凝土保护层开裂细观数值研究

混凝土保护层锈裂严重影响钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性。为了研究混凝土保护层的锈裂行为,考虑到混凝土细观结构的非均质性以及钢筋锈蚀的非均匀性,将完好混凝土视为由骨料、砂浆和界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,建立了细观随机骨料模型。在模型中,钢筋的非均匀锈蚀行为以施加非均匀径向位移的方式模拟,骨料的力学行为假定为弹性,砂浆和界面过渡区的力学特性采用塑性损伤模型来描述。在此基础上进行了中部钢筋非均匀锈蚀引发的混凝土保护层开裂行为的细观数值模拟;分析结果与已有文献中的试验结果吻合良好。另外,对比了均质模型和非均质模型中钢筋均匀锈蚀和非均匀锈蚀导致的保护层开裂模式;并探讨分析了保护层厚度和钢筋直径对保护层开裂模式、钢筋锈胀压力及保护层开裂时钢筋锈蚀率的影响。     

钢筋混凝土梁中锈蚀钢筋粘结性能的试验研究

采用梁式粘结试件研究了钢筋锈蚀对钢筋与混凝土之间粘结性能的影响.通过干湿交替来模拟海洋环境的潮汐和浪溅区,对钢筋施加外部直流电加速钢筋腐蚀,从极限粘结强度、自由端滑移、锈胀开裂前后的破坏形态以及锈胀裂缝对粘结强度的影响等方面研究了锈蚀钢筋与混凝土的粘结特性.结果表明,当腐蚀水平低时,钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结有一定程度的提高,极限粘结强度增加,而在极限粘结强度时的滑移随腐蚀程度增加而降低;锈胀开裂后,随着腐蚀水平的增加,钢筋与混凝土的粘结逐渐退化,粘结强度减小,破坏脆性特征明显.     

非均匀锈蚀钢筋-混凝土黏结性能试验

为探究非均匀锈蚀对钢筋与混凝土黏结性能的劣化规律,浇筑了8榀钢筋混凝土梁试件,首先通过外加电流引入钢筋锈蚀;钢筋达到设计质量损失率后停止通电,记录混凝土表面锈胀裂缝开展情况;然后对梁试件施加三点弯曲荷载以测试其黏结性能;最后梁试件黏结破坏后,将黏结区锈蚀钢筋取出进行三维扫描测试。试验结果表明:钢筋锈蚀产物体积膨胀引起混凝土保护层产生沿纵向受拉钢筋轴线方向的锈胀裂缝,且混凝土表面最大锈胀裂缝宽度与钢筋质量损失率呈对数关系;锈蚀钢筋表面存在锈坑,随着钢筋质量损失率增加到10.3%,锈坑总长度、总宽度和总深度分别显著增加了68.27、40.21、9.98 mm,即锈坑总长度随钢筋质量损失率的增加变化最为显著。基于试验结果,建立了考虑非均匀锈蚀影响的钢筋与混凝土相对黏结强度退化模型以及质量损失率与混凝土表面最大锈胀裂缝宽度的相关关系模型;并据此提出了基于混凝土表面最大锈胀裂缝宽度的相对黏结强度计算模型,且验证了模型的有效性。     

钢筋混凝土锈胀开裂临界锈蚀率模型研究

基于弹塑性理论，在考虑了钢筋直径、保护层厚度、钢筋间距、混凝土材料性能的基础上，提出钢筋的锈胀填充膨胀率参数，建立了钢筋混凝土保护层锈胀开裂的临界锈蚀率模型，并研究了各因素对模型影响的敏感性。所建模型通过试验数据得到了验证，钢筋的锈胀填充膨胀率n=1．2。     

