松香甘油酯酸值测定的溶剂绿色化

采用中和法测定松香甘油酯的酸值，对溶解松香酯的溶剂进行了绿色化研究。比较了6种溶剂的毒性和挥发性，确定松节油作为松香酯酸值测定的绿色溶剂。考察了松节油与乙醇不同体积的混合比例对溶解松香甘油酯的影响，结果表明松节油与乙醇混合的体积比为1：2．5的互溶效果最好。分别以1：2．5的松节油-乙醇和国家标准GB 10287—88中所用的2：1苯-乙醇作溶剂，测定松香甘油酯的酸值，比较二者所测得的酸值之误差，经线性回归得到修正酸值的方程为Y=1．0022X-0．4264，由该方程计算修正后的酸值与国家标准GB 10287—88测定的酸值之间最大相对误差小于2．2％。     

醇酸树脂酸值测定的溶剂绿色化研究

醇酸树脂的生产控制中酸值是关键,目前大都采用中和法测定酸值,在酸值测定中一般所使用的溶剂为甲苯和乙醇混合物,由于甲苯对人体具有较大毒害性,本研究对醇酸树脂酸值测定中的溶剂进行了绿色化研究,比较了8种溶剂的毒性和挥发性,考察了柠檬烯与乙醇不同体积的混合比例对溶解醇酸树脂的影响,结果表明柠檬烯与乙醇混合的体积比为1∶1.5的互溶效果较好.并进行了修正,修正后的酸值测定的酸值之间最大相对误差小于0.36%.根据醇酸树脂的性质认为柠檬烯可以作为其酸值测定的溶剂,是较佳替代品.     

硬脂酸酸值测定方法的研究

对硬脂酸酸值测定方法进行探究,讨论了各种因素(混合溶剂中各溶剂体积比、混合溶剂加入量以及饱和食盐水加入量)对硬脂酸酸值测定结果的影响。实验结果表明,石油醚与乙醇体积比为3:1、加入量30 m L时,在添加30 m L饱和食盐水共同溶解硬脂酸后,测定得到的结果与国标法测定的结果相符,表明该酸值测定方法简单快捷准确。     

松香甘油酯与甲基丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯的反应研究

松香甘油酯中的共轭双键可以与甲基丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯(HEMA)发生Diels-Alder加成发应,同时松香甘油酯具有一定的酸值,其中未反应的松香可与HEMA进行酯化反应。研究了反应温度和物料配比对加成反应和酯化反应的影响,并对产物进行了红外光谱(FT-IR)分析和热重分析。实验结果表明,反应温度升高,加成反应和酯化反应的速率会加快,230℃是理想的反应温度;随着n(HEMA)∶n(松香甘油酯)比值的增加,产物的酸值和溴值下降,当n(HEMA)∶n(松香甘油酯)=3.0∶1时,溴值(65.2 g Br/100 g)和酸值(2.95 mg KOH/g)最低;FT-IR分析表明HEMA已经连接到松香甘油酯的分子上;热重分析表明加成物的初始分解温度提高了10℃,而最终分解温度下降了11.8℃。     

NC在醇醚混合溶剂中的溶解速率

假设溶液黏度与溶解度存在线性关系、溶解速率即为黏度-时间曲线的斜率,研究了不同情况下NC在乙醇和乙醚混合溶剂中的溶解速率.实验结果表明,黏度-时间曲线的斜率可以作为溶解速率;NC的含氮量越高,在乙醇和乙醚混合溶剂中的溶解速率越小.当乙醇和乙醚的体积比分别为1∶1和3∶2时,2# NC和3# NC的溶解速率最大;当乙醇和乙醚的体积比为3∶2时,随着温度的升高,3# NC溶解速率明显增大.     

氢化松香甘油酯合成的工艺条件

以氧化锌为催化剂、氢化松香和甘油为原料进行酯化反应。采用正交实验方法，考察了4个因素4个水平对酯化率的影响，结果表明氢化松香甘油酯合成的最佳工艺条件为：核醇比2．0：1，反应温度270℃，反应时间3h，催化剂用量0.2%，所得产品符合国家标准GB10287－88的质量要求，并通过极差分析，确定影响酯化率的主要因素是反应温度。     

微乳法制备S_2O_8~(2-)/ZnSO_4-SnO_2及其催化合成松香甘油酯

利用OP-10/环己烷/正丁醇微乳体系制备出以硫酸锌为基体的固体超强酸S2O28-/ZnSO4-SnO2,并对其进行了XRD、FT IR、BET、TG-DTA和SEM技术表征。将优化条件下制得催化剂应用于松香甘油酯合成反应时,在产品达到GB 10287-88前提下,反应温度降为230℃,比液体酸催化剂及工业常用的氧化锌反应温度降低了约40℃;产品软化点比GB 10287-88高6℃;反应时间由8h以上缩短为4h;色泽可达铁钴色4。     

丙烯酸乳液酸值测定方法研究

国标测定树脂酸值的溶剂体系适用于非水系或溶剂法合成水性丙烯酸树脂体系，其溶剂体系不适用于乳液聚合法制得的丙烯酸乳液酸值测定。研究选用百里酚蓝作为指示剂，采用乙醇和水的混合溶剂溶解乳液样品进行酸值测定，讨论了醇水比和稀释比对乳液粒径和酸值的影响，结果显示：采用醇水比为1．5的混合溶剂，总体积为50～200mL且稀释比小于200的条件溶解不同类型的丙烯酸乳液样品，乳液状态稳定且可得到较准确稳定的酸值结果。     

天然蜡及合成蜡酸值测定方法研究

对天然蜡和合成蜡酸值测定方法进行了探讨,填补了国内标准的空白。利用无毒的混合溶剂(95%乙醇与120号溶剂油体积比为1∶4)代替了二甲苯,不但降低了对人体的危害,而且该方法适用范围广,测定结果标准偏差低。考察了取样量、溶剂量及指示剂量对酸值测定的影响,实验结果表明,取样量对酸值较大的样品的结果影响较小,溶剂量对酸值测定影响不大,指示剂量对酸值较大的样品的分析结果影响较小,该方法重复性好,精密度高。     

地高辛在不同溶剂中的溶解度测定及关联

在278. 15～323. 15 K下采用静态平衡法测定了地高辛在乙醇、甲醇、异丙醇、甲醇-水体系(甲醇体积分数为80%)及乙醇-水体系(乙醇体积分数为80%、60%、40%、20%)中的溶解度数据,采用Apelblat方程、多项式经验方程和λh方程对地高辛的溶解度进行关联。实验结果表明,8种溶剂中,地高辛的溶解度均随温度的升高而增加,在80%乙醇水混合溶剂中溶解度最大,在20%乙醇水中溶解度最小,几种热力学模型对地高辛的关联效果也很好。经热力学理论分析,计算溶解焓与溶解熵可知地高辛的溶解过程为吸热过程。地高辛溶解度的测定及关联为其工业化纯化溶剂的选择提供重要理论依据。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。