吸附气体对受载含瓦斯煤渗流特性影响的试验研究

利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩三轴压缩试验系统,进行了大量受载瓦斯煤的渗透特性室内试验,对比分析了CO2,CH4和N2的渗透率之间的异同.研究结果表明,在恒定瓦斯压力条件下,煤样渗透率随围压的增大而减小,均服从负指数函数变化规律;在恒定围压条件下,煤样渗透率随瓦斯压力的增加而减小,并且表现出幂函数变化规律;吸附性强弱不同的气体所表现出来的渗透性也不一样,气体吸附性越强,渗透性越弱;在轴向加载情况下,不同气体的渗透率都表现出先减小后增大的现象,并且具有一般的"V"字型变化规律.研究结果对深入认识煤层瓦斯运移规律具有一定的理论价值.     

应力与温度综合作用的煤岩渗透机理

为评估深部煤岩的瓦斯抽采特性,探究不同条件下煤岩渗透率演化规律,利用含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,开展不同平均有效应力和不同孔隙压力下温度升高的三轴渗流实验.基于分形理论表征温度引起的煤岩孔裂隙扩展和滑脱因子变化情况,进一步考虑压缩变形及滑脱效应对煤岩渗透率的影响,建立应力与温度综合作用的煤岩分形渗透率模型.结果表明:1)随温度升高煤岩整体具有压缩效应,渗流通道减小,渗透率先急剧下降后趋于平缓.2)在相同温度下煤岩渗透率随平均有效应力的增大逐渐减小,随孔隙压力增大先急剧减小后趋于平缓.煤岩裂隙压缩系数C_f随平均有效应力增大逐渐减小,随孔隙压力增大煤岩裂隙性系数具有相同的变化趋势.3)新建渗透率模型的计算值和实测值基本一致,其理论机理适用性及数据匹配度均优于Lu模型,该模型可以较好表征多因素影响下的煤岩渗透率演化规律.4)孔隙压力较低时,滑脱效应较为明显,且在孔隙压力升高初期考虑滑脱效应的煤岩渗透率曲线比不考虑滑脱效应的渗透率曲线更接近实验测量值.     

非烃气体置换CH4水合物的实验研究

在自行设计的反应装置中,以石英砂和质量分数3.5%的NaCl溶液模拟海底环境,选取南海北部高含N2和高含CO2天然气藏两组气样组成,分别在温度277.15K、初始压强6.37 MPa和温度275.15K、初始压强4.30MPa条件下进行了混合气置换CH4水合物实验,模拟高含非烃组成天然气渗漏对CH4水合物矿藏的影响。结果表明,CO2量变化最大,在置换CH4水合物过程中起主导作用,N2量变化较小。两种气样在不同实验条件下,反应时间140h时的置换效率分别达到8.64%和20.71%。基于实验结果,简单分析了多孔介质体系CO2置换甲烷水合物中CH4的机理。     

温度及压力对CO2置换CH4的影响

利用潞安和寺河煤样进行了不同温度和压力条件下CO2/CH4混合气体的等温吸附/解吸实验,根据Langmuir等温吸附模型及其扩展形式,结合分离因子和单位压降解吸率两个参数,分别分析了温度和压力对CO2置换CH4影响的效果,提出了低温、低压条件下具有更好的置换效果,认为低温低压下置换反应主要向解吸需要能量低、吸附释放能量高的方向进行,即需要能量较小的CO2吸附—CH4解吸方向.研究结果表明:同等条件下CO2吸附能力比CH4吸附能力更强;在3MPa注入压力条件下,随着温度逐渐升高CO2对CH4的分离因子依次减小,显示出温度为20℃时置换效果更佳;在30℃温度条件下,随着压力的的升高,CH4单位压降解吸率依次降低,显示出压力为2MPa时置换效果更好;CO2的吸附能高于CH4的吸附能,在低温、低压的低能量条件下CO2具有相对更好的吸附能力.     

