Deemphasizing low frequency defects in GTD analysis of pulsed signal scattering by a perfectly conducting flat strip

Geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) based wavefront, resonance and hybrid formulations of transient scattering by targets, while adequate to generate resonance frequencies, yield incorrect late time scattered fields because of the early time (high-frequency) nature of GTD asymptotics. Thus, impulsive signals are improperly treated in this manner. However, for signals with low frequency cutoff, deemphasizing the low frequency range may eliminate the troublesome portions of the GTD algorithm. This is confirmed here for plane wave scattering by a perfectly conducting flat strip when the exciting pulse has a raised cosine shape. The solution is now stabilized and compares very well with an exact solution obtained by eigenfunction expansion. This suggests that the GTD method can be employed with confidence for transient scattering responses for a class of input pulses with sufficiently weak low frequency content.     

Wavefronts and resonances for analysis of transient scattering

Wavefronts returning from a scatterer illuminated by an incident transient field convey aspect dependent information about local features of the target. Having high frequency content, they furnish information on structural detail as long as they can be individually resolved, i.e., at early arrival times. At later times, where low frequencies predominate, resonances are formed by collective superposition of wavefronts that have made multiple traversais of the scatterer. These complex resonances are aspect independent, encompass the target as a whole and thereby convey global information. Due to these features, algorithms based on wavefronts alone or on resonances alone are inadequate to cope effectively with late time and early time phenomena, respectively. A hybrid scheme that combines relevant wavefronts and resonances selfconsistently within a single framework can optimize analysis of the scattered field for all observation times. Results for transient scattering by a canonical strip target demonstrate the various physical mechanisms that synthesize the response, and confirm by numerical comparisons the validity of the observations concerning the respective role of wavefronts and resonances.     

Modified GTD for generating complex resonances for flat strips and disks

The complex resonance frequencies of a scatterer are important elements in target classification and identification. In the singularity expansion method (SEM), the resonances are defined by a homogeneous integral equation whose numerical solution is feasible in the low, but not in the high, frequency range. At high frequencies, the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) provides an attractive numerical alternative and, furthermore, incorporates an interpretation of the resonance generation process in terms of multiple wavefront (ray) traversals. Except for extremely simple scatterer configurations, the (damped) complex resonances are known to occupy an entire half of the complex frequency plane. Dominant and higher order creeping wave GTD applied to cylinders and spheres does indeed yield resonances arranged along a sequence of "layers" in that entire half-plane, but multiple edge diffracted GTD applied to flat strips and disks furnishes only a single (dominant) layer. By drawing analogies with higher order creeping waves on a smooth object, the conventional edge diffracted GTD field is here augmented by higher order ray fields undergoing higher order "slope diffraction." Each of these higher order ray fields can be made to satisfy its own resonance equation, which is now found to provide the missing layers, with remarkably accurate values for the resonances when compared, where available, with those calculated numerically by the moment and T-matrix methods. The success of higher order ray diffraction in predicting the complex resonance structure suggests that this mechanism may play a corrective role also in other edge dominated scattering phenomena.     

A wavefront interpretation of the singularity expansion method

The singularity expansion method (SEM) represents transient scattering by superposition of damped oscillatory fields corresponding to the complex resonant frequencies of the scatterer. The series of these global wave fields, which encompass the scattering object as a whole, is slowly convergent at early observation times and even deficient at very early times when portions of the object are as yet unexcited. Thus, the resonance series representation must generally be augmented by an entire function in the complex frequency domain. The choice of the entire function is relatively arbitrary but affects the excitation coefficients, called coupling coefficients, of individual resonances and also the "turn-on" and "switch-on" times of the SEM series. Moreover, it contains essential (intrinsic) and nonessential (removable) portions which have been subjected to various interpretations. By formulating the transient problem in terms of traveling (progressing) incident, reflected and diffracted wavefronts, these constructs in the SEM can be interpreted in a precise and physical manner. Furthermore, the analysis clarifies the evolution of resonances as collective summations of multiple wavefront fields which are caused by successive reflections or diffractions at the surfaces and scattering centers comprising the object. By combining wavefronts and resonances self-consistently, one may construct a hybrid field that avoids the difficulties at early times in the SEM formulation. The systematic exploration of the interplay between wavefronts and resonances is facilitated through use of a flow diagram, as introduced in system theory. These concepts are developed in broad generality and are illustrated for two-dimensional scattering by various special configurations.     

