Verbal and Nonverbal Communication: Distinguishing Symbolic, Spontaneous, and Pseudo-Spontaneous Nonverbal Behavior

Verbal and nonverbal communication are seen in terms of interacting streams of spontaneous and symbolic communication, and posed "pseudo-spontaneous" displays. Spontaneous communication is defined as the nonintentional communication of motivational-emotional states based upon biologically shared nonpropositional signal systems, with information transmitted via displays. Symbolic communication is the intentional communication, using learned, socially shared signal systems, of propositional information transmitted via symbols. Pseudo-spontaneous communication involves the intentional and strategic manipulation of displays. An original meta-analysis demonstrates that, like verbal symbolic communication, nonverbal analogic (pantomimic) communication is related to left hemisphere cerebral processing. In contrast, spontaneous communication is related to the right hemisphere.     

Research on the Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication: Emerging Integrations

The authors argue for an integrated approach in which verbal and nonverbal messages are studied as inseparable phenomena when they occur together. Addressed are assumptions of various forms of this type of research, potential relationships of quantitative and qualitative studies, current trends found in the investigations included in this special issue, and recommendations for further work.     

Identification Matters: A Moderated Mediation Model of Media Interactivity,Character Identification,and Video Game Violence on Aggression

This study examined the effects of interactivity in violent video games on aggression and tested identification as the moderated mediating mechanism. A total of 169 male undergraduate students participated in a 2 media interactivity (enactive mediation vs. observational mediation) × 2 violence (violent vs. nonviolent) experiment. Results supported a moderated mediation model in which the effect of media interactivity on aggressive affect through identification was moderated by violence. When violence was present, interactive play resulted in higher short‐term aggressive affect through higher character identification than when violence was not present. Additionally, an interaction effect between media interactivity and violence was found for automatic self‐concept in which players associated themselves more with the game character's traits than video viewers.     

Testing the Intramedia Interaction Hypothesis: The Contingent Effects of News

Various forms of news use not only have independent impacts on political knowledge, but also create interactive effects across different types of news outlets. In the present study, data from 2 surveys conducted in 2004 were used to test hypotheses about the contingent effects of news media use on political knowledge. The results supported the intramedia interaction hypothesis regarding use of multiple similar (in terms of content and form) news outlets. For instance, use of both cable news and network news produces diminishing returns. But, when print news is used in combination with audio–visual news sources, patterns of additive effects were observed.     

Out in the Mediation Field,and on the Mediation Carpet

Editor's note: Longtime Alternatives columnist Bob Creo, a veteran Pittsburgh neutral, is revisiting his classic CPR Institute website columns of a decade ago in a Back to Basics Series that he has subtitled “Human Problems, Human Solutions.” These updated and expanded columns, in print for the first time, began late last year. He has revisited and re‐examined mediation‐room techniques and practice issues. This month, he returns to the first column he wrote at www.cpradr.org a decade ago, and brings it forward.     

“Are You Kidding Me?”: The Role of Nonverbal Cues in the Verbal Accounting Process

This article reports on an investigation of 78 interactions for the messages sent by nonverbal cues in account sequences. Account elicitations and evaluations were rated based on vocal and facial behaviors communicating five messages: (a) positive or negative affect, (b) certainty or uncertainty, (c) understanding or confusion, (d) agreement or disagreement, and (e) belief or disbelief. We also coded the accounters' discourse that followed elicitations and evaluations to investigate the relationship between nonverbal messages and the account forms used by the teller. Our results showed that, even when controlling for what a person said, the messages sent by nonverbal cues could all predict subsequent account forms, although not always in the way expected. These results help our argument that nonverbal cues may be an important part of moving through account sequences, both on their own and when combined with verbal utterances.     

烟幕干扰原理及测试手段研究

文章在对各种烟幕干扰样式简要介绍的基础上,对烟幕干扰的原理及测试手段进行了初步研究,以便为光电对抗系统试验提供必要的参考。     

State of the Art: Mediation in Russia

While some attempts to practice mediation‐like approaches to dispute resolution in Russia can be traced back to late 1980s, it was not until the middle of the past decade that the process of the nation's wide‐range institutional development began.     

