表面机械研磨对304不锈钢渗氮组织性能的影响

对304不锈钢表面进行表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),再进行不同温度下的低温等离子渗氮。利用光学显微镜、XRD、SEM和EDS,分析渗氮层的物相、显微组织和元素;采用显微硬度计检测渗氮后硬度的变化;采用电化学工作站测试渗氮后试样的腐蚀性能。结果表明,经过1800 s的表面机械研磨处理,材料的渗氮组织性能达到最好,样品表面生成一层晶粒细化层,可以明显促进304不锈钢的低温渗氮。1800 s的表面机械研磨处理后,在350℃下进行渗氮,可以获得一层厚度约3μm的渗氮层,其硬度高达925 HV0.05。和未处理的试样对比,自腐蚀电位升高了0.2 V,自腐蚀电流降低了4.22×10-4A·cm-2。     

表面机械研磨诱导AISI 304不锈钢表层纳米化Ⅰ.组织与性能

采用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)在AISI 304不锈钢上制备出纳米结构表层,研究纳米化行为及其对硬度的影响.结果表明:经过SMAT后,样品表面形成了厚度约为30μm的纳米晶层,显微组织由平均晶粒尺寸约为10 nm的单一马氏体相演变为尺寸稍大的双相组织;在距表面30-300 μm的范围内,显微组织由以亚微米级的奥氏体多系孪晶为主逐渐演变为单系孪晶.表面纳米化是晶粒碎化与纳米尺度新相形成共同作用的结果.与心部相比,表面硬度显著提高.     

表面机械研磨诱导AISl 304不锈钢表层纳米化I.组织与性能

采用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)在AISl 304不锈钢上制备出纳米结构表层，研究纳米化行为及其对硬度的影响．结果表明：经过SMAT后，样品表面形成了厚度约为30μm的纳米晶层，显微组织由平均晶粒尺寸约为10nm的单一马氏体相演变为尺寸稍大的双相组织，在距表面30—300μm的范围内，显微组织由以亚微米级的奥氏体多系孪晶为主逐渐演变为单系孪晶．表面纳米化是晶粒碎化与纳米尺度新相形成共同作用的结果．与心部相比，表面硬度显著提高．     

表面机械研磨处理对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响

对2.8mm厚的316L不锈钢板的上下表层进行机械研磨处理(SMAT),对经过不同时间的SMAT后的样品的表层组织进行金相观察,并测量SMAT不同时间的样品的硬度、抗拉强度.结果表明,经过表面机械研磨处理不同时间后,在316L不锈钢板表层获得了不同厚度的表面强化层,强化层组织为沿厚度方向由纳米晶层向微米晶层过渡的梯度组织;随着SMAT时间的增加,总的强化层厚度增加;表面组织的变化导致了表面硬度明显增加,整体材料的屈服强度增加;表面机械研磨处理时间对性能的影响并非线性增加,表面硬度和整体材料的屈服强度在处理5min时增加显著,处理时间继续增加到15、30和60min,它们的增加速度很小.拉伸断口表面形貌的扫描电镜观察表明,经过5min处理后的样品,表层的剪切唇变形区域面积增加,断口微观特征为长条状的韧窝,但是随着处理时间的增加,剪切唇区的尺寸并没有继续增加,而是开始下降,表面硬化区域的增加造成了塑性变形能力的下降.     

退火对表面机械研磨处理纳米化316L不锈钢性能的影响

通过对未表面纳米化、表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)法表面纳米化和表面纳米化后退火处理的316L不锈钢性能变化的研究,试图获得一种可以提高该材料表面硬度和抗点蚀性能的方法。采用点蚀实验和硬度实验方法,并在3.5%NaCl水溶液中测量了不同样品的极化曲线。结果表明,316L不锈钢表面纳米化后抗点蚀性能下降;表面纳米化后经退火处理的316L不锈钢随退火温度升高和退火时间延长抗点蚀性能会重新恢复。316L不锈钢经SMAT法表面纳米化加适当退火,可以获得较高硬度和较高抗点蚀性能的表面层。     

表面机械研磨处理固溶Cu-2wt％Ti合金的特征和性能

采用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)的方法在铜钛合金表面制备了纳米晶组织.采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和显微硬度测试仪对SMAT试样的微观组织结构和性能进行了表征.实验结果表明:SMAT处理60 min后晶粒尺寸为30.5 nm.SMAT处理后,试样中出现了明显的分层现象及高密度的形变孪晶和交叉孪晶.SMAT处理后试样表面的硬度增大,沿深度成梯度分布.对SMAT试样进行时效处理后,表面硬度变化不大,但距表面40～50 μm之间的硬度明显增大.     