混凝土锈胀时刻钢筋锈蚀率的数值分析方法

基于通用有限元大型程序建立非线性有限元模型,对混凝土构件受钢筋锈胀力作用的情况进行模拟,并在此基础上提出了基于有限元数值分析的混凝土锈胀时刻钢筋锈蚀率的计算方法.对受均匀钢筋锈胀力的混凝土构件进行了数值分析计算,包括混凝土构件角部钢筋锈蚀和中部钢筋锈蚀的情况;基于已有的非均匀钢筋锈蚀模型,对于工程实际情况中更为常见的非均匀钢筋锈胀情况,进行混凝土构件角部和中部钢筋锈蚀的数值模拟;在以往钢筋锈蚀分布情况理论分析结果的基础上,结合锈胀力数值分析的结果,提出了混凝土保护层胀裂时刻非均匀钢筋锈蚀率的计算方法,并给出了计算实例,说明该方法在混凝土结构环境条件和侵蚀状况已知的情况下,可估算混凝土保护层胀裂时刻的钢筋锈蚀率.     

混凝土保护层锈胀开裂时间的预测方法

钢筋锈蚀引起的混凝土保护层锈胀开裂时间是工程技术人员对钢筋混凝土结构进行维修加固决策的关键.为合理准确的预测混凝土保护层锈胀开裂时间,采用厚壁筒理论,假设圆筒内壁钢筋表面位置处存在2条初始径向裂纹,混凝土裂缝尖端的应力强度因子为钢筋与混凝土接触面完全光滑和理想粘结2种情况下应力强度因子的线性组合,通过断裂韧度与最大荷载的关系建立了考虑混凝土结构初始缺陷和微裂缝的临界锈胀力预测模型,进而提出了一种同时考虑界面间隙和钢筋锈损厚度混凝土保护层锈胀开裂时间的预测方法,并对方法的有效性进行了初步验证.该方法的显著特点在于,通过确定实验常数α,既适用于光圆钢筋又适用于变形钢筋情况下的混凝土耐久寿命预测.     

混凝土中最大锈胀力评估的概率方法

提出了混凝土中最大锈胀力评估的概率方法.基于混凝土保护层开裂数值分析和蒙特卡罗算法,确定了获得最大锈胀力稳定模拟结果的最小模拟次数,并给出了与各随机参数相对应的最大锈胀力的均值和变异系数.基于数值模拟结果,证实了当每个参数服从正态分布时,最大锈胀力也是一个正态分布的随机变量.最后,定量评价了保护层厚度、混凝土抗拉强度和钢筋直径的均值和变异系数对最大锈胀力的影响,发现最大锈胀力的均值随着保护层厚度和混凝土抗拉强度的增大而增大,但随着钢筋直径的增大而减小.     

Introducing aggregate into grouting material and its influence on load transfer of the rock bolting system

A fully grouted bolt provides greater shear load capacity for transmitting the load from the rock to the bolt, and vice versa. When grout fills irregularities between the bolt and the rock, a keying effect is created to transfer the load to the bolt via shear resistance at the interface and within the grout. Previous research has revealed that the mechanical properties of the grout had a great impact on the load transfer capacity of the rock bolting system. This paper presents a method to enhance the rock bolting strength by introducing metal granules into the grouting material. Experimental results suggest that both the average peak load of pullout tests and the total energy absorption of the system will increase if some metal granules are mixed into the resin.     

Parametric study on the axial performance of a fully grouted cable bolt with a new pull-out test

Modified cable bolts are commonly used in underground mines due to their superior performance in preventing bed separation when compared with plain strands. To better test the axial performance of a wide range of cable bolts,a new laboratory short encapsulation pull test(LSEPT) facility was developed. The facility simulates the interaction between cable bolts and surrounding rock mass,using artificial rock cylinders with a diameter of 300 mm in which the cable bolt is grouted. Furthermore,the joint where the load is applied is left unconstrained to allow shear slippage at the cable/grout or grout/rock interface.Based on this apparatus,a series of pull tests were undertaken using the MW9 modified bulb cable bolt.Various parameters including embedment length,test material strength and borehole size were evaluated. It was found that within a limited range of 360 mm,there is a linear relationship between the maximum bearing capacity of the cable bolt and embedment length. Beyond 360 mm,the peak capacity continues to rise but with a much lower slope. When the MW9 cable bolt was grouted in a weak test material,failure always took place along the grout/rock interface. Interestingly,increasing the borehole diameter from 42 to 52 m in weak test material altered the failure mode from grout/rock interface to cable/grout interface and improved the performance in terms of both peak and residual capacity.     

