重轨钢坯加热工艺优化研究

应用拖偶测温法和加热炉热平衡测定等试验方法分析评价了攀钢轨梁厂现行的加热炉热工制度和钢坯的加热工艺 ,并在此基础上 ,优化了重轨钢坯的加热工艺、完善了加热炉热工制度。经实施应用 ,钢坯加热温度波动≤± 2 0℃ ,断面温差≤ 4 5℃ ,氧化烧损率≤ 0 .92 % ,钢轨脱碳层深度≤ 0 .5 mm ,为攀钢生产高速铁路用钢轨提供了加热合格的钢坯     

优化H型钢加热炉热工制度的尝试

马钢在热工调查中发现,H型钢在加热炉运行中存在加热及均热段炉膛温差较大问题,不利于钢坯均匀加热。通过增减加热炉计算机远程区域热负荷来改善炉温的不均衡趋势,以及采取单个烧嘴直接手动调节来减小局部温差的热工调试,缩小了炉膛和钢坯加热表面的温差,优化效果明显;并提出了引进热工智能控制技术,研究钢坯热装温度与加热负荷的关系,开展降低出钢温度试验研究的优化热工制度的思路。     

上钢三厂中板加热炉热工制度优化研究通过阶段评审

上钢三厂在轧钢加热炉的技术攻关中。积极引进独联体高技术人才,加快加热炉热工制度优化科研步伐。应用计算机数字模拟与现场测试相结合的国际研究方法,优化中板加热炉热工制度。在降低单耗、提高钢坯加热质量、缩短加热时间、改善钢材性能等方面取行了重大进展。     

加热炉节能技术在中厚板生产中的应用

通过对新钢公司中厚板厂加热炉现状、钢坯加热要求及加热炉能源消耗等因素的分析,以及长期的热工工艺及加热制度的探索,对加热小炉采取有效的改进措施,提高了钢坯加热质量,增强了节能降耗效果,满足了生产线的加热需要。     

提高高线加热炉生产率的探讨

本文阐述了钢坯在炉仙加热的基本传热原理,分析了马钢高线加热炉生产率较低的客观原因,提出了优化工艺因素,改善热工操作制度,强化烟气余热回收,改进加热炉局部结构的措施,可以提高现有加热炉的单位生产率。     

蓄热式燃烧技术在马钢的应用与改进

通过对蓄热式燃烧技术在马钢的应用实践,结合钢坯加热的质量要求,加热炉能源消耗的分析,长期的热工测量及对热工制度的探索,总结出一些切实可行的改进措施,对提高钢坯加热质量,满足生产线加热需要,增强节能降耗效果,取得了一定的成效.     

空气消耗系数对钢坯铁皮除净率的影响

本文针对某钢1#加热炉钢坯除鳞效果差的问题，对比分析了相同参数的2#炉在热工制度上的差异。在忽略仪表计量误差、阀门开口度误差等情况下，采取了提高1#加热炉均热段空气消耗系数的方法。并分析提出了既不增加脱碳层深度又能使与基体粘结紧密的FeO转化成易脱落的Fe2O3或Fe3O4的空气消耗系数范围。批量生产工艺表明，改善后的热工制度达到了将1#加热炉钢坯氧化铁皮完全除净的目的。     

攀钢热轧钢轨钢加热技术及效果

应用拖偶测温法和加热炉热平衡测定等试验方法分析评价了攀钢轨梁厂现行的加热炉热工制度和钢轨钢的加热工艺。在此基础上,优化了钢轨钢加热工艺、完善了加热炉热工制度。经实施应用,钢坯加热温度波动由原来的±40℃减至±20℃,断面温差由65℃减至45℃以内,钢坯氧化烧损率由1.75%降至0.92%以下,钢轨脱碳层深度由0.35～0.82mm降至0.2～0.5mm,钢轨产量由40万t/a增至50万t/a。     

精心操作 降低加热炉能耗

本文从精心操作出发,介绍了根据生产能力调整供热分配,在保证加热质量前提下降低钢坯出炉温度,采用弹性热工制度和低氧燃烧等操作方法给加热炉节能带来的效果。     

热轧厂加热炉油耗分析

对加热炉油耗状况的分析表明，油耗增高的原因，与炉子本身的运行状况、热工制度、操作水平、产品结构和轧机工作状况等有关，因而从提高炉子热效率、降低钢坯在炉内的热焓增量等方面入手来降低加热炉的油耗。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定高碳除尘灰中11种元素