甲醇与CO2/CH4混合气开采天然气水合物研究

针对CO2置换法开采CH4水合物的过程中CO2水合物在井底过早生成、高压下CO2发生液化导致渗流过程驱替阻力过大等问题,同时为了获得高压且富含CH4的产物气,选择CO2/CH4混合物作注入气,在岩芯驱替装置上研究了“抑制剂⁃气体置换法”分解CH4水合物的过程。结果表明,当混合气中CH4体积分数为57.4%时,可在7.5 MPa下获得体积分数为72.9%的CH4产物气,并且获得的CH4产物气的量要显著大于所注入的CH4的量。另外,还评估了在地层深部低体积分数的甲醇溶液（20%）和高体积分数CH4混合气（77.9%）对天然气水合物的分解效果,结果显示,随着“抑制剂⁃气体置换法”分解天然气水合物过程的进行,地层深部的CH4水合物基本不发生分解,但CO2水合物生成过程依然十分显著。     

本煤层超前卸压瓦斯抽采的固-气耦合试验

对不同工作面推进速度条件下的超前支承压力演化规律及瓦斯抽采量的变化规律进行了对比分析,对不同轴压卸载起始点、不同围压卸载速度情况下的煤岩固-气耦合规律进行了试验研究.结果表明：轴压、围压同时卸载过程中,煤样经历了应变回弹、应变增加及应变软化3个阶段,轴压卸载起始点越小、围压卸载速度越慢,应变回弹过程越明显.反之,煤样越快进入应变增加和应变软化阶段.固定围压、加载轴压过程中,煤岩渗透率逐渐降低,瓦斯流量变小.轴压、围压同时卸载过程中,煤岩渗透率由缓慢增大到快速增大.当轴压、围压卸载到一定程度后,煤岩渗透率发生突跳.轴压卸载起始点越高、围压卸载速度越快,煤岩渗透率发生突跳时的轴压卸载量越小.     

孔隙压力与水分综合作用的煤岩渗透率演化规律

为探究孔隙压力与水分变化引起的煤基质压缩体积变化及其对煤岩渗透率的影响规律,采用液氮吸附实验和压汞实验结合的方法计算煤基质压缩系数,并分析煤岩孔隙结构特征.开展不同含水率条件下孔隙压力升高的煤岩渗流实验,构建考虑水分和孔隙压力综合作用的渗透率模型,体现煤岩孔隙结构和瓦斯渗流的关联性.结果表明:煤基质压缩系数可使煤岩压缩体积变化量化,而且煤岩渗透率与孔隙压力呈指数函数关系.孔隙压力恒定时,渗透率随含水率的增大而减小.对比分析渗透率模型计算的压缩系数与孔隙结构实验计算值,说明孔隙结构对煤岩吸附及渗透特性有控制作用.     

基于固气耦合的煤岩-瓦斯二相介质相似材料及其力学特性

含瓦斯煤是具有多孔特性和气固耦合特性的二相介质复合材料。为了精准模拟含瓦斯煤的物理力学属性,基于相似准则和主控参数相似比尺,进行了80余组材料配比试验和力学参数试验,研制了煤岩-瓦斯二相介质相似材料。对比了相似材料和原煤的相似性,并基于新材料进行了三维煤与瓦斯突出相似模拟试验。主要结论如下：1）煤粉和腐殖酸钠水溶液为骨料和胶结剂配制的煤岩相似材料的弹塑性参数和吸附性参数均与原煤相似;2）适当体积比的CO2和N2二元混合气体的膨胀能和CH4膨胀能一致,CO2和N2二元混合气体可作为CH4相似气体,且安全性高;3）研制的煤岩-瓦斯二相介质相似材料与含瓦斯原煤的物理力学参数具有高度相似性,实现了气固耦合特性模拟;4）三维物理模拟试验再现了石门揭煤引发煤与瓦斯突出现象,得到与现场接近的突出孔洞形态和突出粉煤质量,验证了相似材料的合理性,也为进一步研究煤与瓦斯突出规律,监测突出前兆信息提供了科学手段。     