Campaign Ads, Online Messaging, and Participation: Extending the Communication Mediation Model

Political communication researchers have devoted a great deal of attention to the role of political advertising, the Internet, and political discussion in civic and political life. In this article, we integrate and extend this research by developing a campaign communication mediation model of civic and campaign participation. Two data sets are merged for this inquiry: (a) content-coded ad-buy data on the placement of campaign messages on a market-by-market and program-by-program basis and (b) a national panel study concerning patterns of traditional and digital media consumption and levels of civic and campaign participation. Exposure to televised campaign advertising is estimated by developing an algorithm based on the market and program placement of specific ads and geocoded survey respondents' viewing of certain categories of television content in which these ads were concentrated. Structural equation models reveal that advertising exposure drives online news use in ways that complement conventional news influences on political discussion and political messaging. However, campaign exposure emphasizing "attack" messages appears to diminish information seeking motivations via broadcast and print media, yet only indirectly and weakly suppresses participation in civic and political life. Further, alternative specifications reveal that our original model produces the best fit, empirically and theoretically. We use these insights to propose an O-S-R-O-R (orientations-stimuli-reasoning-orientations-responses) framework as an alternative to the longstanding O-S-O-R model in communication and social psychology.     

Nightly@nbc.com: Audience Scope and the Perception of Interactivity in Viewer Mail on the Internet

A content analysis looked at 650 Internet mail messages sent to NBC Nightly News in response to an invitation during a series dealing with the impact of new technologies. Message indexes were created to reflect the scope of the audience they addressed. Macro-scopic messages were formal, dealt with political issues, and either did not mention technology or mentioned mass media. These messages resembled a letter to a newspaper editor. Mezzoscopic messages were positive and avoided political issues. They congratulated NBC as a team for their work on the technology series and tended to mention computers. Micro-scopic messages stood out for their authors' high perception of interactivity. These messages mentioned computer technology more than any other group and appear similar to face-to-face communication in many ways. Results are discussed in terms of how the relationship between media users' perceived sense of interactivity and the scope of the audience they address are related to message style and content.     

Absence Makes the Communication Grow Fonder: Geographic Separation,Interpersonal Media,and Intimacy in Dating Relationships

Many people assume that it is challenging to maintain the intimacy of a long‐distance (LD) relationship. However, recent research suggests that LD romantic relationships are of equal or even more trust and satisfaction than their geographically close (GC) counterparts. The present diary study tested an intimacy‐enhancing process, in which LD couples (a) engage in more adaptive self‐disclosures and (b) form more idealized relationship perceptions than do GC couples in the pursuit of intimacy across various interpersonal media. The results demonstrate the effects of behavioral adaptation and idealization on intimacy, and suggest that the two effects vary depending on the cue multiplicity, synchronicity, and mobility of the communication medium employed. Implications for understanding LD relating and mix‐mode relating are discussed.     

高线性模拟光耦HCNR201原理及其在检测电路中的应用

HCNR201是HP公司生产的高线性度模拟光电耦合器 ,它具有很高的线性度和灵敏度 ,可在检测系统中精确地传送电压信号。文中介绍了高线性度模拟光耦HCNR201的内部结构和工作原理 ,给出了用HCNR201和运算放大器实现检测电压的隔离传输电路。     

Verbal and Object Availability in the Acquisition of Language: Implications for Audio-visual Communication

An experiment is reported in which a variety of audio-visual presentations were made to a group of first grade pupils. It was found that there was no significant difference between three learning conditions: verbal availability, object availability, and a combination of the two. It is therefore suggested that either a verbal presentation or a visual presentation is more likely to be initially effective than is an audio-visual presentation.     

The Mutual Reinforcement of Media Selectivity and Effects: Testing the Reinforcing Spirals Framework in the Context of Global Warming

This study tests a model of reinforcing spirals in the context of global warming, using a 2‐wave, within‐subjects panel survey with a representative sample of Americans. Results show that, within waves, conservative media use is negatively related to global warming belief certainty and support for mitigation policies, while nonconservative media use is positively associated with belief certainty and policy support. In addition, the results show that consuming conservative or nonconservative media at Wave 1 makes people more likely to consume those same media at Wave 2, partly as an indirect result of the media's effects on global warming belief certainty and policy preferences. Wave 2 media use, in turn, further strengthens audiences' global warming belief certainty and policy preferences.     

Construction and Testing of the Final Focus Quadrupole R&D Magnet for the Super-KEKB Interaction Region

Super-KEKB is designed to be a next generation particle accelerator with a target luminosity of 4 times 10³⁵ cm^-2s^-1. For the interaction region, a final focus quadrupole R&D magnet was designed and constructed. The design field gradient and effective magnetic length were 40.12 T/m and 0.299 m, respectively. The magnet consists of 6 layer coils. After construction, the magnet was tested at 4.2 K and a preliminary field measurement was performed. The magnet was energized to a current of 1800 A, which corresponds to 95.8% of the conductor limit, and the quadrupole component error was 0.23 % of the design value.