Computer codes for EMP interaction and coupling

The properties of a number of digital computer codes appropriate for various classes of external coupling problems are described. Limitations and approximations of numerical methods in general are reviewed. Thin-wire codes are tabulated to indicate their basic properties, special features, and structures analyzed, including grid models of surfaces and wire stick models of aircraft. Surface codes are tabulated for bodies of revolution, arbitrary surfaces and hybrid surface-wire or surface-aperture configurations in or below the "resonance" regime, and GTD codes for higher frequencies. Various aperture codes for studying apertures in planes, in empty bodies, or with a wire pickup behind the aperture ate summarized and tabulated. Some codes for long cables above or below the earth are reviewed. Conclusions warn against imprudent use of computer codes in general.     

A surface wave interpretation for the resonances of a dielectric sphere

The calculated radar and bistatic cross sections of dielectric spheres exhibit numerous resonances when plotted versus frequency. These resonances may be related to the excitation of electromagnetic eigenvibrations of the sphere, with resonance frequencies calculable from a characteristic equation. It is shown that the resonances may be viewed as originating from families of circumferential (surface, or creeping) waves that are generated during the scattering process; at each eigenfrequency of the sphere, one of these surface waves matches phases after its repeated circumnavigations around the sphere, with the ensuing resonant reinforcement leading to the given scattering resonance. This mechanism explains the existence of electromagnetic eigenvibrations of a general smooth dielectric object; for the case of a sphere, it is shown that the surface waves suffer a phase jump ofpi/2at each of their two convergence points. We calculated numerical values of the eigenfrequencies of dielectric spheres, and obtain dispersion curves for the phase velocities of the surface waves.     

GTD模型在目标谐振区散射机理建模中的适用性分析

为了弄清光学区目标散射模型GTD模型在目标谐振区散射机理分析中的适用性,该文提出了一种基于匹配追踪的GTD参数提取新算法。在此基础上,利用该算法和Li 的最小二乘拟合方法,分别使用GTD模型,Altes模型以及扩展了的Altes模型对导体球体谐振区理论散射场和实测有限长柱体的超宽带散射场进行了分析,并通过对提取的散射类型参数与拟合结果的对比分析给出了几点有意义的结论。     

High-frequency multiple diffraction by a flat strip: Higher order asymptotics

By including correction terms in inverse powers of the wavenumberk, one may hope to extend the range of applicability of multiple edge diffracted geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) to lower frequencies, and also to extend thereby the range of validity of the corresponding time domain solutions. The correction can be applied to each of the surface rays in the hierarchy that has been proposed by us recently as a model for multiple interaction between parallel edges separated by a plane surface segment on a two-dimensional perfectly conducting scatterer. The surface rays, which were found to explain the structure of the complex resonances in transient scattering, are excited for each interaction by equivalent line sources, dipole line sources, and their derivatives, with strengths determined from the asymptotic expansion of the edge diffracted field. This procedure is applied in detail toE- andH- polarized plane wave scattering by a perfectly conducting flat strip, up to quadruple diffraction, including consistentO(k^{-2})corrections with respect to the dominant term. The procedure is applied also to generate corrected multiple diffracted individual surface ray fields, which lead to an improved equation for the complex resonances in the "layer" synthesized in the complex frequency plane by a surface ray of a particular order. Inclusion of the low frequency corrections reduces further the already small discrepancy between the ray optically calculated low frequency resonances and those computed numerically by the moment method.     

The resonant terahertz response of a slot diode with a two-dimensional electron channel

The terahertz response of a slot diode with a two-dimensional electron channel is calculated on the basis of the first principles of electromagnetism. It is shown that all characteristic electromagnetic lengths (scattering, absorption, and extinction lengths), as well as the impedance of the diode, exhibit resonances at plasmon excitation frequencies in the channel. The fundamental resonance behaves similarly to the current resonance in an RLC circuit. It has been concluded that, even at room temperature, a slot diode with a two-dimensional electron channel provides a resonant circuit at terahertz frequencies that couples effectively to external electromagnetic radiation with a loaded Q-factor exceeding unity. The diode resistance may be measured from contactless measurements of the characteristic electromagnetic lengths of the diode.     

Plasmon Resonances in a Glass Nanowire Covered with a Silver Layer of Variable Thickness

A two-dimensional problem of diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by a silver shell with the boundaries formed by a circular and an elliptical cylinders is considered. The far fields and the scattering spectra are calculated by rigorous methods in the visible band. The dipole and quadrupole resonance frequencies for thin shells are determined in the quasi-static approximation. It is shown that the quadrupole resonances are degenerate and the dipole resonances are “split”; at the dip frequency, the scattered field can be directed perpendicularly to the direction of propagation of the incident plane wave.     