蒙脱石吸附CH_4和CO_2的分子模拟

为了解CH4和CO2在页岩储层蒙脱石中的吸附机理及其相互关系,运用分子力学(Molecular Mechanics,MM)方法得到Na-蒙脱石、CH4和CO2的最优构型,采用巨正则蒙特卡洛(Grand Canonical Monte Carlo,GCMC)方法计算不同埋深下蒙脱石对CH4、CO2和CH4/CO2的吸附性能,地温梯度为30K/km,压力梯度为15MPa/km.模拟结果表明:吸附量随温度和压力的升高先急剧增加后缓慢减小;蒙脱石吸附CH4和CO2为物理吸附,页岩气藏埋深为2~4km时页岩储层蒙脱石中CH4吸附气大量聚集,利用CO2置换技术开采页岩气的最佳深度约为2km,埋深约为4km时效果最差.该研究可为页岩气的勘探开发提供依据.     

二元气体等温吸附-解吸中气分的变化规律

进行了CH4—CO2和CH4-N2二元混合气体的等温解吸实验，分析了二元气体在解吸过程中各组分浓度的变化规律．结果表明，在CH4-N2二元气体的解吸过程中，吸附相中CH4组分的相对浓度逐渐增加，N2组分的相对浓度逐渐减少．在CO2-CH4二元气体的解吸过程中，吸附相中CO2组分的相对浓度逐渐增加，CH4组分的相对浓度逐渐减少．实验结果还证实了CO2在与CH4的竞争吸附中占据优势，而N2在与CH4的竞争吸附中处于劣势．注入CO2比注入N2可以更有效地置换或驱替煤层甲烷，提高煤层甲烷的采收率．     

Application of coal mine roof rating in Chinese coal mines

The coal mine roof rating(CMRR) is a measure of roof quality or structure competency for bedded roof types typically of underground coal mines. The CMRR has been used widely in the US, South Africa,Canada and Australia. In order to investigate the application of the CMRR system in Chinese coal mines,two coal mines in China located in Panjiang Coal Field in Guizhou Province were investigated. Field data were collected which is required to calculate the CMRR value based on underground exposure. The CMRR values of 11 locations in two coal mines were calculated. The investigations demonstrated that the chance of mine roof failure is very low if the CMRR value is more than 50, given adequate support is installed in mine. It was found that the CMRR guideline are useful to preliminarily investigate stability in Panjiang Coal Field mines.     

Review of coal and gas outburst in Australian underground coal mines

Outburst of coal and gas represents a significant risk to the health and safety of mine personnel working in development and longwall production face areas. There have been over 878 outburst events recorded in twenty-two Australian underground coal mines. Most outburst incidents have been associated with abnormal geological conditions.Details of Australian outburst incidents and mining experience in conditions where gas content was above current threshold levels are presented and discussed. Mining experience suggests that for gas content below 9.0 m³/t, mining in carbon dioxide (CO₂) rich seam gas conditions does not pose a greater risk of outburst than mining in CH₄ rich seam gas conditions. Mining experience also suggests that where no abnormal geological structures are present that mining in areas with gas content greater than the current accepted threshold levels can be undertaken with no discernible increase in outburst risk. The current approach to determining gas content threshold limits in Australian mines has been effective in preventing injury from outburst, however operational experience suggests the current method is overly conservative and in some cases the threshold limits are low to the point that they provide no significant reduction in outburst risk. Other factors that affect outburst risk, such as gas pressure, coal toughness and stress and geological structures are presently not incorporated into outburst threshold limits adopted in Australian mines. These factors and the development of an outburst risk index applicable to Australian underground coal mining conditions are the subject of ongoing research.     