表面机械研磨辅助镍在纯镁表面扩散行为

利用表面机械研磨(SMAT)后表层高扩散性,在纯镁SMAT处理过程中添加Ni粉,研究在剧烈塑形变形和机械应力同时作用下,Ni元素在镁中的扩散行为。采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜,对研磨处理不同时间后纯镁的组织结构、表面合金层的物相组成及合金层的形成机制进行分析;采用HVS-1000A型显微硬度仪和PS-16A型电化学工作站对材料显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能进行测试。结果表明:SMAT 120 min可在纯镁次表层形成厚度约为30μm的合金层,合金层主要由Mg2Ni金属间化合物组成,该合金层的形成与SMAT过程中纯镁表面晶粒细化,晶界、缺陷增多和体系反应激活能的降低有关;晶粒的细化和化合物的析出显著提高表面硬度,但其使材料的耐腐蚀性降低。     

异步轧制对表面纳米化316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响

采用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)在316L不锈钢上制备出纳米结构表层,然后在室温对其进行80％形变量的异步轧制(CSR),研究了CSR处理后表层组织和性能的变化．结果表明：经过60min SMAT后,样品表面形成了一定厚度的纳米晶层,晶粒尺寸为10—30nm．对其进行80％形变量的CSR后,表层组织仍为纳米晶组织,但纳米晶尺寸更加均匀、细小(为5—15nm),表面粗糙度显著下降;纳米表层硬度略有提高,但基体硬度显著提高;在0．05mol／L H2SO4 0.25mol／L Na2SO4腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀性能比SMAT后的样品有明显改善,但均低于原基材．     

42CrMo钢表面纳米化对离子渗氮的影响

用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)对42CrMo钢进行表面纳米化处理.对SMAT处理前后的样品进行离子氮化处理.通过扫描电镜、金相显微镜、X射线衍射和显微硬度计对渗氮处理后样品的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:在相同的氮化条件下,特别在低温下,经SMAT处理后的42CrMo钢可以得到化合物层更厚、硬度更高的氮化层.     

表面机械研磨处理后316L不锈钢的表层结构及硬度的热稳定性

对316L不锈钢进行表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),获得表面为纳米晶、晶粒尺寸沿厚度方向逐渐增大的梯度组织．对SMAT前、后样品进行不同温度和时间的真空退火．结果表明：当退火温度低于0．5Tm(Tm为熔点)时,梯度组织中晶粒尺寸未发生明显变化,只是在表面纳米晶层及其相邻的亚微晶层上因残余应力释放而发生了马氏体相变,对应的硬度沿深度分布也未见明显的改变;当退火温度高于0．5Tm时,梯度组织发生回复和再结晶,加之残余应力大幅度下降,使硬度明显下降．与退火温度相比,退火时间对梯度组织和硬度的影响不大。     

Veränderung der Werkstoffeigenschaften austenitischer CrNiFe-Legierungen durch Aufkohlung

Changes in material properties of austenitic CrNiFe-alloys by carburization In gravimetric experiments austenitic CrNiFe-alloys, especially Incoloy 800, have been carburized in CH₄-H₂ in the temperature range 800–1100°C. Upon carburization internal carbide formation occurs which is controlled by carbon diffusion. Samples in different states of carburization have been studied by metallographic, chemical and X-ray analysis. Upon carburization carbides of the types M₇C₃ and M₂₃C₆ (M = Cr, Fe, Ni) are formed in an austenitic Fe-Ni matrix. Through this process the volume of the material increases and changes of the heat conductivity and the magnetic properties occur. The oxidation resistance of carburized samples was tested at 1000°C in flowing air. Deeply penetrating internal oxidation occurs in weakly carburized samples with M₂₃C₆ precipitates at grain boundaries. Highly carburized samples oxidize under formation of a protective Cr₂O₃-layer, slower than virgin material. The internal carbide formation also changes the mechanical properties which have been tested by tensile and notch impact tests. With increasing carburization of the samples the tendency to brittle fracture increases.     