实验重点探讨了高含量碳对除尘灰样品中镁、铝、钾、钙、铬、锰、铜、钡、铅、镉、锌等元素测定的影响,并解决了除碳的问题。样品使用马弗炉高温除碳,采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解样品灰分,选择了镁、铝、钾、钙、铬、锰、铜、钡、铅、镉、锌等元素的分析谱线和扣背景模式,建立了使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定高碳除尘灰中镁、铝、钾、钙、铬、锰、铜、钡、铅、镉、锌等元素的方法。在仪器最佳工作条件下,各元素校准曲线线性相关系数r均大于0.999 5,方法检出限在1.08～26.01 mg/kg之间。方法应用于除尘灰实际样品中镁、铝、钾、钙、铬、锰、铜、钡、铅、镉、锌的测定,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.90%～7.1%,目标元素的加标回收率为90%～117%;按照实验方法测定除尘灰中镁、铝、钾、钙、锌,结果与火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)的测定结果相吻合。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铍中11种杂质元素

铍中铝、钴、铬、铜、铁、镁、锰、镍、铅、硅和锌等11种杂质元素含量的准确测定,是判定铍材是否合格的重要指标。目前,上述杂质元素的测定标准为GJB 2513A—2008《铍化学分析方法》,方法分别采用光度法和原子吸收光谱法对各元素逐一测定,测定周期很长。试验采用盐酸-硝酸溶解样品,选择Al 308.215nm、Co 230.786nm、Cr 284.325nm、Cu 324.754nm、Fe 261.187nm、Mg 285.213nm、Mn 260.569nm、Ni 221.647nm、Pb 182.205nm、Si 250.690nm、Zn 213.856nm为分析谱线,采用标准加入法(MSA)配制标准溶液系列消除基体效应的影响,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定铝、钴、铬、铜、铁、镁、锰、镍、铅、硅和锌,从而建立了铍中11种元素的测定方法。各待测元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.9995;各元素的定量限为0.001%~0.002%。实验方法用于测定铍样中铝、钴、铬、铜、铁、镁、锰、镍、铅、硅和锌,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)为0.63%~8.6%,回收率为90%~110%。按照实验方法测定铍样中上述11种元素,测定结果与采用GJB 2513A—2008测定的结果吻合。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铁矿石中Zn、Co、Ni、Pb、Cr含量

研究了应用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铁矿石中Zn、Co、Ni、Pb、Cr微量元素，研究了基体干扰及消除方法，同时考察了介质，采用盐酸、高氯酸、硝酸、氢氟酸等分解试样。Zn、Co、Ni、Pb、Cr的检出限为(％)：0．0002，0．0002，0．0003，0．0002，0．0005。     

Management of Fluid Mud in Estuaries, Bays, and Lakes. II: Measurement, Modeling, and Management

Techniques for measurement, modeling, and management of fluid mud are available, but research is needed to improve them. Fluid mud can be difficult to detect, measure, or sample, which has led to new instruments and new ways of using existing instruments. Multifrequency acoustic fathometers sense neither density nor viscosity and are, therefore, unreliable in measuring fluid mud. Nuclear density probes, towed sleds, seismic, and drop probes equipped with density meters offer the potential for accurate measurements. Numerical modeling of fluid mud requires solving governing equations for flow velocity, density, pressure, salinity, water surface, plus sediment submodels. A number of such models exist in one-, two-, and three-dimensional form, but they rely on empirical relationships that require substantial site-specific validation to observations. Management of fluid mud techniques can be classified as those that accomplish: Source control, formation control, and removal. Nautical depth, a fourth category, defines the channel bottom as a specific fluid mud density or alternative parameter as safe for navigation. Source control includes watershed management measures to keep fine sediment out of waterways and in-water measures such as structures and traps. Formation control methods include streamlined channels and structures plus other measures to reduce flocculation and structures that train currents. Removal methods include the traditional dredging and transport of dredged material plus agitation that contributes to formation control and/or nautical depth. Conditioning of fluid mud by dredging and aerating offers the possibility of improved navigability. Two examples—the Atchafalaya Bar Channel and Savannah Harbor—illustrate the use of measurements and management of fluid mud.     

Review of Alcoholism: A bio-psycho-social approach.

Reviews the book, Alcoholism: A bio-psycho-social approach by Jerome David Levin (1990). This small volume sets its task as providing counseling students with a comprehensive knowledge base "summarizing biochemical, pharmacological, physiological, anthropological, sociological, epidemiological, historical, and psychological findings on alcohol and its use and abuse" (Preface, p. xi). It treats each of these, in varying degrees of depth, in seven chapters. Perhaps the greatest strength of the book is its thorough presentation of the medical consequences of alcoholism, the mechanisms involved, and the interplay between biological and psychological factors. Unfortunately, this volume does not provide sufficient coverage of treatment-related issues. It may serve as an introductory overview of the alcoholism field for undergraduate or graduate students, or professionals from other fields. It is too advanced, however, in its use of concepts and language, for paraprofessional students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定锰铁合金、锰硅合金和金属锰中8种微量元素