Damage statistical mechanics model of top coal in steep top caving coal

Damage statistical mechanics model of horizontal section height in the top caving was constructed in the paper. The influence factors including supporting pressure, dip angle and characteristic of coal on horizontal section height were analyzed as well. By terms of the practice project analysis, the horizontal section height increases with the increase of dip angle β and thickness of coal seam M. Dip angle of coal seam β has tremendous impact on horizontal section height, while thickness of coal seam M has slight impact. When thickness of coal seam is below 10m, horizontal section height increases sharply. While thickness exceeds 15m, it is not major factor influencing on horizontal section height any long.     

积水区下煤层的安全回采

介绍了积水区探放水设计的主要内容,讨论了下煤层开采的基本方法,提出了几点重要的安全措施.     

Sorption behavior of coal for implication in coal bed methane an overview

CBM has been recognized as a significant natural gas resource for a long time. Recently, CO_2 sequestration in coalbeds for ECBM has been attracting growing attention because of greater concerns about the effects of greenhouse gases and the emerging commercial significance of CBM. Reservoir-simulation technology,as a useful tool of reservoir development, has the capability to provide us with an economic means to solve complex reservoir-engineering problems with efficiency. The pore structure of coal is highly heterogeneous, and the heterogeneity of the pores depends on the coal type and rank.     

Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines

A number of rockburst accidents occurring in soft coal seams have shown that the rockburst mechanism involved in soft coal seams is significantly different from that involved in hard coal seams. Therefore, the method used to evaluate rockburst in hard coal seams is not applicable to soft coal seams. This paper established an energy integral model for the rockburst-inducing area and a friction work calculation model for the plastic area. If the remaining energy after the coal seam is broken in the rockburstinducing area is greater than the friction work required for the coal to burst out, then a rockburst accident will occur. Mechanisms of ‘‘quaking without bursting" and ‘‘quaking and bursting" are clarified for soft coal seams and corresponding control measures are proposed as the optimization of roadway layouts and use of ‘‘three strong systems"(strong de-stressing, strong supporting, and strong monitoring).     

超细煤粉粒度对煤质分析特性的影响

对不同粒度的超细煤粉进行了粒度粉细和煤质分析测定,研究了超细煤粉的煤质分析特性随粒度的变化规律。对超细煤粉的工业分析表明,水分含量基本不随煤粉粒度的变化而变化;随着煤粉颗粒粒度的减小,灰分含量增大,挥发分含量减小。对超细煤粉的元素分析表明,由于煤粉偏析,随着煤粉颗粒粒度的减小,C,H 和 N 含量降低,O 和 S 含量增大。     

倾斜煤层区段煤柱变形破坏规律

煤层倾角是影响区段煤柱稳定性的关键因素之一.利用理论分析、相似模拟、数值模拟等方法研究了倾斜煤层开挖后倾向覆岩结构演化特征、煤柱变形及失稳破坏形式.研究结果表明,0~45°范围内随着煤层倾角增大,区段煤柱发生剪切失稳破坏的可能性增大;煤柱两侧覆岩结构呈现不对称分布,煤柱上侧砌体梁结构形成层位较低,煤柱下侧形成冒空区,砌体梁结构形成层位高于上侧;与水平煤层煤柱破坏以挤压变形为主不同,倾斜煤柱以沿着弱面剪切滑移破坏为主;不同倾角煤层煤柱围岩变形量呈不对称分布,煤柱下侧围岩变形量大于上侧,煤层倾角越大煤柱围岩变形量不对称分布趋势越明显.     

古汉山煤矿煤巷锚网支护实践

介绍了古汉山煤矿 1 1 0 6工作面上、下顺槽的锚网支护技术以及在锚网支护实践中存在的问题和解决问题的技术对策 .通过对锚网煤巷的变形观测和经济效益分析与社会效益分析 ,表明煤巷锚网支护较传统的架工字钢棚支护更合理、更经济、更具可行性 ,为古汉山煤矿煤巷支护开辟了一条新途径 .