H13钢低温等离子渗氮层的热疲劳性能

采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、光学显微镜、显微硬度计、XRD等研究了H13钢表面经过机械研磨处理(SMAT)后420℃的离子渗氮效果。结果表明,经过机械研磨处理后,H13钢表层形成一层厚度约10μm的塑性变形层。经420℃离子渗氮4 h后,普通抛光试样和经SMAT处理后试样的渗氮层总厚度分别为90μm和120μm,表明SMAT处理对H13钢离子渗氮具有一定的促渗作用,SMAT试样表层的硬度约为1102.5 HV0.1;热疲劳试验结果表明SMAT试样表现出更好的抗热疲劳性能。     

Aufkohlung von Chrom-Nickel-Eisen-Stählen in der Kohlenstoffpackung

Carburization of chromium nickel steels in a carbon bed Annealing the samples in carbon powder is a simple method for testing the carburization behaviour of heat resistant CrNiFe steels. It is shown that according to the thermodynamic conditions during this test a very thin layer of Cr₂O₃ is formed on the surface of the samples in the temperature range 900° to 1050°C. This layer virtually prevents carburization. Above 1050°C. The oxide layer is transformed to a carbide and carburization of the alloy can take place without restraint. However, the influence of temperature on carburization as described may not apply to service conditions, in particular, carburization may also occur if the oxide layer is thermodynamically stable but porous and fissured. Upon carburization carbon is diffusing into the alloy and reacting with chromium and iron under formation of the carbides M₇C₃ in an outer zone and M₂₃C₆ in an inner zone. The penetration of these zones is also determined by the solubility of carbon in the carburized region. By a high nickel content of the alloy the carbon solubility is diminished and therefore the rate of carburization is retarded. This influence of the nickel content also shows under service conditions.     

Double glow plasma carburization on zirconium to improve surface hardness and wear resistance

Though some important progress in the excellent mechanical properties of zirconium alloys have been reported,their high surface hardness and good wear properties need to be explored further.In this work,a carburized layer was formed on the surface of commercially pure zirconium by a double glow plasma hydrogen-free carburizing technique.Commercial high-purity graphite was used as the carbon source material.X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),Vickers hardness test,friction and wear test were used to characterize the samples carburized.The carburized layer could be clearly observed under a microscope.XRD patterns indicate that the zirconium carbide phase is formed in the carburized layer.The surface hardness of the sample increases significantly after carburization.Friction and wear tests results show that wear resistance and friction coefficient of zirconium are improved considerably after carburization.Surface plastic deformation is arrested to a low extent in contrast with pure zirconium because of the presence of ZrC phases during the wear test.The results may provide new insight into methods for surface strengthening of zirconium alloys.     

Enhanced reactive diffusion of Zn in a nanostructured Fe produced by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment

Nanostructured pure Fe was produced on a coarse-grained (CG) sample using surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The formation behaviors of Fe-Zn compound layer were studied in nanostructured Fe electroplated with a Zn layer. In comparison with the CG sample, the Fe-Zn reaction in the nanostructured Fe showed an onset temperature decrease of ∼21 °C and an increased enthalpy change of ∼70%. The activation energy for the growth of Fe-Zn compound layer decreased from ∼167.1 kJ mol⁻¹ in the CG sample to ∼108.0 kJ mol⁻¹ in the SMAT sample. The grain size of the formed FeZn₁₃ phase in the Zn/SMAT-Fe sample was much smaller than that in the Zn/CG-Fe sample after the same diffusion treatment. The enhanced reactive diffusion behaviors in the SMAT sample are attributed to the existence of a large number of grain boundaries in the nanostructured Fe.     

表面机械研磨处理对Cu-4Ti合金组织及力学性能的影响

对Cu-4Ti合金分别进行45 min和60 min的表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),采用X射线衍射仪,光学显微镜,扫描电镜,显微硬度计等对处理不同时间的样品组织及力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,Cu-4Ti合金经表面机械研磨处理45 min和60 min后,表层晶粒尺寸分别达到了40.72 nm和17.12 nm,并且都出现了分界层,这与前人研究结果出现的过渡层截然不同。表面机械研磨方法可以强化金属表面,Cu-4Ti合金经SMAT 45 min和60 min后,表面硬度比基体分别提高了51%和56%。     

Einfluß der Aufkohlung auf das Kriechverhalten einer FeNiCr-Hochtemperaturlegierung