A new analytical solution for calculation the displacement and shear stress of fully grouted rock bolts and numerical verifications

In presence of difficult conditions in coal mining roadways, an adequate stabilization of the excavation boundary is required to ensure a safe progress of the construction. The stabilization of the roadways can be improved by fully grouted rock bolt, offering properties optimal to the purpose and versatility in use. Investigations of load transfer between the bolt and grout indicate that the bolt profile shape and spacing play an important role in improving the shear strength between the bolt and the surrounding strata. This study proposes a new analytical solution for calculation displacement and shear stress in a fully encapsulated rock bolt in jointed rocks. The main characteristics of the analytical solution consider the bolt profile and jump plane under pull test conditions. The performance of the proposed analytical solution, for three types of different bolt profile configurations, is validated by ANSYS software. The results show there is a good agreement between analytical and numerical methods. Studies indicate that the rate of displacement and shear stress from the bolt to the rock exponentially decayed. This exponential reduction in displacement and shear stress are dependent on the bolt characteristics such as: rib height, rib spacing, rib width and grout thickness, material and joint properties.     

Experimental and numerical studies on progressive debonding of grouted rock boltsOA

Understanding the mechanism of progressive debonding of bolts is of great significance for underground safety. In this paper, both laboratory experiment and numerical simulation of the pull-out tests were performed. The experimental pull-out test specimens were prepared using cement mortar material, and a relationship between the pull-out strength of the bolt and the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of cement mortar material specimen was established. The locations of crack developed in the pul...     

A local homogenization approach for simulating the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt in deep underground openings

Fully grouted bolts are a key component of the support system for underground openings. Although considerable effort has been made in the simulation of the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolts on the rock masses surrounding underground openings, most of the work has limited significance since the structural element approach is used. This study proposes a local homogenization approach (L-H approach) that integrates elastoplastic mechanics, composite mechanics, and analytical approaches with numerical simulation to effectively simulate the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on deep surrounding rock masses. In the L-H approach, the representative volume of bolted rock mass (RVBRM) with a fully grouted bolt is established based on the original mesh model utilized in the rockbolt element approach. The RVBRM is a regular quadrangular prism with a cross-sectional size equal to the bolt spacing and a length equal to the bolt length. The RVBRM is homogenized by the L-H approach from a unidirectional bolt-reinforced composite into a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium whose mechanical properties are described by a new transversely isotropic elastoplastic model. The L-H parameters for the RVBRM are obtained using analytical approaches, composite mechanics, and known parameters of the rock mass and bolt. Using the L-H approach, the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on the bolted rock specimen and the surrounding rock mass in Jinping II Diversion Tunnel #2 with a depth greater than 2000 m is simulated. The results show that the predictions of the L-H approach are more in agreement with the physical model results of bolted rock specimen and provide a more realistic response of the bolted surrounding rock mass. The L-H approach demonstrates that fully grouted bolts with common bolt spacings and diameters substantially enhance the elastic modulus, shear strength, and tensile strength of the rock mass in the direction of the bolt axis.     