Generalized system function analysis of exterior and interior resonances of antenna and scattering problems

The generalized system function H(s), directly associated with radiated and scattered fields, is presented to effectively analyze the exterior and interior resonances of antenna and scattering systems in this paper. H(s) is constructed by using the model-based parameter estimation technique combined with the complex frequency theory. The behaviors of the exterior and interior resonances can be distinguished by analyzing the characteristics of pole-zero of H(s) in a finite operational frequency band. The intensity of the exterior resonance can be effectively estimated in terms of Q values and residues at the complex resonant frequencies. The truly scattered fields from a closed conducting region can be obtained by eliminating the poles corresponding to the interior resonances from H(s). Some examples of the practical antenna arrays and scattering systems are given to illustrate the application and validity of the proposed approach in this paper.     

Effect of shadowing on electromagnetic scattering from rough oceanwavelike surfaces at small grazing angles

A hybrid moment-method/geometrical-theory-of-diffraction technique (MM/GTD) has been implemented to numerically calculate the electromagnetic scattering from one-dimensionally rough surfaces at extreme illumination angles (down to 0° grazing). The hybrid approach allows the extension of the modeled scattering surface to infinity, avoiding the artificial edge diffraction that prevents use of the standard moment method at the smallest grazing angles, Numerical calculation of the backscattering from slightly rough large-scale surfaces approximating ocean wave features shows that roughness in strongly shadowed regions can contribute significantly to the total backscatter at vertical polarization. This is observed when the shadowing obstacle is several wavelengths high, and the magnitude of the shadow-region contribution does not depend on the radius-of-curvature of the shadowing feature. Strongly shadowed roughness does not significantly contribute to the backscatter at horizontal polarization, although weakly shadowed roughness near the incidence shadow boundary does. The calculations indicate that a shadowing-corrected two-scale model may be able to predict the distributed-surface portion of the sea-surface scattering from the ocean surface at grazing angles down to about 15°, but at lower grazing the shadowing and large-scale curvature of the surface prevent the establishment of a Bragg resonance and invalidate the model     

A hybrid technique for combining the moment method treatment of wire antennas with the GTD for curved surfaces

This hybrid technique is a method for solving electromagnetic problems in which an antenna is located near a conducting body. The technique accomplishes this by casting the antenna structure in a moment method (MM) format, then modifying that format to account for the effects of the conducting body via the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). The technique extends the moment method to handle problems that cannot be solved by GTD or the moment method alone. Wire antennas are analyzed to find their input impedance when they are located near perfectly conducting circular cylinders, although the methods used are not restricted to circular cylinders. Three orthogonal orientations are identified, and antennas to match them are analyzed. For each case, the hybrid solution is checked with one of three independent solutions: an MM-eigenfunction solution, image theory, or experimental measurement. In almost all cases, excellent agreement is obtained due in large part to the fact that the moment method near fields are, for the first time, cast into a ray optical form.     

Estimation of Q-factors and resonant frequencies

We estimate the quality factor Q and resonant frequency f/sub 0/ of a microwave cavity based on observations of a resonance curve on an equally spaced frequency grid. The observed resonance curve is the squared magnitude of an observed complex scattering parameter. We characterize the variance of the additive noise in the observed resonance curve parametrically. Based on this noise characterization, we estimate Q and f/sub 0/ and other associated model parameters using the method of weighted least squares (WLS). Based on asymptotic statistical theory, we also estimate the one-sigma uncertainty of Q and f/sub 0/. In a simulation study, the WLS method outperforms the 3-dB method and the Estin method. For the case of measured resonances, we show that the WLS method yields the most precise estimates for the resonant frequency and quality factor, especially for resonances that are undercoupled. Given that the resonance curve is sampled at a fixed number of equally spaced frequencies in the neighborhood of the resonant frequency, we determine the optimal frequency spacing in order to minimize the asymptotic standard deviation of the estimate of either Q or f/sub 0/.     

任意多次散射机理的GTD散射中心模型频率依赖因子表达

几何绕射理论(GTD)模型是一种重要的散射中心模型,能准确描述雷达目标主要散射机理的频率依赖行为,但目前在频率依赖因子与散射机理类型之间尚未建立明确、一般的数学关系.该文从射线理论出发,结合几何光学(GO),GTD,物理绕射理论(PTD)和驻相法(SPM)等方法,推导了理想电导体(PEC)目标任意多次散射机理的频率依赖...     