Effects of Carburization of the Creep Behaviour of a FeNiCr-High Temperature Alloy Incoloy 800 and Incoloy 800 doped with 1% Nb were carburized at 1000 °C in CH₄–H₂ to 0.83% C (mass content). The undoped alloy shows relatively coarse large M₂₃C₆ carbides at the grain boundaries, the alloy with 1% Nb has mainly fine carbides in the grains. Creep experiments were performed with the carburized and uncarburized specimens at 1000 °C, in which creep rates were attained in the range 10^?9… 10^?7 s^?1 of secondary creep. The stress dependence of the creep rate indicates two creep mechanisms: diffusion creep at low stresses and dislocation creep at high stresses. The diffusion creep is faster for both alloys after carburization. The dislocation creep is retarded by carburization for the undoped alloy. At about equal creep rate ε = 10^?7 s^?1 the carburized specimens have a longer lifetime. The fracture is brittle for Incoloy 800 in the uncarburized and carburized state, characterized by void and crack formation and poor reduction in area. The fracture of the carburized Incoloy 800 with 1% Nb is rather ductile with less void formation. The results indicate that carburization does not deteriorate the creep behaviour of the FeNiCr alloy if the reached carbon content is not too high. An addition of Nb is very favorable for the creep properties after carburization.     

Internal-Carburizing Behavior of Ni-V,Ni-Cr,and Ni-3Nb Alloys

Ni-2V, Ni-5V, Ni-12V, Ni-10Cr, Ni-20Cr, andNi-3Nb alloys were carburized in 1.5 v/oC₃H₆ (bal. H₂) over therange 700-1000°C. Carburization of Ni-5V, Ni-12V,Ni-20Cr, and Ni-3Nb obeyed the parabolic rate law. Ni2V and Ni-10Cr, however, formed onlythin carbide scales upon carburizing. Carburizationrates decreased with increased vanadium content fromNi-5V to Ni-12V for all exposure conditions. V4C3 formed throughout the reaction zones of Ni-12V.Cr₃C₂ formed in the surfaceregions and Cr₇C₃ formed withinthe interior of Ni-20Cr. NbC precipitated in Ni-3Nbunder all conditions. The precipitate morphology changed with temperature and distance from thegas-metal surface. V₄C₃ andCr₃C₂ particles were generallysmall and spheroidal near the surface of Ni-12V andNi-20Cr, respectively, increasing slightly in size with distance from the surface and withincreasing temperature. The vanadium and chromiumcarbides formed intergranular networks toward thereaction fronts. The NbC precipitates were generallylarge and became Widmanstatten at increasing distancewithin the carburized zone of Ni-3Nb. Expressions forthe diffusion coefficient of carbon in nickel from themeasured permeabilities and carbon solubility data were determined. Solubility products weredetermined for all of the carbides formed and found tobe large in comparison with the product of theactivities of the precipitate elements. Wagner's theory of internal oxidation was shown to be anapproximation to the carburization kinetics attemperatures of 900°C or higher.     

Influence of the thermo-chemical conditions on the carbo-chromization process of α-Fe matrices obtained by powder sintering technique

We report on the superficial layer formation resulting from the carburization followed by chromization of α-Fe samples obtained by powder sintering technique. The carburization and chromization were carried out by thermal diffusion between 880-980 °C and 950-1050 °C in a solid powder mixture of charcoal/BaCO₃ and ferrochromium/alumina/NH₄Cl, respectively. The obtained layers were investigated using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, Vickers micro-hardness technique and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the layers are of micrometric size and consist mostly of chromium carbides of different phases. These phases as well as the thickness of the layers are closely related to the treatment temperature used for carburization and to the temperature and Cr initial concentration in the mixture used for chromization. For highly reactive carbo-chromization conditions (high concentration of Cr, and high carburization and chromization temperatures) the superficial layer is constituted of two chromium carbide sub-layers (Cr₃C₂/Cr₇C₃) separated by a sharp interface. The thickness and hardness of the coating layer reached 45 μm and 2300 HV, respectively. Such coating could be used for tools that have to be abrasion and oxygen resistant at high temperatures.     

Chromizing behaviors of a low carbon steel processed by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment

A nanostructured surface layer of about 20 μm thick was produced in a low carbon steel plate by means of the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Chromizing behaviors of the SMAT sample were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results showed that a much thicker Cr-diffusion layer was obtained in the SMAT sample than in the coarse-grained one after the same chromizing treatment, especially at low temperatures. In the SMAT sample, the formation temperature of chromium compounds was found to be much lower and the amount of chromium carbides was higher than those in the coarse-grained counterpart. The enhanced chromizing kinetics originates from numerous grain boundaries with a high excess stored energy in the nanostructured surface layer due to severe plastic deformation during the SMAT.