锰铁合金、锰硅合金、金属锰中铅、砷、钛、铜、镍、钙、镁、铝的含量决定了产品质量,以往常采用化学法或原子吸收光谱法进行测定,但存在准确度较差或测定速度不能满足要求等问题。为了实现上述元素的准确、快速测定,建立了采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定锰铁合金、锰硅合金和金属锰中微量铅、砷、钛、铜、镍、钙、镁、铝的方法。实验以硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸分解样品,并使硅与氢氟酸反应生成四氟化硅挥发除去,试液中剩余共存元素主要有铁、锰等。实验结果表明,铁不干扰测定,通过在标准溶液系列中进行锰基体匹配消除锰基体效应的影响。以2mL高氯酸和6mL盐酸混合酸(8%)作为分析介质,可以达到最佳分析效果。在各元素校准曲线线性范围内,线性相关系数在0.9992~0.9999之间;方法中各元素的检出限在0.0001~0.0040μg/mL。实验方法用于测定锰铁合金、锰硅合金、金属锰中铅、砷、钛、铜、镍、钙、镁、铝,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在2.2%~9.4%;回收率在95%~105%;选择7个实验室进行了验证试验,各实验室间结果基本一致;按照实验方法测定了4个标准样品(材字-32、YSB C 28618、YSB C 26605)中铅、砷、钛、铜、镍、钙、镁、铝,结果与认定值相吻合。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定硅铁钡孕育剂中9种元素

采用硝酸和氢氟酸溶解样品,高氯酸冒烟驱尽硝酸-氢氟酸,盐酸溶解盐类,选择Ba 233.527nm、Fe 259.940nm、Ca 317.933nm、Mn 257.610nm、Cr 267.716nm、Al 394.401nm、Ni 231.604nm、Cu 327.396nm、P 178.284nm为分析线,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定钡、铁、钙、锰、铬、铝、镍、铜、磷,从而建立了硅铁钡孕育剂中钡、铁、钙、锰、铬、铝、镍、铜、磷等9种元素的测定方法。各元素校准曲线的相关系数均大于0.9995;方法中各元素检出限为0.00006%~0.00069%。按照实验方法测定标准样品GSB03-1607-2003中钡、铁、钙、锰、铬、铝、镍、铜、磷,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.63%~3.4%。实验方法用于测定标准样品GSB03-1607-2003和YSB14607-2001中钡、铁、钙、锰、铬、铝、镍、铜、磷,测定值与认定值基本相符。     

Contrasting Clogging in Granular Media Filters, Soils, and Dead-End Membranes

Clogging in porous media is a problem in environmental engineering, hydrogeology, soil science, and petrology. However, a comparison of the literature reveals qualitatively different clogging behavior in different porous media: in granular media filters, increasing clogging is associated with slower flow, more flocculated conditions, and smaller fractal dimensions. In soils and dead-end membranes, increasing clogging is associated with faster flow, more dispersed conditions, and larger fractal dimensions. This paper documents these differences, discusses them in light of two key intermediate variables, colloid accumulation and deposit morphology, then presents a new conceptual model that explains the reported clogging phenomena as a function of specific deposit, fractal dimension, and a new variable, deposit location. Testing this model is possible using recently introduced experimental techniques.     

分光光度-遗传算法同时测定锌、镉、钴、镍、锰

在pH9.3,乳化剂OP存在下,Zn2+,Cd2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Mn2+与5-Br-PADAP发生灵敏的显色反应,所形成的三元胶束络合物的吸收光谱严重重叠,单独测定相互干扰严重。本文将分光光度法与遗传算法相结合,对同一混合体系的总吸光度值进行解析,实现了5种组分的同时测定。模拟样品测定的相对误差一般小于±10%。     

Pollutant Removal and Peak Flow Mitigation by a Bioretention Cell in Urban Charlotte, N.C.

Bioretention is a stormwater treatment practice that has gained popularity due to its aesthetics, potential to reduce flooding, and early documented improvements to stormwater quality. A bioretention cell in an urban setting was examined in Charlotte, N.C. from 2004 to 2006. Flow-weighted, composite water quality samples were collected for 23 events and analyzed for TKN, NH4-N, NO2-3-N, TP, TSS, BOD-5, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Pb. Grab samples were collected from 19 storms for fecal coliform and 14 events for Escherichia coli (E. coli). There were significant reductions (p<0.05) in the concentrations of TN, TKN, NH4-N, BOD-5, fecal coliform, E. Coli, TSS, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Iron concentrations significantly increased (p<0.05). NO2-3-N concentrations were essentially unchanged. Efficiency ratios for TN, TKN, NH4-N, TP, and TSS were 0.32, 0.44, 0.73, 0.31, and 0.60, respectively. Fecal coliform and E. coli efficiency ratios were 0.69 and 0.71, respectively. Efficiency ratios for Zn, Cu, and Pb were 0.77, 0.54, and 0.31, respectively. Concentrations of Fe increased by 330%. The peak outflow of the bioretention cell for 16 storms with less than 42?mm of rainfall was at least 96.5% less than the peak inflow, with a mean peak flow reduction being 99%. These results indicated that in an urban environment, bioretention systems can reduce concentrations of most target pollutants, including pathogenic bacteria indicator species. Additionally, bioretention can effectively reduce peak runoff from small to midsize storm events.