弹性拉拔中锚杆轴力和剪力分布力学计算

通过构建平面和三维力学模型,推导了弹性状态下沿杆长方向轴力和黏结剪应力的分布函数,提出了锚杆剪应力衰减系数的概念,并给出了力学算式;对比分析了围岩为砂岩和煤体时,水泥锚固和树脂锚固两种情况下,锚杆轴力和剪力的衰减特征.结果表明：软岩锚固中轴力和剪力为全长分布型,硬岩0.8-1.0m左右即衰减为拉拔力的5%,黏结剪应力的主要作用范围为0-0.5m,在0.4-0.5m处衰减为0.06MPa左右.     

A study of the load transfer behavior of fully grouted rock bolts with analytical modelling

Fully grouted rock bolts have been used in mining industry for many years. Much research has been conducted to evaluate the load transfer behavior of fully grouted rock bolts with experimental programs.However, compared with that, less work has been conducted with analytical modelling. Therefore, in this paper, the authors used an analytical model to study the load transfer behavior of fully grouted rock bolts.To confirm the credibility of this analytical model, an in-situ pull-out test was used to validate this model.There was a close match between the experimental result and the analytical result. Following it, a parametric study was conducted with this analytical model. The influence of coefficients, Young's modulus of the rock bolt and the diameter of the rock bolt on the load transfer performance of rock bolts was studied.Furthermore, the load distribution along the fully grouted rock bolt was analytically studied. The results show that the axial load in the rock bolt decayed from the loaded end to the free end independent of the pull-out load. However, the trend of the load distribution curve was influenced by the pull-out load. This paper was beneficial for better understanding the load transfer mechanism of fully grouted rock bolts.     

灌浆方钢管压陷极限承载力试验

针对目前灌浆弦杆压陷极限承载力公式没有考虑弦杆轴力对节点压陷承载力的影响的不足,对15个灌浆方钢管进行了压陷承载力试验,考察了支杆与弦杆边长比、弦杆所受轴力的性质与大小等参数对灌浆方钢管压陷承载力的影响。计算机仿真试验除考察了模型试验所考察的参数之外,还考察了弦杆壁厚、水泥石强度、钢材强度等参数对灌浆方钢管压陷承载力的影响。在模型试验和仿真试验的基础上,分析了灌浆方钢管压陷机理,建立了灌浆方钢管压陷极限承载力计算公式,为推广内置钢桁架-混凝土组合梁提供了依据。     

基于分段式模型考虑界面损伤的GFRP锚杆-砂浆粘结性能数值模拟

通过编写Vumat子程序定义玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)锚杆材料参数,并考虑GFRP锚杆与砂浆界面的不均匀及损伤特性进行正交各向异性建模,借助ABAQUS有限元软件对GFRP锚杆与砂浆界面的粘结滑移特性进行分段模拟,探究GFRP锚杆轴力、界面剪应力分布形态,进而对不同直径GFRP锚杆-砂浆界面力学特性进行分析.研究结果...     

Stress evolution and support mechanism of a bolt anchored in a rock mass with a weak interlayer

By applying experimental method, the bolt stress and supporting mechanism is studied during the deformation process of a rock mass containing a weak interlayer. The force measuring bolt is installed manually and instrumented five pairs of symmetrical strain gauges. The experimental results show that the fully grouted bolt suffers tensile, compressive, bending and shear stress at the same time. The bolt stress evolution is closely related to the deformation stages of the rock mass which are very gradually varying stage, gradually varying stage at the pre-peak and suddenly varying stage at the post peak stage.The axial compressive stress in the bolt is mainly induced by the moment. Thus, in most cases the axial compressive stress is distributed on one side of the bolt. For axial stresses, induced by the axial force and the bending moment at the post-peak stage, three types of changing are observed, viz. increasingincreasing type, decreasing-increasing type and increasing-decreasing type. The stress characteristics of the bolt section in the weak interlayer are significantly different from those in the hard rock. The failure models of the anchored bolt are tensile failure and shear failure, respectively. The bolt not only provides constraints on the free surface of the rock mass, but also resists the axial and lateral loading by the bending moment. This study provides valuable guidelines for bolting support design and its safety assessment.