Low-grazing scattering from breaking water waves using an impedanceboundary MM/GTD approach

The radar backscattering from water waves of various degrees of breaking Is numerically examined. A hybrid moment method geometrical theory of diffraction (MM/GTD) technique previously used for small-grazing scattering from perfectly conducting surfaces is reformulated using impedance boundary conditions, allowing the treatment of large (but finite) conductivity scattering media such as sea water. This hybrid MM/GTD approach avoids the artificial edge effects that limit the standard moment method when applied to rough surfaces, allowing the calculation of the scattering at arbitrarily small grazing angles. Sample surfaces are obtained through the edge-detection of video stills of breaking waves generated in a wave tank. The numerical calculations show that the strength of the backscatter is closely associated with the size of the plume on the breaking wave. Strong interference appears in the both horizontal (HH) and vertical (VV) backscatter when the surfaces are treated as perfectly conducting. The VV interference is dramatically reduced when a sea water surface is used, but the HH interference is unaffected. The interference leads to HH/VV ratios of up to 10 dB. The behavior of the scattering is consistent with the multipath theory of sea-spike scattering     

基于微多普勒的圆锥弹头进动与结构参数估计

微动特征是弹道中段目标雷达识别的有效特征之一。该文首先推导了圆锥弹头的锥顶散射中心和锥底平面上两个滑动散射中心的微多普勒表达式,与由几何绕射理论得到微多普勒时频曲线进行对比,发现锥顶散射中心的微多普勒时频曲线有细小差异,其他两个散射中心的很吻合。通过分析这3个表达式发现3个散射中心的微多普勒具有3种相关性。针对这3种相关性论文提出了在不同入射角下提取微多普勒时频曲线的离散点进行进动和结构参数估计的方法,并进行了仿真实验提取了进动和结构6个参数,且估计效果较好。     

Proposed Experiment for Eliciting Multiple Resonances from the Ionosphere (Correspondence)

In the theory of Herlofson only one resonance is predicted for a cylindrical plasma column irradiated by an electromagnetic wave having both its direction of propagation and electric field E perpendicular to the axis of the column, a mode which he designates as sagittal. Herlofson treats the problem by solving the wave equation in cylindrical coordinates and then imposing boundary conditions to find the frequency or frequencies for maximum scattering from the column. In his treatment, the modes which involve Bessel functions of order higher than unity have the same resonant frequency as that for the dipolar mode for which the order of the Bessel function is unity. No resonances at all are predicted for the parallel mode of excitation in which E is parallel to the axis of the column. These predictions are contrary to the experimental observations of Dattner and others for the saggital mode and also contrary to the observations reported by Willis and Petroff in which a spectrum of resonances is found for the parallel mode. Experiments by Boley have shown that the sagittal scattering for the higher order resonances is that appropriate for a dipole, that is, his experiments show that the field about the column for the higher-order modes is not quadropolar or sextupolar.     

Characteristics of dielectric loaded and covered circular waveguide phased arrays

The use of dielectric materials for the hardening and matching of phased-array antennas in recent years has shown that a more complete understanding of the effects of these materials upon the array performance is necessary. The characteristics of fully loaded, plugged, and sheath covered circular waveguide phase arrays are analyzed and discussed. Numerical solutions of the boundary-value problem are verified by experimental and convergence tests. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of (forced) surface wave resonance effects. Three different cases for surface wave resonances were obtained. These include the case in which surface wave resonances are present in the absence of dielectrics, the case in which they are trapped by the presence of dielectric plugs, as well as the case in which waves are trapped by the presence of a dielectric sheath. The surface wave resonance due to the plug is shown to vanish for certain "bandpass" ranges of plug thickness which repeat periodically for a single trapped waveguide mode. On the other hand, the surface wave trapped in the sheath exhibits no "bandpass" characteristics. Instead, multiple surface wave resonances occur with increasing sheath thickness. Finally, the surface wave resonances observed here appear at isolated points in the scan plane.     

Resonant scattering for characterization of axisymmetric dielectric objects

Resonances in the electromagnetic scattering by dielectric objects are investigated both numerically and experimentally with particular emphasis on their direct application to object characterization. Low ka calculations for spheres and an infinite circular cylinder illustrate the modal nature of the resonances and the dependence of the resonance spectra on refractive index and size. Experiments show that the specific wavelengths at which resonances occur in the scattering intensity from a glass fiber can be used to determine its diameter to a high accuracy. The extended boundary condition method is used to calculate the low ka resonances of a prolate spheroid and a finite circulate cylinder with the anticipation that the scattering resonances may be particularly suitable for characterizing randomly oriented nonspherical objects.